[{"scopus_import":"1","type":"journal_article","OA_place":"publisher","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Immunity","quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"7876","page":"721-723","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","OA_type":"free access","isi":1,"volume":52,"publication_status":"published","month":"05","date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:27:52Z","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020","article_type":"original","issue":"5","date_published":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","author":[{"id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sixt","first_name":"Michael K","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179"},{"last_name":"Lämmermann","first_name":"Tim","full_name":"Lämmermann, Tim"}],"oa":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In contrast to lymph nodes, the lymphoid regions of the spleen—the white pulp—are located deep within the organ, yielding the trafficking paths of T cells in the white pulp largely invisible. In an intravital microscopy tour de force reported in this issue of Immunity, Chauveau et al. show that T cells perform unidirectional, perivascular migration through the enigmatic marginal zone bridging channels. "}],"day":"19","citation":{"short":"M.K. Sixt, T. Lämmermann, Immunity 52 (2020) 721–723.","mla":"Sixt, Michael K., and Tim Lämmermann. “T Cells: Bridge-and-Channel Commute to the White Pulp.” <i>Immunity</i>, vol. 52, no. 5, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 721–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020\">10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020</a>.","ama":"Sixt MK, Lämmermann T. T cells: Bridge-and-channel commute to the white pulp. <i>Immunity</i>. 2020;52(5):721-723. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020\">10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020</a>","ieee":"M. K. Sixt and T. Lämmermann, “T cells: Bridge-and-channel commute to the white pulp,” <i>Immunity</i>, vol. 52, no. 5. Elsevier, pp. 721–723, 2020.","ista":"Sixt MK, Lämmermann T. 2020. T cells: Bridge-and-channel commute to the white pulp. Immunity. 52(5), 721–723.","apa":"Sixt, M. K., &#38; Lämmermann, T. (2020). T cells: Bridge-and-channel commute to the white pulp. <i>Immunity</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020</a>","chicago":"Sixt, Michael K, and Tim Lämmermann. “T Cells: Bridge-and-Channel Commute to the White Pulp.” <i>Immunity</i>. Elsevier, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.020</a>."},"article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Elsevier","ddc":["570"],"year":"2020","date_created":"2020-05-24T22:00:57Z","intvolume":"        52","external_id":{"isi":["000535371100002"],"pmid":["32433942"]},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1074-7613"],"eissn":["1097-4180"]},"pmid":1,"title":"T cells: Bridge-and-channel commute to the white pulp"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"eLife","project":[{"name":"Cellular Navigation Along Spatial Gradients","_id":"25FE9508-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"724373"}],"ec_funded":1,"scopus_import":"1","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"publication_status":"published","month":"05","volume":9,"isi":1,"date_updated":"2026-04-02T14:32:12Z","status":"public","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"quality_controlled":"1","article_number":"e55351","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","_id":"7909","oa_version":"Published Version","date_published":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Damiano-Guercio","full_name":"Damiano-Guercio, Julia","first_name":"Julia"},{"full_name":"Kurzawa, Laëtitia","first_name":"Laëtitia","last_name":"Kurzawa"},{"id":"AD07FDB4-0F61-11EA-8158-C4CC64CEAA8D","last_name":"Müller","first_name":"Jan","full_name":"Müller, Jan"},{"id":"38C393BE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Dimchev","full_name":"Dimchev, Georgi A","first_name":"Georgi A","orcid":"0000-0001-8370-6161"},{"last_name":"Schaks","full_name":"Schaks, Matthias","first_name":"Matthias"},{"id":"34E27F1C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Nemethova","full_name":"Nemethova, Maria","first_name":"Maria"},{"last_name":"Pokrant","first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Pokrant, Thomas"},{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Brühmann, Stefan","last_name":"Brühmann"},{"first_name":"Joern","full_name":"Linkner, Joern","last_name":"Linkner"},{"last_name":"Blanchoin","full_name":"Blanchoin, Laurent","first_name":"Laurent"},{"full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sixt"},{"first_name":"Klemens","full_name":"Rottner, Klemens","last_name":"Rottner"},{"first_name":"Jan","full_name":"Faix, Jan","last_name":"Faix"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Cell migration entails networks and bundles of actin filaments termed lamellipodia and microspikes or filopodia, respectively, as well as focal adhesions, all of which recruit Ena/VASP family members hitherto thought to antagonize efficient cell motility. However, we find these proteins to act as positive regulators of migration in different murine cell lines. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of Ena/VASP proteins reduced lamellipodial actin assembly and perturbed lamellipodial architecture, as evidenced by changed network geometry as well as reduction of filament length and number that was accompanied by abnormal Arp2/3 complex and heterodimeric capping protein accumulation. Loss of Ena/VASP function also abolished the formation of microspikes normally embedded in lamellipodia, but not of filopodia capable of emanating without lamellipodia. Ena/VASP-deficiency also impaired integrin-mediated adhesion accompanied by reduced traction forces exerted through these structures. Our data thus uncover novel Ena/VASP functions of these actin polymerases that are fully consistent with their promotion of cell migration.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"11","doi":"10.7554/eLife.55351","article_type":"original","intvolume":"         9","date_created":"2020-05-31T22:00:49Z","year":"2020","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2050-084X"]},"external_id":{"pmid":["32391788"],"isi":["000537208000001"]},"pmid":1,"title":"Loss of Ena/VASP interferes with lamellipodium architecture, motility and integrin-dependent adhesion","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"ama":"Damiano-Guercio J, Kurzawa L, Müller J, et al. Loss of Ena/VASP interferes with lamellipodium architecture, motility and integrin-dependent adhesion. <i>eLife</i>. 2020;9. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.55351\">10.7554/eLife.55351</a>","mla":"Damiano-Guercio, Julia, et al. “Loss of Ena/VASP Interferes with Lamellipodium Architecture, Motility and Integrin-Dependent Adhesion.” <i>ELife</i>, vol. 9, e55351, eLife Sciences Publications, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.55351\">10.7554/eLife.55351</a>.","short":"J. Damiano-Guercio, L. Kurzawa, J. Müller, G.A. Dimchev, M. Schaks, M. Nemethova, T. Pokrant, S. Brühmann, J. Linkner, L. Blanchoin, M.K. Sixt, K. Rottner, J. Faix, ELife 9 (2020).","apa":"Damiano-Guercio, J., Kurzawa, L., Müller, J., Dimchev, G. A., Schaks, M., Nemethova, M., … Faix, J. (2020). Loss of Ena/VASP interferes with lamellipodium architecture, motility and integrin-dependent adhesion. <i>ELife</i>. eLife Sciences Publications. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.55351\">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.55351</a>","chicago":"Damiano-Guercio, Julia, Laëtitia Kurzawa, Jan Müller, Georgi A Dimchev, Matthias Schaks, Maria Nemethova, Thomas Pokrant, et al. “Loss of Ena/VASP Interferes with Lamellipodium Architecture, Motility and Integrin-Dependent Adhesion.” <i>ELife</i>. eLife Sciences Publications, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.55351\">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.55351</a>.","ista":"Damiano-Guercio J, Kurzawa L, Müller J, Dimchev GA, Schaks M, Nemethova M, Pokrant T, Brühmann S, Linkner J, Blanchoin L, Sixt MK, Rottner K, Faix J. 2020. Loss of Ena/VASP interferes with lamellipodium architecture, motility and integrin-dependent adhesion. eLife. 9, e55351.","ieee":"J. Damiano-Guercio <i>et al.</i>, “Loss of Ena/VASP interferes with lamellipodium architecture, motility and integrin-dependent adhesion,” <i>eLife</i>, vol. 9. eLife Sciences Publications, 2020."},"file":[{"date_created":"2020-06-02T10:35:37Z","file_size":10535713,"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:05Z","file_name":"2020_eLife_Damiano_Guercio.pdf","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"d33bd4441b9a0195718ce1ba5d2c48a6","file_id":"7914"}],"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications","article_processing_charge":"No","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:05Z","ddc":["570"]},{"quality_controlled":"1","article_number":"eabc3979","_id":"8132","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","oa_version":"Submitted Version","month":"07","volume":5,"publication_status":"published","isi":1,"OA_type":"green","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7116756","open_access":"1"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-03T09:25:04Z","status":"public","scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"OA_place":"repository","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Science Immunology","article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"AAAS","citation":{"short":"E. Salzer, S. Zoghi, M.G. Kiss, F. Kage, C. Rashkova, S. Stahnke, M. Haimel, R. Platzer, M. Caldera, R.C. Ardy, B. Hoeger, J. Block, D. Medgyesi, C. Sin, S. Shahkarami, R. Kain, V. Ziaee, P. Hammerl, C. Bock, J. Menche, L. Dupré, J.B. Huppa, M.K. Sixt, A. Lomakin, K. Rottner, C.J. Binder, T.E.B. Stradal, N. Rezaei, K. Boztug, Science Immunology 5 (2020).","ama":"Salzer E, Zoghi S, Kiss MG, et al. The cytoskeletal regulator HEM1 governs B cell development and prevents autoimmunity. <i>Science Immunology</i>. 2020;5(49). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979\">10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979</a>","mla":"Salzer, Elisabeth, et al. “The Cytoskeletal Regulator HEM1 Governs B Cell Development and Prevents Autoimmunity.” <i>Science Immunology</i>, vol. 5, no. 49, eabc3979, AAAS, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979\">10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979</a>.","ieee":"E. Salzer <i>et al.</i>, “The cytoskeletal regulator HEM1 governs B cell development and prevents autoimmunity,” <i>Science Immunology</i>, vol. 5, no. 49. AAAS, 2020.","ista":"Salzer E, Zoghi S, Kiss MG, Kage F, Rashkova C, Stahnke S, Haimel M, Platzer R, Caldera M, Ardy RC, Hoeger B, Block J, Medgyesi D, Sin C, Shahkarami S, Kain R, Ziaee V, Hammerl P, Bock C, Menche J, Dupré L, Huppa JB, Sixt MK, Lomakin A, Rottner K, Binder CJ, Stradal TEB, Rezaei N, Boztug K. 2020. The cytoskeletal regulator HEM1 governs B cell development and prevents autoimmunity. Science Immunology. 5(49), eabc3979.","chicago":"Salzer, Elisabeth, Samaneh Zoghi, Máté G. Kiss, Frieda Kage, Christina Rashkova, Stephanie Stahnke, Matthias Haimel, et al. “The Cytoskeletal Regulator HEM1 Governs B Cell Development and Prevents Autoimmunity.” <i>Science Immunology</i>. AAAS, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979\">https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979</a>.","apa":"Salzer, E., Zoghi, S., Kiss, M. G., Kage, F., Rashkova, C., Stahnke, S., … Boztug, K. (2020). The cytoskeletal regulator HEM1 governs B cell development and prevents autoimmunity. <i>Science Immunology</i>. AAAS. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979\">https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2470-9468"]},"external_id":{"pmid":["32646852"],"isi":["000546994600004"]},"intvolume":"         5","year":"2020","date_created":"2020-07-19T22:00:58Z","title":"The cytoskeletal regulator HEM1 governs B cell development and prevents autoimmunity","pmid":1,"doi":"10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979","issue":"49","article_type":"original","oa":1,"author":[{"first_name":"Elisabeth","full_name":"Salzer, Elisabeth","last_name":"Salzer"},{"full_name":"Zoghi, Samaneh","first_name":"Samaneh","last_name":"Zoghi"},{"first_name":"Máté G.","full_name":"Kiss, Máté G.","last_name":"Kiss"},{"last_name":"Kage","first_name":"Frieda","full_name":"Kage, Frieda"},{"full_name":"Rashkova, Christina","first_name":"Christina","last_name":"Rashkova"},{"last_name":"Stahnke","first_name":"Stephanie","full_name":"Stahnke, Stephanie"},{"first_name":"Matthias","full_name":"Haimel, Matthias","last_name":"Haimel"},{"first_name":"René","full_name":"Platzer, René","last_name":"Platzer"},{"last_name":"Caldera","first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Caldera, Michael"},{"last_name":"Ardy","full_name":"Ardy, Rico Chandra","first_name":"Rico Chandra"},{"first_name":"Birgit","full_name":"Hoeger, Birgit","last_name":"Hoeger"},{"first_name":"Jana","full_name":"Block, Jana","last_name":"Block"},{"last_name":"Medgyesi","full_name":"Medgyesi, David","first_name":"David"},{"last_name":"Sin","full_name":"Sin, Celine","first_name":"Celine"},{"full_name":"Shahkarami, Sepideh","first_name":"Sepideh","last_name":"Shahkarami"},{"first_name":"Renate","full_name":"Kain, Renate","last_name":"Kain"},{"full_name":"Ziaee, Vahid","first_name":"Vahid","last_name":"Ziaee"},{"first_name":"Peter","full_name":"Hammerl, Peter","last_name":"Hammerl"},{"last_name":"Bock","full_name":"Bock, Christoph","first_name":"Christoph"},{"last_name":"Menche","full_name":"Menche, Jörg","first_name":"Jörg"},{"last_name":"Dupré","first_name":"Loïc","full_name":"Dupré, Loïc"},{"last_name":"Huppa","first_name":"Johannes B.","full_name":"Huppa, Johannes B."