---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21245'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Flickering light is a new promising, fully non-invasive brain stimulation
    technique that utilizes intermittent sensory stimulation to induce brainwave synchronization
    (entrainment). While the effects of 40 Hz externally induced neural entrainment
    have been extensively described, little is known about 60 Hz entrainment in humans.
    This study presents preliminary observations on the neural and somatic response
    to flickering 60 Hz light in healthy volunteers over a 3-week period. Fourteen
    volunteers were randomized to receive either 60 Hz flickering white light or constant
    light as sham (30-min sessions, 3 weeks, 5 days/week on weekdays). Neural entrainment
    was assessed with EEG on days 1, 5 and 19. Salivary cortisol and C-reactive protein
    (CRP) levels, measured with ELISA, assessed the somatic response to stimulation.
    Side effects and well-being were monitored via questionnaires. EEG recordings
    showed neural entrainment and synchrony in response to 60 Hz flickering light
    across multiple cortical regions, including occipital, central, temporal, and
    frontal areas. The entrainment power and synchronization between different cortical
    regions declined significantly by day 19 compared to day 1, indicating possible
    neural habituation. Cortisol and CRP salivary levels were unchanged, and minor
    side effects were reported with equal frequency in the active and sham groups.
    Our findings show that 60 Hz flickering light can induce significant neural entrainment
    and synchrony in healthy adults and is well tolerated. The decline in entrainment
    strength and neural synchrony observed with repeated 60 Hz stimulations suggests
    plastic changes in the cortex. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
    study to characterize neural and somatic responses to repeated 60 Hz flickering
    visual stimuli. Given the well-known connection between 60 Hz brain oscillations
    and cognition, neuroplasticity, and their role in neuropsychiatric disorders,
    additional research in both preclinical and clinical settings is warranted.
acknowledgement: This study was funded by Syntropic Medical and supported by an Austria
  Wirtschaftsservice (AWS) grant (grant number P2414247 to Syntropic Medical). Syntropic
  Medical employees were involved in study design, data collection and analysis, decision
  to publish, and preparation of the manuscript. AWS had no role in study design,
  data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
article_number: e0332310
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: MohammadAmin
  full_name: Alamalhoda, MohammadAmin
  last_name: Alamalhoda
- first_name: Friederike
  full_name: Leesch, Friederike
  last_name: Leesch
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Giovanetti, Francesca
  last_name: Giovanetti
- first_name: Eoghan
  full_name: Dunne, Eoghan
  last_name: Dunne
- first_name: Giuseppina
  full_name: Pilloni, Giuseppina
  last_name: Pilloni
- first_name: Mark
  full_name: Caffrey, Mark
  last_name: Caffrey
- first_name: Jack
  full_name: O’Keeffe, Jack
  last_name: O’Keeffe
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Maria Teresa
  full_name: Ferretti, Maria Teresa
  last_name: Ferretti
citation:
  ama: Alamalhoda M, Leesch F, Giovanetti F, et al. Exploring neural entrainment and
    synchrony in response to repeated 60 Hz flickering white light in healthy volunteers.
    <i>PLOS One</i>. 2025;20(10). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332310">10.1371/journal.pone.0332310</a>
  apa: Alamalhoda, M., Leesch, F., Giovanetti, F., Dunne, E., Pilloni, G., Caffrey,
    M., … Ferretti, M. T. (2025). Exploring neural entrainment and synchrony in response
    to repeated 60 Hz flickering white light in healthy volunteers. <i>PLOS One</i>.
    Public Library of Science. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332310">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332310</a>
  chicago: Alamalhoda, MohammadAmin, Friederike Leesch, Francesca Giovanetti, Eoghan
    Dunne, Giuseppina Pilloni, Mark Caffrey, Jack O’Keeffe, Alessandro Venturino,
    and Maria Teresa Ferretti. “Exploring Neural Entrainment and Synchrony in Response
    to Repeated 60 Hz Flickering White Light in Healthy Volunteers.” <i>PLOS One</i>.