},{"last_name":"Sixt","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K"},{"last_name":"Lomakin","full_name":"Lomakin, Alexis","first_name":"Alexis"},{"last_name":"Rottner","first_name":"Klemens","full_name":"Rottner, Klemens"},{"first_name":"Christoph J.","full_name":"Binder, Christoph J.","last_name":"Binder"},{"last_name":"Stradal","first_name":"Theresia E.B.","full_name":"Stradal, Theresia E.B."},{"full_name":"Rezaei, Nima","first_name":"Nima","last_name":"Rezaei"},{"first_name":"Kaan","full_name":"Boztug, Kaan","last_name":"Boztug"}],"date_published":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","day":"10","abstract":[{"text":"The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) is crucial for assembly of the peripheral branched actin network constituting one of the main drivers of eukaryotic cell migration. Here, we uncover an essential role of the hematopoietic-specific WRC component HEM1 for immune cell development. Germline-encoded HEM1 deficiency underlies an inborn error of immunity with systemic autoimmunity, at cellular level marked by WRC destabilization, reduced filamentous actin, and failure to assemble lamellipodia. Hem1−/− mice display systemic autoimmunity, phenocopying the human disease. In the absence of Hem1, B cells become deprived of extracellular stimuli necessary to maintain the strength of B cell receptor signaling at a level permissive for survival of non-autoreactive B cells. This shifts the balance of B cell fate choices toward autoreactive B cells and thus autoimmunity.","lang":"eng"}]},{"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"},{"_id":"EvBe"}],"corr_author":"1","scopus_import":"1","publication":"The Embo Journal","project":[{"_id":"253E54C8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Molecular mechanism of auxindriven formative divisions delineating lateral root organogenesis in plants","grant_number":"ALTF710-2016"},{"grant_number":"I 1774-B16","call_identifier":"FWF","name":"Hormone cross-talk drives nutrient dependent plant development","_id":"2542D156-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"8142","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"article_number":"e104238","quality_controlled":"1","status":"public","date_updated":"2025-04-15T06:37:27Z","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"isi":1,"volume":39,"publication_status":"published","month":"09","article_type":"original","acknowledgement":"We thank Takashi Aoyama, David Alabadi, and Bert De Rybel for sharing material, Jiří Friml, Maciek Adamowski, and Katerina Schwarzerová for inspiring discussions, and Martine De Cock for help in preparing the manuscript. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSUs) of IST Austria through resources provided by the Bioimaging Facility (BIF), especially to Robert Hauschild; and the Life Science Facility (LSF). J.C.M. is the recipient of a EMBO Long‐Term Fellowship (ALTF number 710‐2016). This work was supported with MEYS CR, project no.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000738 to J.P., and by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF01_I1774S) to E.B.","issue":"17","doi":"10.15252/embj.2019104238","abstract":[{"text":"Cell production and differentiation for the acquisition of specific functions are key features of living systems. The dynamic network of cellular microtubules provides the necessary platform to accommodate processes associated with the transition of cells through the individual phases of cytogenesis. Here, we show that the plant hormone cytokinin fine‐tunes the activity of the microtubular cytoskeleton during cell differentiation and counteracts microtubular rearrangements driven by the hormone auxin. The endogenous upward gradient of cytokinin activity along the longitudinal growth axis in Arabidopsis thaliana roots correlates with robust rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton in epidermal cells progressing from the proliferative to the differentiation stage. Controlled increases in cytokinin activity result in premature re‐organization of the microtubule network from transversal to an oblique disposition in cells prior to their differentiation, whereas attenuated hormone perception delays cytoskeleton conversion into a configuration typical for differentiated cells. Intriguingly, cytokinin can interfere with microtubules also in animal cells, such as leukocytes, suggesting that a cytokinin‐sensitive control pathway for the microtubular cytoskeleton may be at least partially conserved between plant and animal cells.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"01","date_published":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"id":"310A8E3E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Montesinos López","full_name":"Montesinos López, Juan C","first_name":"Juan C","orcid":"0000-0001-9179-6099"},{"last_name":"Abuzeineh","first_name":"A","full_name":"Abuzeineh, A"},{"id":"31DAC7B6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kopf","first_name":"Aglaja","full_name":"Kopf, Aglaja","orcid":"0000-0002-2187-6656"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-1009-9652","first_name":"Alba","full_name":"Juanes Garcia, Alba","last_name":"Juanes Garcia","id":"40F05888-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Ötvös, Krisztina","first_name":"Krisztina","orcid":"0000-0002-5503-4983","id":"29B901B0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Ötvös"},{"last_name":"Petrášek","full_name":"Petrášek, J","first_name":"J"},{"last_name":"Sixt","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","first_name":"Michael K","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-8510-9739","first_name":"Eva","full_name":"Benková, Eva","last_name":"Benková","id":"38F4F166-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"oa":1,"ddc":["580"],"file_date_updated":"2020-12-02T09:13:23Z","citation":{"ama":"Montesinos López JC, Abuzeineh A, Kopf A, et al. Phytohormone cytokinin guides microtubule dynamics during cell progression from proliferative to differentiated stage. <i>The Embo Journal</i>. 2020;39(17). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019104238\">10.15252/embj.2019104238</a>","mla":"Montesinos López, Juan C., et al. “Phytohormone Cytokinin Guides Microtubule Dynamics during Cell Progression from Proliferative to Differentiated Stage.” <i>The Embo Journal</i>, vol. 39, no. 17, e104238, Embo Press, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019104238\">10.15252/embj.2019104238</a>.","short":"J.C. Montesinos López, A. Abuzeineh, A. Kopf, A. Juanes Garcia, K. Ötvös, J. Petrášek, M.K. Sixt, E. Benková, The Embo Journal 39 (2020).","chicago":"Montesinos López, Juan C, A Abuzeineh, Aglaja Kopf, Alba Juanes Garcia, Krisztina Ötvös, J Petrášek, Michael K Sixt, and Eva Benková. “Phytohormone Cytokinin Guides Microtubule Dynamics during Cell Progression from Proliferative to Differentiated Stage.” <i>The Embo Journal</i>. Embo Press, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019104238\">https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019104238</a>.","apa":"Montesinos López, J. C., Abuzeineh, A., Kopf, A., Juanes Garcia, A., Ötvös, K., Petrášek, J., … Benková, E. (2020). Phytohormone cytokinin guides microtubule dynamics during cell progression from proliferative to differentiated stage. <i>The Embo Journal</i>. Embo Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019104238\">https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019104238</a>","ieee":"J. C. Montesinos López <i>et al.</i>, “Phytohormone cytokinin guides microtubule dynamics during cell progression from proliferative to differentiated stage,” <i>The Embo Journal</i>, vol. 39, no. 17. Embo Press, 2020.","ista":"Montesinos López JC, Abuzeineh A, Kopf A, Juanes Garcia A, Ötvös K, Petrášek J, Sixt MK, Benková E. 2020. Phytohormone cytokinin guides microtubule dynamics during cell progression from proliferative to differentiated stage. The Embo Journal. 39(17), e104238."},"publisher":"Embo Press","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","file":[{"date_created":"2020-12-02T09:13:23Z","file_name":"2020_EMBO_Montesinos.pdf","creator":"dernst","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2020-12-02T09:13:23Z","file_size":3497156,"relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"43d2b36598708e6ab05c69074e191d57","file_id":"8827"}],"title":"Phytohormone cytokinin guides microtubule dynamics during cell progression from proliferative to differentiated stage","pmid":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","date_created":"2020-07-21T09:08:38Z","year":"2020","intvolume":"        39","external_id":{"isi":["000548311800001"],"pmid":["32667089"]},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0261-4189"],"eissn":["1460-2075"]}},{"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","_id":"8787","oa_version":"Published Version","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"erratum","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31310-7"}]},"quality_controlled":"1","article_number":"5778","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"status":"public","date_updated":"2026-04-02T11:48:21Z","publication_status":"published","volume":11,"month":"11","isi":1,"department":[{"_id":"MiSi"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"type":"journal_article","scopus_import":"1","corr_author":"1","ec_funded":1,"project":[{"name":"Mechanical Adaptation of Lamellipodial Actin Networks in Migrating Cells","_id":"260AA4E2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"747687"}],"publication":"Nature Communications","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["570"],"file_date_updated":"2020-11-23T13:29:49Z","article_processing_charge":"No","file":[{"file_id":"8798","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"485b7b6cf30198ba0ce126491a28f125","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2020-11-23T13:29:49Z","file_size":7035340,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","file_name":"2020_NatureComm_Nicolai.pdf","success":1,"date_created":"2020-11-23T13:29:49Z"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","citation":{"ama":"Nicolai L, Schiefelbein K, Lipsky S, et al. Vascular surveillance by haptotactic blood platelets in inflammation and infection. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2020;11. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0\">10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0</a>","mla":"Nicolai, Leo, et al. “Vascular Surveillance by Haptotactic Blood Platelets in Inflammation and Infection.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11, 5778, Springer Nature, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0\">10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0</a>.","short":"L. Nicolai, K. Schiefelbein, S. Lipsky, A. Leunig, M. Hoffknecht, K. Pekayvaz, B. Raude, C. Marx, A. Ehrlich, J. Pircher, Z. Zhang, I. Saleh, A.-K. Marel, A. Löf, T. Petzold, M. Lorenz, K. Stark, R. Pick, G. Rosenberger, L. Weckbach, B. Uhl, S. Xia, C.A. Reichel, B. Walzog, C. Schulz, V. Zheden, M. Bender, R. Li, S. Massberg, F.R. Gärtner, Nature Communications 11 (2020).","apa":"Nicolai, L., Schiefelbein, K., Lipsky, S., Leunig, A., Hoffknecht, M., Pekayvaz, K., … Gärtner, F. R. (2020). Vascular surveillance by haptotactic blood platelets in inflammation and infection. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0</a>","chicago":"Nicolai, Leo, Karin Schiefelbein, Silvia Lipsky, Alexander Leunig, Marie Hoffknecht, Kami Pekayvaz, Ben Raude, et al. “Vascular Surveillance by Haptotactic Blood Platelets in Inflammation and Infection.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0</a>.","ista":"Nicolai L, Schiefelbein K, Lipsky S, Leunig A, Hoffknecht M, Pekayvaz K, Raude B, Marx C, Ehrlich A, Pircher J, Zhang Z, Saleh I, Marel A-K, Löf A, Petzold T, Lorenz M, Stark K, Pick R, Rosenberger G, Weckbach L, Uhl B, Xia S, Reichel CA, Walzog B, Schulz C, Zheden V, Bender M, Li R, Massberg S, Gärtner FR. 2020. Vascular surveillance by haptotactic blood platelets in inflammation and infection. Nature Communications. 11, 5778.","ieee":"L. Nicolai <i>et al.</i>, “Vascular surveillance by haptotactic blood platelets in inflammation and infection,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11. Springer Nature, 2020."},"has_accepted_license":"1","pmid":1,"title":"Vascular surveillance by haptotactic blood platelets in inflammation and infection","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"external_id":{"isi":["000594648000014"],"pmid":["33188196"]},"intvolume":"        11","year":"2020","date_created":"2020-11-22T23:01:23Z","acknowledgement":"We thank Sebastian Helmer, Nicole Blount, Christine Mann, and Beate Jantz for technical assistance; Hellen Ishikawa-Ankerhold for help and advice; Michael Sixt for critical\r\ndiscussions. This study was supported by the DFG SFB 914 (S.M. [B02 and Z01], K.Sch.\r\n[B02], B.W. [A02 and Z03], C.A.R. [B03], C.S. [A10], J.P. [Gerok position]), the DFG\r\nSFB 1123 (S.M. [B06]), the DFG FOR 2033 (S.M. and F.G.), the German Center for\r\nCardiovascular Research (DZHK) (Clinician Scientist Program [L.N.], MHA 1.4VD\r\n[S.M.], Postdoc Start-up Grant, 81×3600213 [F.G.]), FP7 program (project 260309,\r\nPRESTIGE [S.M.]), FöFoLe project 1015/1009 (L.N.), FöFoLe project 947 (F.G.), the\r\nFriedrich-Baur-Stiftung project 41/16 (F.G.), and LMUexcellence NFF (F.G.). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no.\r\n833440) (S.M.). F.G. received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research\r\nand innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no.\r\n747687.","article_type":"original","doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-19515-0","day":"13","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Breakdown of vascular barriers is a major complication of inflammatory diseases. Anucleate platelets form blood-clots during thrombosis, but also play a crucial role in inflammation. While spatio-temporal dynamics of clot formation are well characterized, the cell-biological mechanisms of platelet recruitment to inflammatory micro-environments remain incompletely understood. Here we identify Arp2/3-dependent lamellipodia formation as a prominent morphological feature of immune-responsive platelets. Platelets use lamellipodia to scan for fibrin(ogen) deposited on the inflamed vasculature and to directionally spread, to polarize and to govern haptotactic migration along gradients of the adhesive ligand. Platelet-specific abrogation of Arp2/3 interferes with haptotactic repositioning of platelets to microlesions, thus impairing vascular sealing and provoking inflammatory microbleeding. During infection, haptotaxis promotes capture of bacteria and prevents hematogenic dissemination, rendering platelets gate-keepers of the inflamed microvasculature. Consequently, these findings identify haptotaxis as a key effector function of immune-responsive platelets."}],"oa":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Nicolai","full_name":"Nicolai, Leo","first_name":"Leo"},{"full_name":"Schiefelbein, Karin","first_name":"Karin","last_name":"Schiefelbein"},{"last_name":"Lipsky","full_name":"Lipsky, Silvia","first_name":"Silvia"},{"last_name":"Leunig","full_name":"Leunig, Alexander","first_name":"Alexander"},{"last_name":"Hoffknecht","first_name":"Marie","full_name":"Hoffknecht, Marie"},{"full_name":"Pekayvaz, Kami","first_name":"Kami","last_name":"Pekayvaz"},{"last_name":"Raude","full_name":"Raude, Ben","first_name":"Ben"},{"last_name":"Marx","first_name":"Charlotte","full_name":"Marx, Charlotte"},{"last_name":"Ehrlich","first_name":"Andreas","full_name":"Ehrlich, Andreas"},{"last_name":"Pircher","full_name":"Pircher, Joachim","first_name":"Joachim"},{"last_name":"Zhang","first_name":"Zhe","full_name":"Zhang, Zhe"},{"full_name":"Saleh, Inas","first_name":"Inas","last_name":"Saleh"},{"last_name":"Marel","full_name":"Marel, Anna-Kristina","first_name":"Anna-Kristina"},{"first_name":"Achim","full_name":"Löf, Achim","last_name":"Löf"},{"last_name":"Petzold","full_name":"Petzold, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Lorenz, Michael","last_name":"Lorenz"},{"full_name":"Stark, Konstantin","first_name":"Konstantin","last_name":"Stark"},{"first_name":"Robert","full_name":"Pick, Robert","last_name":"Pick"},{"first_name":"Gerhild","full_name":"Rosenberger, Gerhild","last_name":"Rosenberger"},{"full_name":"Weckbach, Ludwig","first_name":"Ludwig","last_name":"Weckbach"},{"full_name":"Uhl, Bernd","first_name":"Bernd","last_name":"Uhl"},{"last_name":"Xia","full_name":"Xia, Sheng","first_name":"Sheng"},{"full_name":"Reichel, Christoph Andreas","first_name":"Christoph Andreas","last_name":"Reichel"},{"full_name":"Walzog, Barbara","first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Walzog"},{"last_name":"Schulz","full_name":"Schulz, Christian","first_name":"Christian"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-9438-4783","full_name":"Zheden, Vanessa","first_name":"Vanessa","last_name":"Zheden","id":"39C5A68A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Bender","first_name":"Markus","full_name":"Bender, Markus"},{"last_name":"Li","first_name":"Rong","full_name":"Li, Rong"},{"last_name":"Massberg","full_name":"Massberg, Steffen","first_name":"Steffen"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6120-3723","first_name":"Florian R","full_name":"Gärtner, Florian R","last_name":"Gärtner","id":"397A88EE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"date_published":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z"},{"file_date_updated":"2020-11-19T11:22:33Z","ddc":["570"],"citation":{"short":"P. Obeidy, L.A. Ju, S.H. Oehlers, N.S. Zulkhernain, Q. Lee, J.L. Galeano Niño, R.Y.Q. Kwan, S. Tikoo, L.L. Cavanagh, P. Mrass, A.J.L. Cook, S.P. Jackson, M. Biro, B. Roediger, M.K. Sixt, W. Weninger, Immunology and Cell Biology 98 (2020) 93–113.","mla":"Obeidy, Peyman, et al. “Partial Loss of Actin Nucleator Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Activity Triggers Blebbing in Primary T Lymphocytes.” <i>Immunology and Cell Biology</i>, vol. 98, no. 2, Wiley, 2020, pp. 93–113, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12304\">10.1111/imcb.12304</a>.","ama":"Obeidy P, Ju LA, Oehlers SH, et al. Partial loss of actin nucleator actin-related protein 2/3 activity triggers blebbing in primary T lymphocytes. <i>Immunology and Cell Biology</i>. 2020;98(2):93-113. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12304\">10.1111/imcb.12304</a>","ieee":"P. Obeidy <i>et al.</i>, “Partial loss of actin nucleator actin-related protein 2/3 activity triggers blebbing in primary T lymphocytes,” <i>Immunology and Cell Biology</i>, vol. 98, no. 2. Wiley, pp. 93–113, 2020.","ista":"Obeidy P, Ju LA, Oehlers SH, Zulkhernain NS, Lee Q, Galeano Niño JL, Kwan RYQ, Tikoo S, Cavanagh LL, Mrass P, Cook AJL, Jackson SP, Biro M, Roediger B, Sixt MK, Weninger W. 2020. Partial loss of actin nucleator actin-related protein 2/3 activity triggers blebbing in primary T lymphocytes. Immunology and Cell Biology. 98(2), 93–113.","apa":"Obeidy, P., Ju, L. A., Oehlers, S. H., Zulkhernain, N. S., Lee, Q., Galeano Niño, J. L., … Weninger, W. (2020). Partial loss of actin nucleator actin-related protein 2/3 activity triggers blebbing in primary T lymphocytes. <i>Immunology and Cell Biology</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12304\">https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12304</a>","chicago":"Obeidy, Peyman, Lining A. Ju, Stefan H. Oehlers, Nursafwana S. Zulkhernain, Quintin Lee, Jorge L. Galeano Niño, Rain Y.Q. Kwan, et al. “Partial Loss of Actin Nucleator Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Activity Triggers Blebbing in Primary T Lymphocytes.” <i>Immunology and Cell Biology</i>. Wiley, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12304\">https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12304</a>."},"article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Wiley","file":[{"date_created":"2020-11-19T11:22:33Z","file_size":8569945,"date_updated":"2020-11-19T11:22:33Z","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_name":"2020_ImmunologyCellBio_Obeidy.pdf","creator":"dernst","checksum":"c389477b4b52172ef76afff8a06c6775","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","file_id":"8775"}],"pmid":1,"title":"Partial loss of actin nucleator actin-related protein 2/3 activity triggers blebbing in primary T lymphocytes","has_accepted_license":"1","intvolume":"        98","date_created":"2020-01-05T23:00:48Z","year":"2020","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0818-9641"],"eissn":["1440-1711"]},"external_id":{"isi":["000503885600001"],"pmid":["31698518"]},"article_type":"original","issue":"2","doi":"10.1111/imcb.12304","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"T lymphocytes utilize amoeboid migration to navigate effectively within complex microenvironments. The precise rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton required for cellular forward propulsion is mediated by actin regulators, including the actin‐related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, a macromolecular machine that nucleates branched actin filaments at the leading edge. The consequences of modulating Arp2/3 activity on the biophysical properties of the actomyosin cortex and downstream T cell function are incompletely understood. We report that even a moderate decrease of Arp3 levels in T cells profoundly affects actin cortex integrity. Reduction in total F‐actin content leads to reduced cortical tension and disrupted lamellipodia formation. Instead, in Arp3‐knockdown cells, the motility mode is dominated by blebbing migration characterized by transient, balloon‐like protrusions at the leading edge. Although this migration mode seems to be compatible with interstitial migration in three‐dimensional environments, diminished locomotion kinetics and impaired cytotoxicity interfere with optimal T cell function. These findings define the importance of finely tuned, Arp2/3‐dependent mechanophysical membrane integrity in cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte activities."}],"day":"01","date_published":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"author":[{"full_name":"Obeidy, Peyman","first_name":"Peyman","last_name":"Obeidy"},{"full_name":"Ju, Lining A.","first_name":"Lining A.","last_name":"Ju"},{"full_name":"Oehlers, Stefan H.","first_name":"Stefan H.","last_name":"Oehlers"},{"full_name":"Zulkhernain, Nursafwana S.","first_name":"Nursafwana S.","last_name":"Zulkhernain"},{"full_name":"Lee, Quintin","first_name":"Quintin","last_name":"Lee"},{"last_name":"Galeano Niño","first_name":"Jorge L.","full_name":"Galeano Niño, Jorge L."},{"last_name":"Kwan","full_name":"Kwan, Rain Y.Q.","first_name":"Rain Y.Q."},{"first_name":"Shweta","full_name":"Tikoo, Shweta","last_name":"Tikoo"},{"last_name":"Cavanagh","first_name":"Lois L.","full_name":"Cavanagh, Lois L."},{"last_name":"Mrass","first_name":"Paulus","full_name":"Mrass, Paulus"},{"full_name":"Cook, Adam J.L.","first_name":"Adam J.L.","last_name":"Cook"},{"full_name":"Jackson, Shaun P.","first_name":"Shaun P.","last_name":"Jackson"},{"first_name":"Maté","full_name":"Biro, Maté","last_name":"Biro"},{"first_name":"Ben","full_name":"Roediger, Ben","last_name":"Roediger"},{"last_name":"Sixt","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","first_name":"Michael K","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K"},{"first_name":"Wolfgang","full_name":"Weninger, Wolfgang","last_name":"Weninger"}],"_id":"7234","page":"93-113","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","oa_version":"Published Version","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2026-04-02T14:29:00Z","status":"public","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","volume":98,"month":"02","isi":1,"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"scopus_import":"1","publication":"Immunology and Cell Biology","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"title":"Cellular locomotion using environmental topography","pmid":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1476-4687"],"issn":["0028-0836"]},"external_id":{"pmid":["32581372"],"isi":["000532688300008"]},"intvolume":"       582","year":"2020","date_created":"2020-05-24T22:01:01Z","publisher":"Springer Nature","article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"ama":"Reversat A, Gärtner FR, Merrin J, et al. Cellular locomotion using environmental topography. <i>Nature</i>. 2020;582:582–585. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z\">10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z</a>","mla":"Reversat, Anne, et al. “Cellular Locomotion Using Environmental Topography.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 582, Springer Nature, 2020, pp. 582–585, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z\">10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z</a>.","short":"A. Reversat, F.R. Gärtner, J. Merrin, J.A. Stopp, S. Tasciyan, J.L. Aguilera Servin, I. de Vries, R. Hauschild, M. Hons, M. Piel, A. Callan-Jones, R. Voituriez, M.K. Sixt, Nature 582 (2020) 582–585.","apa":"Reversat, A., Gärtner, F. R., Merrin, J., Stopp, J. A., Tasciyan, S., Aguilera Servin, J. L., … Sixt, M. K. (2020). Cellular locomotion using environmental topography. <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z</a>","chicago":"Reversat, Anne, Florian R Gärtner, Jack Merrin, Julian A Stopp, Saren Tasciyan, Juan L Aguilera Servin, Ingrid de Vries, et al. “Cellular Locomotion Using Environmental Topography.” <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z</a>.","ista":"Reversat A, Gärtner FR, Merrin J, Stopp JA, Tasciyan S, Aguilera Servin JL, de Vries I, Hauschild R, Hons M, Piel M, Callan-Jones A, Voituriez R, Sixt MK. 2020. Cellular locomotion using environmental topography. Nature. 582, 582–585.","ieee":"A. Reversat <i>et al.</i>, “Cellular locomotion using environmental topography,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 582. Springer Nature, pp. 582–585, 2020."},"day":"25","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Eukaryotic cells migrate by coupling the intracellular force of the actin cytoskeleton to the environment. While force coupling is usually mediated by transmembrane adhesion receptors, especially those of the integrin family, amoeboid cells such as leukocytes can migrate extremely fast despite very low adhesive forces1. Here we show that leukocytes cannot only migrate under low adhesion but can also transmit forces in the complete absence of transmembrane force coupling. When confined within three-dimensional environments, they use the topographical features of the substrate to propel themselves. Here the retrograde flow of the actin cytoskeleton follows the texture of the substrate, creating retrograde shear forces that are sufficient to drive the cell body forwards. Notably, adhesion-dependent and adhesion-independent migration are not mutually exclusive, but rather are variants of the same principle of coupling retrograde actin flow to the environment and thus can potentially operate interchangeably and simultaneously. As adhesion-free migration is independent of the chemical composition of the environment, it renders cells completely autonomous in their locomotive behaviour."}],"oa":1,"author":[{"id":"35B76592-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Reversat","full_name":"Reversat, Anne","first_name":"Anne","orcid":"0000-0003-0666-8928"},{"first_name":"Florian R","full_name":"Gärtner, Florian R","orcid":"0000-0001-6120-3723","id":"397A88EE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Gärtner"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5145-4609","full_name":"Merrin, Jack","first_name":"Jack","last_name":"Merrin","id":"4515C308-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Stopp, Julian A","first_name":"Julian A","id":"489E3F00-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Stopp"},{"id":"4323B49C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Tasciyan","first_name":"Saren","full_name":"Tasciyan, Saren","orcid":"0000-0003-1671-393X"},{"last_name":"Aguilera Servin","id":"2A67C376-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2862-8372","full_name":"Aguilera Servin, Juan L","first_name":"Juan L"},{"full_name":"De Vries, Ingrid","first_name":"Ingrid","last_name":"De Vries","id":"4C7D837E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Hauschild","id":"4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9843-3522","first_name":"Robert","full_name":"Hauschild, Robert"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-6625-3348","full_name":"Hons, Miroslav","first_name":"Miroslav","last_name":"Hons","id":"4167FE56-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Piel","full_name":"Piel, Matthieu","first_name":"Matthieu"},{"full_name":"Callan-Jones, Andrew","first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Callan-Jones"},{"last_name":"Voituriez","full_name":"Voituriez, Raphael","first_name":"Raphael"},{"full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sixt"}],"date_published":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"We thank A. Leithner and J. Renkawitz for discussion and critical reading of the manuscript; J. Schwarz and M. Mehling for establishing the microfluidic setups; the Bioimaging Facility of IST Austria for excellent support, as well as the Life Science Facility and the Miba Machine Shop of IST Austria; and F. N. Arslan, L. E. Burnett and L. Li for their work during their rotation in the IST PhD programme. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC StG 281556 and CoG 724373) to M.S. and grants from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF P29911) and the WWTF to M.S. M.H. was supported by the European Regional Development Fund Project (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000476). F.G. received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 747687.","article_type":"original","doi":"10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/793919"}],"status":"public","date_updated":"2026-07-03T22:31:25Z","volume":582,"publication_status":"published","month":"06","isi":1,"OA_type":"green","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"_id":"7885","page":"582–585","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Preprint","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"12401"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"14697"}],"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/off-road-mode-enables-mobile-cells-to-move-freely/","description":"News on IST Homepage","relation":"press_release"}]},"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"Cytoskeletal force generation and force transduction of migrating leukocytes","_id":"25A603A2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"281556"},{"name":"Cellular Navigation Along Spatial Gradients","_id":"25FE9508-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"724373","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"call_identifier":"FWF","grant_number":"P29911","_id":"26018E70-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Mechanical adaptation of lamellipodial actin"},{"name":"Mechanical Adaptation of Lamellipodial Actin Networks in Migrating Cells","_id":"260AA4E2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"747687","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"publication":"Nature","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"MiSi"}],"OA_place":"repository","type":"journal_article","scopus_import":"1","ec_funded":1},{"publication_status":"published","month":"07","volume":219,"isi":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)"},"status":"public","date_updated":"2025-06-12T07:34:40Z","article_number":"e202007029","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"8190","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"The Journal of Cell Biology","scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1540-8140"]},"external_id":{"isi":["000573631000004"],"pmid":["32699885"]},"intvolume":"       219","date_created":"2020-08-02T22:00:57Z","year":"2020","has_accepted_license":"1","title":"Zena Werb (1945-2020): Cell biology in context","pmid":1,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","article_processing_charge":"No","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","checksum":"30016d778d266b8e17d01094917873b8","relation":"main_file","file_id":"8200","date_created":"2020-08-04T13:11:52Z","date_updated":"2021-02-02T23:30:03Z","file_size":830725,"embargo":"2021-02-01","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2020_JCB_Sixt.pdf","creator":"dernst"}],"citation":{"ista":"Sixt MK, Huttenlocher A. 2020. Zena Werb (1945-2020): Cell biology in context. The Journal of Cell Biology. 219(8), e202007029.","ieee":"M. K. Sixt and A. Huttenlocher, “Zena Werb (1945-2020): Cell biology in context,” <i>The Journal of Cell Biology</i>, vol. 219, no. 8. Rockefeller University Press, 2020.","chicago":"Sixt, Michael K, and Anna Huttenlocher. “Zena Werb (1945-2020): Cell Biology in Context.” <i>The Journal of Cell Biology</i>. Rockefeller University Press, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202007029\">https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202007029</a>.","apa":"Sixt, M. K., &#38; Huttenlocher, A. (2020). Zena Werb (1945-2020): Cell biology in context. <i>The Journal of Cell Biology</i>. Rockefeller University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202007029\">https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202007029</a>","short":"M.K. Sixt, A. Huttenlocher, The Journal of Cell Biology 219 (2020).","ama":"Sixt MK, Huttenlocher A. Zena Werb (1945-2020): Cell biology in context. <i>The Journal of Cell Biology</i>. 2020;219(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202007029\">10.1083/jcb.202007029</a>","mla":"Sixt, Michael K., and Anna Huttenlocher. “Zena Werb (1945-2020): Cell Biology in Context.” <i>The Journal of Cell Biology</i>, vol. 219, no. 8, e202007029, Rockefeller University Press, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202007029\">10.1083/jcb.202007029</a>."},"ddc":["570"],"file_date_updated":"2021-02-02T23:30:03Z","oa":1,"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K","last_name":"Sixt","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Huttenlocher","full_name":"Huttenlocher, Anna","first_name":"Anna"}],"date_published":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","day":"22","doi":"10.1083/jcb.202007029","issue":"8","article_type":"letter_note"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Springer Nature","citation":{"ista":"Gärtner FR, Massberg S. 2019. Patrolling the vascular borders: Platelets in immunity to infection and cancer. Nature Reviews Immunology. 19(12), 747–760.","ieee":"F. R. Gärtner and S. Massberg, “Patrolling the vascular borders: Platelets in immunity to infection and cancer,” <i>Nature Reviews Immunology</i>, vol. 19, no. 12. Springer Nature, pp. 747–760, 2019.","chicago":"Gärtner, Florian R, and Steffen Massberg. “Patrolling the Vascular Borders: Platelets in Immunity to Infection and Cancer.” <i>Nature Reviews Immunology</i>. Springer Nature, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z</a>.","apa":"Gärtner, F. R., &#38; Massberg, S. (2019). Patrolling the vascular borders: Platelets in immunity to infection and cancer. <i>Nature Reviews Immunology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z</a>","short":"F.R. Gärtner, S. Massberg, Nature Reviews Immunology 19 (2019) 747–760.","ama":"Gärtner FR, Massberg S. Patrolling the vascular borders: Platelets in immunity to infection and cancer. <i>Nature Reviews Immunology</i>. 2019;19(12):747–760. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z\">10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z</a>","mla":"Gärtner, Florian R., and Steffen Massberg. “Patrolling the Vascular Borders: Platelets in Immunity to Infection and Cancer.” <i>Nature Reviews Immunology</i>, vol. 19, no. 12, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 747–760, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z\">10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z</a>."},"external_id":{"isi":["000499090600011"],"pmid":["31409920"]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1474-1741"],"issn":["1474-1733"]},"year":"2019","date_created":"2019-08-20T17:24:32Z","intvolume":"        19","pmid":1,"title":"Patrolling the vascular borders: Platelets in immunity to infection and cancer","doi":"10.1038/s41577-019-0202-z","issue":"12","article_type":"original","author":[{"id":"397A88EE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Gärtner","first_name":"Florian R","full_name":"Gärtner, Florian R","orcid":"0000-0001-6120-3723"},{"full_name":"Massberg, Steffen","first_name":"Steffen","last_name":"Massberg"}],"date_published":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","day":"01","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Platelets are small anucleate cellular fragments that are released by megakaryocytes and safeguard vascular integrity through a process termed ‘haemostasis’. However, platelets have important roles beyond haemostasis as they contribute to the initiation and coordination of intravascular immune responses. They continuously monitor blood vessel integrity and tightly coordinate vascular trafficking and functions of multiple cell types. In this way platelets act as ‘patrolling officers of the vascular highway’ that help to establish effective immune responses to infections and cancer. Here we discuss the distinct biological features of platelets that allow them to shape immune responses to pathogens and tumour cells, highlighting the parallels between these responses."}],"quality_controlled":"1","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","_id":"6824","page":"747–760","oa_version":"None","isi":1,"publication_status":"published","month":"12","volume":19,"status":"public","date_updated":"2025-04-14T07:43:17Z","scopus_import":"1","ec_funded":1,"department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"project":[{"name":"Mechanical Adaptation of Lamellipodial Actin Networks in Migrating Cells","_id":"260AA4E2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"747687"}],"publication":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"issue":"20","article_type":"original","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068","day":"21","author":[{"first_name":"Aglaja","full_name":"Kopf, Aglaja","orcid":"0000-0002-2187-6656","id":"31DAC7B6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kopf"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","first_name":"Michael K","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","last_name":"Sixt","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"date_published":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Cell Press","article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"short":"A. Kopf, M.K. Sixt, Current Biology 29 (2019) R1091–R1093.","mla":"Kopf, Aglaja, and Michael K. Sixt. “Gut Homeostasis: Active Migration of Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Tissue Renewal.” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 29, no. 20, Cell Press, 2019, pp. R1091–93, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068\">10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068</a>.","ama":"Kopf A, Sixt MK. Gut homeostasis: Active migration of intestinal epithelial cells in tissue renewal. <i>Current Biology</i>. 2019;29(20):R1091-R1093. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068\">10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068</a>","ieee":"A. Kopf and M. K. Sixt, “Gut homeostasis: Active migration of intestinal epithelial cells in tissue renewal,” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 29, no. 20. Cell Press, pp. R1091–R1093, 2019.","ista":"Kopf A, Sixt MK. 2019. Gut homeostasis: Active migration of intestinal epithelial cells in tissue renewal. Current Biology. 29(20), R1091–R1093.","chicago":"Kopf, Aglaja, and Michael K Sixt. “Gut Homeostasis: Active Migration of Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Tissue Renewal.” <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068</a>.","apa":"Kopf, A., &#38; Sixt, M. K. (2019). Gut homeostasis: Active migration of intestinal epithelial cells in tissue renewal. <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.068</a>"},"title":"Gut homeostasis: Active migration of intestinal epithelial cells in tissue renewal","pmid":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000491286200016"],"pmid":["31639357"]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1879-0445"],"issn":["0960-9822"]},"year":"2019","date_created":"2019-11-04T15:18:29Z","intvolume":"        29","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"type":"journal_article","scopus_import":"1","publication":"Current Biology","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"6979","oa_version":"None","page":"R1091-R1093","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","quality_controlled":"1","status":"public","date_updated":"2023-09-05T12:43:43Z","isi":1,"publication_status":"published","month":"10","volume":29},{"_id":"6988","page":"922-938","oa_version":"None","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2025-04-14T07:43:17Z","status":"public","month":"10","publication_status":"published","volume":40,"isi":1,"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"ec_funded":1,"scopus_import":"1","publication":"Trends in Immunology","project":[{"_id":"260AA4E2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Mechanical Adaptation of Lamellipodial Actin Networks in Migrating Cells","grant_number":"747687","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"ista":"Nicolai L, Gärtner FR, Massberg S. 2019. Platelets in host defense: Experimental and clinical insights. Trends in Immunology. 40(10), 922–938.","ieee":"L. Nicolai, F. R. Gärtner, and S. Massberg, “Platelets in host defense: Experimental and clinical insights,” <i>Trends in Immunology</i>, vol. 40, no. 10. Cell Press, pp. 922–938, 2019.","apa":"Nicolai, L., Gärtner, F. R., &#38; Massberg, S. (2019). Platelets in host defense: Experimental and clinical insights. <i>Trends in Immunology</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004</a>","chicago":"Nicolai, Leo, Florian R Gärtner, and Steffen Massberg. “Platelets in Host Defense: Experimental and Clinical Insights.” <i>Trends in Immunology</i>. Cell Press, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004</a>.","short":"L. Nicolai, F.R. Gärtner, S. Massberg, Trends in Immunology 40 (2019) 922–938.","ama":"Nicolai L, Gärtner FR, Massberg S. Platelets in host defense: Experimental and clinical insights. <i>Trends in Immunology</i>. 2019;40(10):922-938. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004\">10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004</a>","mla":"Nicolai, Leo, et al. “Platelets in Host Defense: Experimental and Clinical Insights.” <i>Trends in Immunology</i>, vol. 40, no. 10, Cell Press, 2019, pp. 922–38, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004\">10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004</a>."},"publisher":"Cell Press","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Platelets in host defense: Experimental and clinical insights","pmid":1,"intvolume":"        40","date_created":"2019-11-04T16:27:36Z","year":"2019","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1471-4906"]},"external_id":{"pmid":["31601520"],"isi":["000493292100005"]},"article_type":"review","issue":"10","doi":"10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Platelets are central players in thrombosis and hemostasis but are increasingly recognized as key components of the immune system. They shape ensuing immune responses by recruiting leukocytes, and support the development of adaptive immunity. Recent data shed new light on the complex role of platelets in immunity. Here, we summarize experimental and clinical data on the role of platelets in host defense against bacteria. Platelets bind, contain, and kill bacteria directly; however, platelet proinflammatory effector functions and cross-talk with the coagulation system, can also result in damage to the host (e.g., acute lung injury and sepsis). Novel clinical insights support this dichotomy: platelet inhibition/thrombocytopenia can be either harmful or protective, depending on pathophysiological context. Clinical studies are currently addressing this aspect in greater depth."}],"day":"01","date_published":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"last_name":"Nicolai","first_name":"Leo","full_name":"Nicolai, Leo"},{"last_name":"Gärtner","id":"397A88EE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6120-3723","first_name":"Florian R","full_name":"Gärtner, Florian R"},{"full_name":"Massberg, Steffen","first_name":"Steffen","last_name":"Massberg"}]},{"date_published":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"first_name":"KM","full_name":"Yamada, KM","last_name":"Yamada"},{"id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sixt","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Cell migration is essential for physiological processes as diverse as development, immune defence and wound healing. It is also a hallmark of cancer malignancy. Thousands of publications have elucidated detailed molecular and biophysical mechanisms of cultured cells migrating on flat, 2D substrates of glass and plastic. However, much less is known about how cells successfully navigate the complex 3D environments of living tissues. In these more complex, native environments, cells use multiple modes of migration, including mesenchymal, amoeboid, lobopodial and collective, and these are governed by the local extracellular microenvironment, specific modalities of Rho GTPase signalling and non- muscle myosin contractility. Migration through 3D environments is challenging because it requires the cell to squeeze through complex or dense extracellular structures. Doing so requires specific cellular adaptations to mechanical features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or its remodelling. In addition, besides navigating through diverse ECM environments and overcoming extracellular barriers, cells often interact with neighbouring cells and tissues through physical and signalling interactions. Accordingly, cells need to call on an impressively wide diversity of mechanisms to meet these challenges. This Review examines how cells use both classical and novel mechanisms of locomotion as they traverse challenging 3D matrices and cellular environments. It focuses on principles rather than details of migratory mechanisms and draws comparisons between 1D, 2D and 3D migration."}],"day":"01","doi":"10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9","article_type":"review","issue":"12","date_created":"2019-11-12T14:54:42Z","year":"2019","intvolume":"        20","external_id":{"isi":["000497966900007"],"pmid":["31582855"]},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1471-0072"],"eissn":["1471-0080"]},"title":"Mechanisms of 3D cell migration","pmid":1,"citation":{"short":"K. Yamada, M.K. Sixt, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 20 (2019) 738–752.","ama":"Yamada K, Sixt MK. Mechanisms of 3D cell migration. <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>. 2019;20(12):738–752. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9\">10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9</a>","mla":"Yamada, KM, and Michael K. Sixt. “Mechanisms of 3D Cell Migration.” <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>, vol. 20, no. 12, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 738–752, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9\">10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9</a>.","ista":"Yamada K, Sixt MK. 2019. Mechanisms of 3D cell migration. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 20(12), 738–752.","ieee":"K. Yamada and M. K. Sixt, “Mechanisms of 3D cell migration,” <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>, vol. 20, no. 12. Springer Nature, pp. 738–752, 2019.","chicago":"Yamada, KM, and Michael K Sixt. “Mechanisms of 3D Cell Migration.” <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>. Springer Nature, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9</a>.","apa":"Yamada, K., &#38; Sixt, M. K. (2019). Mechanisms of 3D cell migration. <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0172-9</a>"},"publisher":"Springer Nature","article_processing_charge":"No","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology","scopus_import":"1","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"isi":1,"publication_status":"published","month":"12","volume":20,"date_updated":"2023-08-30T07:22:20Z","status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"7009","oa_version":"None","page":"738–752","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8"},{"quality_controlled":"1","page":"1370-1381","_id":"7105","oa_version":"Submitted Version","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","volume":21,"publication_status":"published","month":"11","isi":1,"status":"public","date_updated":"2023-09-06T11:08:52Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7025891"}],"scopus_import":"1","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Nature Cell Biology","citation":{"apa":"Yolland, L., Burki, M., Marcotti, S., Luchici, A., Kenny, F. N., Davis, J. R., … Stramer, B. M. (2019). Persistent and polarized global actin flow is essential for directionality during cell migration. <i>Nature Cell Biology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5</a>","chicago":"Yolland, Lawrence, Mubarik Burki, Stefania Marcotti, Andrei Luchici, Fiona N. Kenny, John Robert Davis, Eduardo Serna-Morales, et al. “Persistent and Polarized Global Actin Flow Is Essential for Directionality during Cell Migration.” <i>Nature Cell Biology</i>. Springer Nature, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5</a>.","ieee":"L. Yolland <i>et al.</i>, “Persistent and polarized global actin flow is essential for directionality during cell migration,” <i>Nature Cell Biology</i>, vol. 21, no. 11. Springer Nature, pp. 1370–1381, 2019.","ista":"Yolland L, Burki M, Marcotti S, Luchici A, Kenny FN, Davis JR, Serna-Morales E, Müller J, Sixt MK, Davidson A, Wood W, Schumacher LJ, Endres RG, Miodownik M, Stramer BM. 2019. Persistent and polarized global actin flow is essential for directionality during cell migration. Nature Cell Biology. 21(11), 1370–1381.","mla":"Yolland, Lawrence, et al. “Persistent and Polarized Global Actin Flow Is Essential for Directionality during Cell Migration.” <i>Nature Cell Biology</i>, vol. 21, no. 11, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 1370–81, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5\">10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5</a>.","ama":"Yolland L, Burki M, Marcotti S, et al. Persistent and polarized global actin flow is essential for directionality during cell migration. <i>Nature Cell Biology</i>. 2019;21(11):1370-1381. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5\">10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5</a>","short":"L. Yolland, M. Burki, S. Marcotti, A. Luchici, F.N. Kenny, J.R. Davis, E. Serna-Morales, J. Müller, M.K. Sixt, A. Davidson, W. Wood, L.J. Schumacher, R.G. Endres, M. Miodownik, B.M. Stramer, Nature Cell Biology 21 (2019) 1370–1381."},"article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Springer Nature","intvolume":"        21","year":"2019","date_created":"2019-11-25T08:55:00Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1476-4679"],"issn":["1465-7392"]},"external_id":{"pmid":["31685997"],"isi":["000495888300009"]},"pmid":1,"title":"Persistent and polarized global actin flow is essential for directionality during cell migration","doi":"10.1038/s41556-019-0411-5","article_type":"original","issue":"11","date_published":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"author":[{"first_name":"Lawrence","full_name":"Yolland, Lawrence","last_name":"Yolland"},{"last_name":"Burki","first_name":"Mubarik","full_name":"Burki, Mubarik"},{"first_name":"Stefania","full_name":"Marcotti, Stefania","last_name":"Marcotti"},{"full_name":"Luchici, Andrei","first_name":"Andrei","last_name":"Luchici"},{"last_name":"Kenny","full_name":"Kenny, Fiona N.","first_name":"Fiona N."},{"first_name":"John Robert","full_name":"Davis, John Robert","last_name":"Davis"},{"last_name":"Serna-Morales","first_name":"Eduardo","full_name":"Serna-Morales, Eduardo"},{"first_name":"Jan","full_name":"Müller, Jan","id":"AD07FDB4-0F61-11EA-8158-C4CC64CEAA8D","last_name":"Müller"},{"last_name":"Sixt","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K"},{"last_name":"Davidson","full_name":"Davidson, Andrew","first_name":"Andrew"},{"first_name":"Will","full_name":"Wood, Will","last_name":"Wood"},{"first_name":"Linus J.","full_name":"Schumacher, Linus J.","last_name":"Schumacher"},{"full_name":"Endres, Robert G.","first_name":"Robert G.","last_name":"Endres"},{"last_name":"Miodownik","full_name":"Miodownik, Mark","first_name":"Mark"},{"last_name":"Stramer","first_name":"Brian M.","full_name":"Stramer, Brian M."}],"abstract":[{"text":"Cell migration is hypothesized to involve a cycle of behaviours beginning with leading edge extension. However, recent evidence suggests that the leading edge may be dispensable for migration, raising the question of what actually controls cell directionality. Here, we exploit the embryonic migration of Drosophila macrophages to bridge the different temporal scales of the behaviours controlling motility. This approach reveals that edge fluctuations during random motility are not persistent and are weakly correlated with motion. In contrast, flow of the actin network behind the leading edge is highly persistent. Quantification of actin flow structure during migration reveals a stable organization and asymmetry in the cell-wide flowfield that strongly correlates with cell directionality. This organization is regulated by a gradient of actin network compression and destruction, which is controlled by myosin contraction and cofilin-mediated disassembly. It is this stable actin-flow polarity, which integrates rapid fluctuations of the leading edge, that controls inherent cellular persistence.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"01"},{"scopus_import":"1","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Development","article_number":"dev171397","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"7404","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","isi":1,"month":"04","publication_status":"published","volume":146,"date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:20:32Z","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.171397"}],"doi":"10.1242/dev.171397","article_type":"original","issue":"7","date_published":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","author":[{"last_name":"Stürner","first_name":"Tomke","full_name":"Stürner, Tomke"},{"full_name":"Tatarnikova, Anastasia","first_name":"Anastasia","last_name":"Tatarnikova"},{"last_name":"Müller","id":"AD07FDB4-0F61-11EA-8158-C4CC64CEAA8D","full_name":"Müller, Jan","first_name":"Jan"},{"last_name":"Schaffran","first_name":"Barbara","full_name":"Schaffran, Barbara"},{"first_name":"Hermann","full_name":"Cuntz, Hermann","last_name":"Cuntz"},{"full_name":"Zhang, Yun","first_name":"Yun","last_name":"Zhang"},{"id":"34E27F1C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Nemethova","first_name":"Maria","full_name":"Nemethova, Maria"},{"first_name":"Sven","full_name":"Bogdan, Sven","last_name":"Bogdan"},{"last_name":"Small","first_name":"Vic","full_name":"Small, Vic"},{"full_name":"Tavosanis, Gaia","first_name":"Gaia","last_name":"Tavosanis"}],"oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"The formation of neuronal dendrite branches is fundamental for the wiring and function of the nervous system. Indeed, dendrite branching enhances the coverage of the neuron's receptive field and modulates the initial processing of incoming stimuli. Complex dendrite patterns are achieved in vivo through a dynamic process of de novo branch formation, branch extension and retraction. The first step towards branch formation is the generation of a dynamic filopodium-like branchlet. The mechanisms underlying the initiation of dendrite branchlets are therefore crucial to the shaping of dendrites. Through in vivo time-lapse imaging of the subcellular localization of actin during the process of branching of Drosophila larva sensory neurons, combined with genetic analysis and electron tomography, we have identified the Actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex as the major actin nucleator involved in the initiation of dendrite branchlet formation, under the control of the activator WAVE and of the small GTPase Rac1. Transient recruitment of an Arp2/3 component marks the site of branchlet initiation in vivo. These data position the activation of Arp2/3 as an early hub for the initiation of branchlet formation.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"04","citation":{"ama":"Stürner T, Tatarnikova A, Müller J, et al. Transient localization of the Arp2/3 complex initiates neuronal dendrite branching in vivo. <i>Development</i>. 2019;146(7). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.171397\">10.1242/dev.171397</a>","mla":"Stürner, Tomke, et al. “Transient Localization of the Arp2/3 Complex Initiates Neuronal Dendrite Branching in Vivo.” <i>Development</i>, vol. 146, no. 7, dev171397, The Company of Biologists, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.171397\">10.1242/dev.171397</a>.","short":"T. Stürner, A. Tatarnikova, J. Müller, B. Schaffran, H. Cuntz, Y. Zhang, M. Nemethova, S. Bogdan, V. Small, G. Tavosanis, Development 146 (2019).","chicago":"Stürner, Tomke, Anastasia Tatarnikova, Jan Müller, Barbara Schaffran, Hermann Cuntz, Yun Zhang, Maria Nemethova, Sven Bogdan, Vic Small, and Gaia Tavosanis. “Transient Localization of the Arp2/3 Complex Initiates Neuronal Dendrite Branching in Vivo.” <i>Development</i>. The Company of Biologists, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.171397\">https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.171397</a>.","apa":"Stürner, T., Tatarnikova, A., Müller, J., Schaffran, B., Cuntz, H., Zhang, Y., … Tavosanis, G. (2019). Transient localization of the Arp2/3 complex initiates neuronal dendrite branching in vivo. <i>Development</i>. The Company of Biologists. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.171397\">https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.171397</a>","ista":"Stürner T, Tatarnikova A, Müller J, Schaffran B, Cuntz H, Zhang Y, Nemethova M, Bogdan S, Small V, Tavosanis G. 2019. Transient localization of the Arp2/3 complex initiates neuronal dendrite branching in vivo. Development. 146(7), dev171397.","ieee":"T. Stürner <i>et al.</i>, “Transient localization of the Arp2/3 complex initiates neuronal dendrite branching in vivo,” <i>Development</i>, vol. 146, no. 7. The Company of Biologists, 2019."},"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","article_processing_charge":"No","ddc":["570"],"year":"2019","date_created":"2020-01-29T16:27:10Z","intvolume":"       146","external_id":{"isi":["000464583200006"],"pmid":["30910826"]},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0950-1991"],"eissn":["1477-9129"]},"title":"Transient localization of the Arp2/3 complex initiates neuronal dendrite branching in vivo","pmid":1},{"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"7420","oa_version":"Published Version","article_number":"jcs233387","quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233387","open_access":"1"}],"status":"public","date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:21:00Z","isi":1,"volume":132,"publication_status":"published","month":"06","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Journal of Cell Science","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["570"],"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"ama":"Sahgal P, Alanko JH, Icha J, et al. GGA2 and RAB13 promote activity-dependent β1-integrin recycling. <i>Journal of Cell Science</i>. 2019;132(11). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233387\">10.1242/jcs.233387</a>","mla":"Sahgal, Pranshu, et al. “GGA2 and RAB13 Promote Activity-Dependent Β1-Integrin Recycling.” <i>Journal of Cell Science</i>, vol. 132, no. 11, jcs233387, The Company of Biologists, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233387\">10.1242/jcs.233387</a>.","short":"P. Sahgal, J.H. Alanko, J. Icha, I. Paatero, H. Hamidi, A. Arjonen, M. Pietilä, A. Rokka, J. Ivaska, Journal of Cell Science 132 (2019).","chicago":"Sahgal, Pranshu, Jonna H Alanko, Jaroslav Icha, Ilkka Paatero, Hellyeh Hamidi, Antti Arjonen, Mika Pietilä, Anne Rokka, and Johanna Ivaska. “GGA2 and RAB13 Promote Activity-Dependent Β1-Integrin Recycling.” <i>Journal of Cell Science</i>. The Company of Biologists, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233387\">https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233387</a>.","apa":"Sahgal, P., Alanko, J. H., Icha, J., Paatero, I., Hamidi, H., Arjonen, A., … Ivaska, J. (2019). GGA2 and RAB13 promote activity-dependent β1-integrin recycling. <i>Journal of Cell Science</i>. The Company of Biologists. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233387\">https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233387</a>","ista":"Sahgal P, Alanko JH, Icha J, Paatero I, Hamidi H, Arjonen A, Pietilä M, Rokka A, Ivaska J. 2019. GGA2 and RAB13 promote activity-dependent β1-integrin recycling. Journal of Cell Science. 132(11), jcs233387.","ieee":"P. Sahgal <i>et al.</i>, “GGA2 and RAB13 promote activity-dependent β1-integrin recycling,” <i>Journal of Cell Science</i>, vol. 132, no. 11. The Company of Biologists, 2019."},"pmid":1,"title":"GGA2 and RAB13 promote activity-dependent β1-integrin recycling","external_id":{"isi":["000473327900017"],"pmid":["31076515"]},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-9533"],"eissn":["1477-9137"]},"date_created":"2020-01-30T10:31:42Z","year":"2019","intvolume":"       132","issue":"11","article_type":"original","doi":"10.1242/jcs.233387","day":"07","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"β1-integrins mediate cell–matrix interactions and their trafficking is important in the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion, migration and malignant processes, including cancer cell invasion. Here, we employ an RNAi screen to characterize regulators of integrin traffic and identify the association of Golgi-localized gamma ear-containing Arf-binding protein 2 (GGA2) with β1-integrin, and its role in recycling of active but not inactive β1-integrin receptors. Silencing of GGA2 limits active β1-integrin levels in focal adhesions and decreases cancer cell migration and invasion, which is in agreement with its ability to regulate the dynamics of active integrins. By using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) method, we identified two RAB family small GTPases, i.e. RAB13 and RAB10, as novel interactors of GGA2. Functionally, RAB13 silencing triggers the intracellular accumulation of active β1-integrin, and reduces integrin activity in focal adhesions and cell migration similarly to GGA2 depletion, indicating that both facilitate active β1-integrin recycling to the plasma membrane. Thus, GGA2 and RAB13 are important specificity determinants for integrin activity-dependent traffic."}],"author":[{"full_name":"Sahgal, Pranshu","first_name":"Pranshu","last_name":"Sahgal"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-7698-3061","first_name":"Jonna H","full_name":"Alanko, Jonna H","last_name":"Alanko","id":"2CC12E8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Jaroslav","full_name":"Icha, Jaroslav","last_name":"Icha"},{"last_name":"Paatero","full_name":"Paatero, Ilkka","first_name":"Ilkka"},{"full_name":"Hamidi, Hellyeh","first_name":"Hellyeh","last_name":"Hamidi"},{"last_name":"Arjonen","first_name":"Antti","full_name":"Arjonen, Antti"},{"last_name":"Pietilä","first_name":"Mika","full_name":"Pietilä, Mika"},{"full_name":"Rokka, Anne","first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Rokka"},{"last_name":"Ivaska","first_name":"Johanna","full_name":"Ivaska, Johanna"}],"oa":1,"date_published":"2019-06-07T00:00:00Z"},{"degree_awarded":"PhD","publication_status":"published","month":"07","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-06-18T17:44:11Z","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/feeling-like-a-cell/","relation":"press_release"}],"record":[{"id":"6877","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"id":"6328","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","id":"15","relation":"part_of_dissertation"}]},"_id":"6891","page":"171","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["cell biology","immunology","leukocyte","migration","microfluidics"],"project":[{"_id":"265E2996-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Nano-Analytics of Cellular Systems","call_identifier":"FWF","grant_number":"W01250-B20"}],"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"supervisor":[{"id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sixt","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179"}],"corr_author":"1","type":"dissertation","OA_place":"publisher","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"year":"2019","date_created":"2019-09-19T08:19:44Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2663-337X"],"isbn":["978-3-99078-002-2"]},"title":"The implication of cytoskeletal dynamics on leukocyte migration","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"apa":"Kopf, A. (2019). <i>The implication of cytoskeletal dynamics on leukocyte migration</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891</a>","chicago":"Kopf, Aglaja. “The Implication of Cytoskeletal Dynamics on Leukocyte Migration.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891</a>.","ieee":"A. Kopf, “The implication of cytoskeletal dynamics on leukocyte migration,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019.","ista":"Kopf A. 2019. The implication of cytoskeletal dynamics on leukocyte migration. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","ama":"Kopf A. The implication of cytoskeletal dynamics on leukocyte migration. 2019. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891</a>","mla":"Kopf, Aglaja. <i>The Implication of Cytoskeletal Dynamics on Leukocyte Migration</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891</a>.","short":"A. Kopf, The Implication of Cytoskeletal Dynamics on Leukocyte Migration, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019."},"file":[{"file_id":"6950","relation":"source_file","checksum":"00d100d6468e31e583051e0a006b640c","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2020-10-17T22:30:03Z","file_size":74735267,"file_name":"Kopf_PhD_Thesis.docx","creator":"akopf","content_type":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","date_created":"2019-10-15T05:28:42Z","embargo_to":"open_access"},{"file_id":"6951","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"5d1baa899993ae6ca81aebebe1797000","creator":"akopf","file_name":"Kopf_PhD_Thesis1.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","embargo":"2020-10-16","file_size":52787224,"date_updated":"2020-10-17T22:30:03Z","date_created":"2019-10-15T05:28:47Z"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","article_processing_charge":"No","file_date_updated":"2020-10-17T22:30:03Z","ddc":["570"],"date_published":"2019-07-24T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-2187-6656","first_name":"Aglaja","full_name":"Kopf, Aglaja","last_name":"Kopf","id":"31DAC7B6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"While cells of mesenchymal or epithelial origin perform their effector functions in a purely anchorage dependent manner, cells derived from the hematopoietic lineage are not committed to operate only within a specific niche. Instead, these cells are able to function autonomously of the molecular composition in a broad range of tissue compartments. By this means, cells of the hematopoietic lineage retain the capacity to disseminate into connective tissue and recirculate between organs, building the foundation for essential processes such as tissue regeneration or immune surveillance. \r\nCells of the immune system, specifically leukocytes, are extraordinarily good at performing this task. These cells are able to flexibly shift their mode of migration between an adhesion-mediated and an adhesion-independent manner, instantaneously accommodating for any changes in molecular composition of the external scaffold. The key component driving directed leukocyte migration is the chemokine receptor 7, which guides the cell along gradients of chemokine ligand. Therefore, the physical destination of migrating leukocytes is purely deterministic, i.e. given by global directional cues such as chemokine gradients. \r\nNevertheless, these cells typically reside in three-dimensional scaffolds of inhomogeneous complexity, raising the question whether cells are able to locally discriminate between multiple optional migration routes. Current literature provides evidence that leukocytes, specifically dendritic cells, do indeed probe their surrounding by virtue of multiple explorative protrusions. However, it remains enigmatic how these cells decide which one is the more favorable route to follow and what are the key players involved in performing this task. Due to the heterogeneous environment of most tissues, and the vast adaptability of migrating leukocytes, at this time it is not clear to what extent leukocytes are able to optimize their migratory strategy by adapting their level of adhesiveness. And, given the fact that leukocyte migration is characterized by branched cell shapes in combination with high migration velocities, it is reasonable to assume that these cells require fine tuned shape maintenance mechanisms that tightly coordinate protrusion and adhesion dynamics in a spatiotemporal manner. \r\nTherefore, this study aimed to elucidate how rapidly migrating leukocytes opt for an ideal migratory path while maintaining a continuous cell shape and balancing adhesive forces to efficiently navigate through complex microenvironments. \r\nThe results of this study unraveled a role for the microtubule cytoskeleton in promoting the decision making process during path finding and for the first time point towards a microtubule-mediated function in cell shape maintenance of highly ramified cells such as dendritic cells. Furthermore, we found that migrating low-adhesive leukocytes are able to instantaneously adapt to increased tensile load by engaging adhesion receptors. This response was only occurring tangential to the substrate while adhesive properties in the vertical direction were not increased. As leukocytes are primed for rapid migration velocities, these results demonstrate that leukocyte integrins are able to confer a high level of traction forces parallel to the cell membrane along the direction of migration without wasting energy in gluing the cell to the substrate. \r\nThus, the data in the here presented thesis provide new insights into the pivotal role of cytoskeletal dynamics and the mechanisms of force transduction during leukocyte migration. \r\nThereby the here presented results help to further define fundamental principles underlying leukocyte migration and open up potential therapeutic avenues of clinical relevance.\r\n"}],"day":"24","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:6891"},{"doi":"10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5","article_type":"letter_note","date_published":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","author":[{"last_name":"Renkawitz","id":"3F0587C8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-2856-3369","first_name":"Jörg","full_name":"Renkawitz, Jörg"},{"full_name":"Kopf, Aglaja","first_name":"Aglaja","orcid":"0000-0002-2187-6656","id":"31DAC7B6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kopf"},{"first_name":"Julian A","full_name":"Stopp, Julian A","id":"489E3F00-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Stopp"},{"first_name":"Ingrid","full_name":"de Vries, Ingrid","last_name":"de Vries","id":"4C7D837E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Meghan K.","full_name":"Driscoll, Meghan K.","last_name":"Driscoll"},{"id":"4515C308-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Merrin","full_name":"Merrin, Jack","first_name":"Jack","orcid":"0000-0001-5145-4609"},{"first_name":"Robert","full_name":"Hauschild, Robert","orcid":"0000-0001-9843-3522","id":"4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hauschild"},{"last_name":"Welf","first_name":"Erik S.","full_name":"Welf, Erik S."},{"last_name":"Danuser","full_name":"Danuser, Gaudenz","first_name":"Gaudenz"},{"first_name":"Reto","full_name":"Fiolka, Reto","last_name":"Fiolka"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K","last_name":"Sixt","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"During metazoan development, immune surveillance and cancer dissemination, cells migrate in complex three-dimensional microenvironments1,2,3. These spaces are crowded by cells and extracellular matrix, generating mazes with differently sized gaps that are typically smaller than the diameter of the migrating cell4,5. Most mesenchymal and epithelial cells and some—but not all—cancer cells actively generate their migratory path using pericellular tissue proteolysis6. By contrast, amoeboid cells such as leukocytes use non-destructive strategies of locomotion7, raising the question how these extremely fast cells navigate through dense tissues. Here we reveal that leukocytes sample their immediate vicinity for large pore sizes, and are thereby able to choose the path of least resistance. This allows them to circumnavigate local obstacles while effectively following global directional cues such as chemotactic gradients. Pore-size discrimination is facilitated by frontward positioning of the nucleus, which enables the cells to use their bulkiest compartment as a mechanical gauge. Once the nucleus and the closely associated microtubule organizing centre pass the largest pore, cytoplasmic protrusions still lingering in smaller pores are retracted. These retractions are coordinated by dynamic microtubules; when microtubules are disrupted, migrating cells lose coherence and frequently fragment into migratory cytoplasmic pieces. As nuclear positioning in front of the microtubule organizing centre is a typical feature of amoeboid migration, our findings link the fundamental organization of cellular polarity to the strategy of locomotion.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"25","citation":{"short":"J. Renkawitz, A. Kopf, J.A. Stopp, I. de Vries, M.K. Driscoll, J. Merrin, R. Hauschild, E.S. Welf, G. Danuser, R. Fiolka, M.K. Sixt, Nature 568 (2019) 546–550.","mla":"Renkawitz, Jörg, et al. “Nuclear Positioning Facilitates Amoeboid Migration along the Path of Least Resistance.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 568, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 546–50, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5\">10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5</a>.","ama":"Renkawitz J, Kopf A, Stopp JA, et al. Nuclear positioning facilitates amoeboid migration along the path of least resistance. <i>Nature</i>. 2019;568:546-550. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5\">10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5</a>","ista":"Renkawitz J, Kopf A, Stopp JA, de Vries I, Driscoll MK, Merrin J, Hauschild R, Welf ES, Danuser G, Fiolka R, Sixt MK. 2019. Nuclear positioning facilitates amoeboid migration along the path of least resistance. Nature. 568, 546–550.","ieee":"J. Renkawitz <i>et al.</i>, “Nuclear positioning facilitates amoeboid migration along the path of least resistance,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 568. Springer Nature, pp. 546–550, 2019.","apa":"Renkawitz, J., Kopf, A., Stopp, J. A., de Vries, I., Driscoll, M. K., Merrin, J., … Sixt, M. K. (2019). Nuclear positioning facilitates amoeboid migration along the path of least resistance. <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5</a>","chicago":"Renkawitz, Jörg, Aglaja Kopf, Julian A Stopp, Ingrid de Vries, Meghan K. Driscoll, Jack Merrin, Robert Hauschild, et al. “Nuclear Positioning Facilitates Amoeboid Migration along the Path of Least Resistance.” <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1087-5</a>."},"publisher":"Springer Nature","article_processing_charge":"No","year":"2019","date_created":"2019-04-17T06:52:28Z","intvolume":"       568","external_id":{"pmid":["30944468"],"isi":["000465594200050"]},"title":"Nuclear positioning facilitates amoeboid migration along the path of least resistance","pmid":1,"ec_funded":1,"scopus_import":"1","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"Bio"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Nature","project":[{"grant_number":"281556","call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Cytoskeletal force generation and force transduction of migrating leukocytes","_id":"25A603A2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"724373","name":"Cellular Navigation Along Spatial Gradients","_id":"25FE9508-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"265FAEBA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Nano-Analytics of Cellular Systems","grant_number":"W01250-B20","call_identifier":"FWF"},{"name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"291734"},{"grant_number":"ALTF 1396-2014","_id":"25A48D24-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Molecular and system level view of immune cell migration"}],"quality_controlled":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"14697","relation":"dissertation_contains"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"6891"}],"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/leukocytes-use-their-nucleus-as-a-ruler-to-choose-path-of-least-resistance/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage"}]},"page":"546-550","_id":"6328","oa_version":"Submitted Version","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"SSU"}],"isi":1,"volume":568,"publication_status":"published","month":"04","date_updated":"2026-07-03T22:35:43Z","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217284/","open_access":"1"}]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Cell","scopus_import":"1","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"isi":1,"volume":179,"publication_status":"published","month":"09","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-07-03T22:35:43Z","quality_controlled":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"6891","status":"public"}]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"6877","page":"51-53","oa_version":"None","date_published":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-2187-6656","full_name":"Kopf, Aglaja","first_name":"Aglaja","last_name":"Kopf","id":"31DAC7B6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Michael K","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sixt"}],"day":"19","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047","article_type":"original","issue":"1","year":"2019","date_created":"2019-09-15T22:00:46Z","intvolume":"       179","external_id":{"pmid":["31539498"],"isi":["000486618500011"]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1097-4172"],"issn":["0092-8674"]},"pmid":1,"title":"The neural crest pitches in to remove apoptotic debris","citation":{"apa":"Kopf, A., &#38; Sixt, M. K. (2019). The neural crest pitches in to remove apoptotic debris. <i>Cell</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047</a>","chicago":"Kopf, Aglaja, and Michael K Sixt. “The Neural Crest Pitches in to Remove Apoptotic Debris.” <i>Cell</i>. Elsevier, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047</a>.","ieee":"A. Kopf and M. K. Sixt, “The neural crest pitches in to remove apoptotic debris,” <i>Cell</i>, vol. 179, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 51–53, 2019.","ista":"Kopf A, Sixt MK. 2019. The neural crest pitches in to remove apoptotic debris. Cell. 179(1), 51–53.","ama":"Kopf A, Sixt MK. The neural crest pitches in to remove apoptotic debris. <i>Cell</i>. 2019;179(1):51-53. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047\">10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047</a>","mla":"Kopf, Aglaja, and Michael K. Sixt. “The Neural Crest Pitches in to Remove Apoptotic Debris.” <i>Cell</i>, vol. 179, no. 1, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 51–53, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047\">10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.047</a>.","short":"A. Kopf, M.K. Sixt, Cell 179 (2019) 51–53."},"publisher":"Elsevier","article_processing_charge":"No"},{"date_published":"2019-10-09T00:00:00Z","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-3470-6119","full_name":"Assen, Frank P","first_name":"Frank P","last_name":"Assen","id":"3A8E7F24-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Lymph nodes  are es s ential organs  of the immune  s ys tem where adaptive immune responses originate, and consist of various leukocyte populations and a stromal backbone. Fibroblastic reticular  cells (FRCs) are  the  main  stromal  cells and  form  a sponge-like extracellular matrix network,   called  conduits ,  which  they   thems elves   enwrap   and  contract.  Lymph,  containing  s oluble  antigens ,  arrive in  lymph  nodes  via afferent lymphatic  vessels that  connect  to  the  s ubcaps ular  s inus   and  conduit  network.  According  to  the  current  paradigm,  the  conduit  network   dis tributes   afferent  lymph  through   lymph  nodes   and  thus   provides   acces s   for  immune  cells to lymph-borne  antigens. An  elas tic  caps ule  s urrounds   the  organ  and  confines   the immune  cells and  FRC  network.   Lymph   nodes   are  completely  packed  with  lymphocytes   and  lymphocyte  numbers  directly  dictates  the size  of  the  organ.  Although  lymphocytes   cons tantly  enter  and  leave  the  lymph  node,  its   s ize  remains   remarkedly   s table  under  homeostatic conditions. It is only partly known  how the cellularity and s ize of the lymph node is regulated and  how  the  lymph  node  is able to swell in inflammation.  The role of the FRC network   in  lymph  node   s welling  and  trans fer  of  fluids   are  inves tigated in  this   thes is.  Furthermore,   we  s tudied  what  trafficking  routes   are  us ed  by  cancer  cells   in  lymph  nodes   to  form  distal metastases.We examined the role of a mechanical feedback in regulation of lymph  node swelling. Using parallel plate compression  and UV-las er  cutting  experiments   we  dis s ected  the  mechanical  force dynamics  of the whole lymph  node, and individually for FRCs  and the  caps ule. Physical forces   generated  by  packed  lymphocytes   directly  affect  the  tens ion  on  the  FRC  network  and  capsule,  which  increases  its  resistance  to   swelling.  This  implies  a  feedback  mechanism  between   tis s ue   pres s ure   and   ability   of   lymphocytes    to   enter   the   organ.   Following   inflammation,  the  lymph  node  swells ∼10 fold in two weeks . Yet, what  is  the role  for tens ion on  the  FRC  network   and  caps ule,  and  how  are  lymphocytes   able  to  enter  in  conditions  that resist swelling remain open ques tions . We s how that tens ion on the FRC network is  important to  limit  the  swelling  rate  of  the  organ  so  that  the  FRC  network  can  grow  in  a  coordinated  fashion. This is illustrated by interfering with FRC contractility, which leads to faster swelling rates  and a dis organized FRC network  in the inflamed lymph  node. Growth  of the FRC network  in  turn  is   expected  to  releas e  tens ion  on  thes e  s tructures   and  lowers   the  res is tance  to  swelling, thereby allowing more lymphocytes to enter the organ and drive more swelling. Halt of  swelling coincides   with  a  thickening  of  the  caps ule,  which  forms   a  thick  res is tant  band  around  the organ and lowers  tens ion on the FRC network  to form a new force equilibrium.The  FRC  and  conduit   network   are  further   believed  to  be  a  privileged  s ite  of  s oluble  information  within  the  lymph  node,  although  many  details   remain  uns olved.  We  s how  by  3D  ultra-recons truction   that  FRCs   and  antigen  pres enting  cells   cover  the  s urface  of  conduit  s ys tem for more  than 99% and we dis cus s  the implications  for s oluble information  exchangeat the conduit level.Finally, there  is an ongoing debate in the cancer field whether and how cancer cells  in lymph nodes   s eed  dis tal  metas tas es .  We  s how  that  cancer  cells   infus ed  into  the  lymph  node  can  utilize trafficking routes of immune  cells and  rapidly  migrate  to  blood  vessels. Once  in  the  blood circulation,  these cells are able to form  metastases in distal tissues.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"09","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947","year":"2019","date_created":"2019-10-14T16:54:52Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"title":"Lymph node mechanics: Deciphering the interplay between stroma contractility, morphology and lymphocyte trafficking","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"ista":"Assen FP. 2019. Lymph node mechanics: Deciphering the interplay between stroma contractility, morphology and lymphocyte trafficking. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","ieee":"F. P. Assen, “Lymph node mechanics: Deciphering the interplay between stroma contractility, morphology and lymphocyte trafficking,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019.","chicago":"Assen, Frank P. “Lymph Node Mechanics: Deciphering the Interplay between Stroma Contractility, Morphology and Lymphocyte Trafficking.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947</a>.","apa":"Assen, F. P. (2019). <i>Lymph node mechanics: Deciphering the interplay between stroma contractility, morphology and lymphocyte trafficking</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947</a>","short":"F.P. Assen, Lymph Node Mechanics: Deciphering the Interplay between Stroma Contractility, Morphology and Lymphocyte Trafficking, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019.","ama":"Assen FP. Lymph node mechanics: Deciphering the interplay between stroma contractility, morphology and lymphocyte trafficking. 2019. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947</a>","mla":"Assen, Frank P. <i>Lymph Node Mechanics: Deciphering the Interplay between Stroma Contractility, Morphology and Lymphocyte Trafficking</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:6947</a>."},"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","file":[{"relation":"source_file","checksum":"53a739752a500f84d0f8ec953cbbd0b6","access_level":"closed","file_id":"6990","date_created":"2019-11-06T12:30:02Z","embargo_to":"open_access","file_size":214172667,"date_updated":"2020-11-07T23:30:03Z","creator":"fassen","file_name":"PhDthesis_FrankAssen_revised2.docx","content_type":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"},{"date_created":"2019-11-06T12:30:57Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"PhDthesis_FrankAssen_revised2.pdf","creator":"fassen","file_size":83637532,"date_updated":"2020-11-07T23:30:03Z","embargo":"2020-11-06","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"8c156b65d9347bb599623a4b09f15d15","relation":"main_file","file_id":"6991"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","ddc":["570"],"file_date_updated":"2020-11-07T23:30:03Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"corr_author":"1","supervisor":[{"full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","first_name":"Michael K","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179","id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sixt"}],"OA_place":"publisher","type":"dissertation","department":[{"_id":"MiSi"}],"degree_awarded":"PhD","month":"10","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-06-18T18:47:59Z","status":"public","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"664","status":"public"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"402","status":"public"}]},"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","_id":"6947","oa_version":"Published Version","page":"142","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"PreCl"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"}]},{"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"status":"public","date_updated":"2025-04-14T13:10:20Z","publist_id":"7627","month":"04","publication_status":"published","volume":217,"isi":1,"_id":"275","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","page":"2205 - 2221","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"_id":"25A8E5EA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Cytoskeletal force generation and force transduction of migrating leukocytes","call_identifier":"FWF","grant_number":"Y 564-B12"},{"call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"281556","name":"Cytoskeletal force generation and force transduction of migrating leukocytes","_id":"25A603A2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"publication":"Journal of Cell Biology","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"MiSi"},{"_id":"Bio"}],"type":"journal_article","scopus_import":"1","corr_author":"1","ec_funded":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","pmid":1,"title":"Lymphatic exosomes promote dendritic cell migration along guidance cues","external_id":{"pmid":["29650776"],"isi":["000438077800026"]},"intvolume":"       217","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:45:33Z","year":"2018","ddc":["570"],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:45Z","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","file_name":"2018_JournalCellBiology_Brown.pdf","file_size":2252043,"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:45Z","date_created":"2018-12-17T12:50:07Z","file_id":"5704","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"9c7eba51a35c62da8c13f98120b64df4","relation":"main_file"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","citation":{"apa":"Brown, M., Johnson, L., Leone, D., Májek, P., Vaahtomeri, K., Senfter, D., … Kerjaschki, D. (2018). Lymphatic exosomes promote dendritic cell migration along guidance cues. <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>. Rockefeller University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612051\">https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612051</a>","chicago":"Brown, Markus, Louise Johnson, Dario Leone, Peter Májek, Kari Vaahtomeri, Daniel Senfter, Nora Bukosza, et al. “Lymphatic Exosomes Promote Dendritic Cell Migration along Guidance Cues.” <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>. Rockefeller University Press, 2018. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612051\">https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612051</a>.","ista":"Brown M, Johnson L, Leone D, Májek P, Vaahtomeri K, Senfter D, Bukosza N, Schachner H, Asfour G, Langer B, Hauschild R, Parapatics K, Hong Y, Bennett K, Kain R, Detmar M, Sixt MK, Jackson D, Kerjaschki D. 2018. Lymphatic exosomes promote dendritic cell migration along guidance cues. Journal of Cell Biology. 217(6), 2205–2221.","ieee":"M. Brown <i>et al.</i>, “Lymphatic exosomes promote dendritic cell migration along guidance cues,” <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>, vol. 217, no. 6. Rockefeller University Press, pp. 2205–2221, 2018.","mla":"Brown, Markus, et al. “Lymphatic Exosomes Promote Dendritic Cell Migration along Guidance Cues.” <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>, vol. 217, no. 6, Rockefeller University Press, 2018, pp. 2205–21, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612051\">10.1083/jcb.201612051</a>.","ama":"Brown M, Johnson L, Leone D, et al. Lymphatic exosomes promote dendritic cell migration along guidance cues. <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>. 2018;217(6):2205-2221. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612051\">10.1083/jcb.201612051</a>","short":"M. Brown, L. Johnson, D. Leone, P. Májek, K. Vaahtomeri, D. Senfter, N. Bukosza, H. Schachner, G. Asfour, B. Langer, R. Hauschild, K. Parapatics, Y. Hong, K. Bennett, R. Kain, M. Detmar, M.K. Sixt, D. Jackson, D. Kerjaschki, Journal of Cell Biology 217 (2018) 2205–2221."},"day":"12","abstract":[{"text":"Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) release extracellular chemokines to guide the migration of dendritic cells. In this study, we report that LECs also release basolateral exosome-rich endothelial vesicles (EEVs) that are secreted in greater numbers in the presence of inflammatory cytokines and accumulate in the perivascular stroma of small lymphatic vessels in human chronic inflammatory diseases. Proteomic analyses of EEV fractions identified &gt; 1,700 cargo proteins and revealed a dominant motility-promoting protein signature. In vitro and ex vivo EEV fractions augmented cellular protrusion formation in a CX3CL1/fractalkine-dependent fashion and enhanced the directional migratory response of human dendritic cells along guidance cues. We conclude that perilymphatic LEC exosomes enhance exploratory behavior and thus promote directional migration of CX3CR1-expressing cells in complex tissue environments.","lang":"eng"}],"oa":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Brown","id":"3DAB9AFC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Markus","full_name":"Brown, Markus"},{"last_name":"Johnson","full_name":"Johnson, Louise","first_name":"Louise"},{"full_name":"Leone, Dario","first_name":"Dario","last_name":"Leone"},{"last_name":"Májek","first_name":"Peter","full_name":"Májek, Peter"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-7829-3518","first_name":"Kari","full_name":"Vaahtomeri, Kari","last_name":"Vaahtomeri","id":"368EE576-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Senfter, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Senfter"},{"full_name":"Bukosza, Nora","first_name":"Nora","last_name":"Bukosza"},{"last_name":"Schachner","full_name":"Schachner, Helga","first_name":"Helga"},{"last_name":"Asfour","full_name":"Asfour, Gabriele","first_name":"Gabriele"},{"first_name":"Brigitte","full_name":"Langer, Brigitte","last_name":"Langer"},{"first_name":"Robert","full_name":"Hauschild, Robert","orcid":"0000-0001-9843-3522","id":"4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hauschild"},{"first_name":"Katja","full_name":"Parapatics, Katja","last_name":"Parapatics"},{"last_name":"Hong","first_name":"Young","full_name":"Hong, Young"},{"first_name":"Keiryn","full_name":"Bennett, Keiryn","last_name":"Bennett"},{"last_name":"Kain","full_name":"Kain, Renate","first_name":"Renate"},{"first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Detmar, Michael","last_name":"Detmar"},{"id":"41E9FBEA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sixt","first_name":"Michael K","full_name":"Sixt, Michael K","orcid":"0000-0002-6620-9179"},{"first_name":"David","full_name":"Jackson, David","last_name":"Jackson"},{"last_name":"Kerjaschki","full_name":"Kerjaschki, Dontscho","first_name":"Dontscho"}],"date_published":"2018-04-12T00:00:00Z","issue":"6","acknowledgement":"M. Brown was supported by the Cell Communication in Health and Disease Graduate Study Program of the Austrian Science Fund and Medizinische Universität Wien, M. Sixt by the European Research Council (ERC GA 281556) and an Austrian Science Fund START award, K.L. Bennett by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, D.G. Jackson and L.A. Johnson by Unit Funding (MC_UU_12010/2) and project grants from the Medical Research Council (G1100134 and MR/L008610/1), and M. Detmar by the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung and Advanced European Research Council grant LYVICAM. K. Vaahtomeri was supported by an Academy of Finland postdoctoral research grant (287853). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 668036 (RELENT).","doi":"10.1083/jcb.201612051"}]