    Public Library of Science, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332310">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332310</a>.
  ieee: M. Alamalhoda <i>et al.</i>, “Exploring neural entrainment and synchrony in
    response to repeated 60 Hz flickering white light in healthy volunteers,” <i>PLOS
    One</i>, vol. 20, no. 10. Public Library of Science, 2025.
  ista: Alamalhoda M, Leesch F, Giovanetti F, Dunne E, Pilloni G, Caffrey M, O’Keeffe
    J, Venturino A, Ferretti MT. 2025. Exploring neural entrainment and synchrony
    in response to repeated 60 Hz flickering white light in healthy volunteers. PLOS
    One. 20(10), e0332310.
  mla: Alamalhoda, MohammadAmin, et al. “Exploring Neural Entrainment and Synchrony
    in Response to Repeated 60 Hz Flickering White Light in Healthy Volunteers.” <i>PLOS
    One</i>, vol. 20, no. 10, e0332310, Public Library of Science, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332310">10.1371/journal.pone.0332310</a>.
  short: M. Alamalhoda, F. Leesch, F. Giovanetti, E. Dunne, G. Pilloni, M. Caffrey,
    J. O’Keeffe, A. Venturino, M.T. Ferretti, PLOS One 20 (2025).
date_created: 2026-02-16T15:29:26Z
date_published: 2025-10-07T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-17T12:19:15Z
day: '07'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0332310
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '41056352 '
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 22a4e92a733152633c4553f107f66765
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-02-17T12:16:18Z
  date_updated: 2026-02-17T12:16:18Z
  file_id: '21301'
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  file_size: 1388424
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-02-17T12:16:18Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        20'
issue: '10'
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: PLOS One
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1932-6203
publication_status: published
publisher: Public Library of Science
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: software
    url: https://github.com/AminAlam/HVS
status: public
title: Exploring neural entrainment and synchrony in response to repeated 60 Hz flickering
  white light in healthy volunteers
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 20
year: '2025'
...
---
APC_amount: 2236,02 EUR
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '19566'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Purpose: Optic nerve crush (ONC) is a model for studying optic nerve trauma.
    Unilateral ONC induces massive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in the
    affected eye, leading to vision loss within a month. A common assumption has been
    that the non-injured contralateral eye is unaffected due to the minimal retino-retinal
    projections of the RGCs at the chiasm. Yet, recently, microglia, the brain-resident
    macrophages, have shown a responsive phenotype in the contralateral eye after
    ONC. Whether RGC loss accompanies this phenotype is still controversial.\r\n\r\nMethods:
    Using the available RGCode algorithm and developing our own RGC-Quant deep-learning-based
    tool, we quantify RGC's total number and density across the entire retina after
    ONC.\r\n\r\nResults: We confirm a short-term microglia response in the contralateral
    eye after ONC, but this did not affect the microglia number. Furthermore, we cannot
    confirm the previously reported RGC loss between naïve and contralateral retinas
    5 weeks after ONC induction across the commonly used Cx3cr1creERT2 and C57BL6/J
    mouse models. Neither sex nor the direct comparison of the RGC markers Brn3a and
    RBPMS, with Brn3a co-labeling, on average, 89% of the RBPMS+-cells, explained
    this discrepancy, suggesting that the early microglia-responsive phenotype does
    not have immediate consequences on the RGC number.\r\n\r\nConclusions: Our results
    corroborate that unilateral optic nerve injury elicits a microglial response in
    the uninjured contralateral eye but without RGC loss. Therefore, the contralateral
    eye should be treated separately and not as an ONC control."
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: PreCl
acknowledgement: "The authors thank the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of ISTA for
  the provided resources, specifically the Imaging and Optics Facility (IOF), the
  Lab Support Facility (LSF), and the Pre-Clinical Facility (PCF) team, specifically
  Sonja Haslinger, Claudia Gold, and Michael Schunn, for mouse colony management and
  support. We thank all members of the Siegert group for constant feedback on the
  project and the manuscript. \r\nSupported in whole or in part by the Austrian Science
  Fund (FWF) [10.55776/P37131]. For open access purposes, the author has applied a
  CC BY public copyright license to any author-accepted manuscript version arising
  from this submission. "
article_number: '49'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Florianne E
  full_name: Schoot Uiterkamp, Florianne E
  id: 3526230C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schoot Uiterkamp
- first_name: Margaret E
  full_name: Maes, Margaret E
  id: 3838F452-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Maes
  orcid: 0000-0001-9642-1085
- first_name: Mohammad
  full_name: Alamalhoda, Mohammad
  last_name: Alamalhoda
- first_name: Arsalan
  full_name: Firoozi, Arsalan
  last_name: Firoozi
- first_name: Gloria
  full_name: Colombo, Gloria
  id: 3483CF6C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Colombo
  orcid: 0000-0001-9434-8902
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
  ama: Miteva FE, Maes ME, Alamalhoda M, Firoozi A, Colombo G, Siegert S. Optic nerve
    crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss in the contralateral eye. <i>Investigative
    Ophthalmology &#38; Visual Science</i>. 2025;66(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.3.49">10.1167/iovs.66.3.49</a>
  apa: Miteva, F. E., Maes, M. E., Alamalhoda, M., Firoozi, A., Colombo, G., &#38;
    Siegert, S. (2025). Optic nerve crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss
    in the contralateral eye. <i>Investigative Ophthalmology &#38; Visual Science</i>.
    Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.3.49">https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.3.49</a>
  chicago: Miteva, Florianne E, Margaret E Maes, Mohammad Alamalhoda, Arsalan Firoozi,
    Gloria Colombo, and Sandra Siegert. “Optic Nerve Crush Does Not Induce Retinal
    Ganglion Cell Loss in the Contralateral Eye.” <i>Investigative Ophthalmology &#38;
    Visual Science</i>. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, 2025.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.3.49">https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.3.49</a>.
  ieee: F. E. Miteva, M. E. Maes, M. Alamalhoda, A. Firoozi, G. Colombo, and S. Siegert,
    “Optic nerve crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss in the contralateral
    eye,” <i>Investigative Ophthalmology &#38; Visual Science</i>, vol. 66, no. 3.
    Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, 2025.
  ista: Miteva FE, Maes ME, Alamalhoda M, Firoozi A, Colombo G, Siegert S. 2025. Optic
    nerve crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss in the contralateral eye.
    Investigative Ophthalmology &#38; Visual Science. 66(3), 49.
  mla: Miteva, Florianne E., et al. “Optic Nerve Crush Does Not Induce Retinal Ganglion
    Cell Loss in the Contralateral Eye.” <i>Investigative Ophthalmology &#38; Visual
    Science</i>, vol. 66, no. 3, 49, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology,
    2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.3.49">10.1167/iovs.66.3.49</a>.
  short: F.E. Miteva, M.E. Maes, M. Alamalhoda, A. Firoozi, G. Colombo, S. Siegert,
    Investigative Ophthalmology &#38; Visual Science 66 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-04-15T13:40:35Z
date_published: 2025-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-05-20T06:37:12Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1167/iovs.66.3.49
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '40126507'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: e8722ce5792f6c08fe1e191f7de6f147
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  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-04-15T13:49:10Z
  date_updated: 2025-04-15T13:49:10Z
  file_id: '19567'
  file_name: 2025_IOVS_SchootUiterkamp.pdf
  file_size: 2721477
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-04-15T13:49:10Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        66'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 7be82147-9f16-11ee-852c-f44682d73140
  grant_number: P37131
  name: Dissecting the morpho-functional relationship of microglia
- _id: 3AC91DDA-15DF-11EA-824D-93A3E7B544D1
  call_identifier: FWF
  name: FWF Open Access Fund
publication: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1552-5783
publication_status: published
publisher: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: software
    url: https://github.com/siegert-lab/RGC-Quant
  record:
  - id: '20467'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Optic nerve crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss in the contralateral
  eye
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 66
year: '2025'
...
---
APC_amount: 3948 EUR
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '19593'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Prenatal immune challenges pose significant risks to human embryonic brain
    and eye development. However, our knowledge about the safe usage of anti-inflammatory
    drugs during pregnancy is still limited. While human induced pluripotent stem
    cells (hIPSC)-derived brain organoid models have started to explore functional
    consequences upon viral stimulation, these models commonly lack microglia, which
    are susceptible to and promote inflammation. Furthermore, microglia are actively
    involved in neuronal development. Here, we generate hIPSC-derived microglia precursor
    cells and assemble them into retinal organoids. Once the outer plexiform layer
    forms, these hIPSC-derived microglia (iMG) fully integrate into the retinal organoids.
    Since the ganglion cell survival declines by this time in 3D-retinal organoids,
    we adapted the model into 2D and identify that the improved ganglion cell number
    significantly decreases only with iMG presence. In parallel, we applied the immunostimulant
    POLY(I:C) to mimic a fetal viral infection. While POLY(I:C) exposure alters the
    iMG phenotype, it does not hinder their interaction with ganglion cells. Furthermore,
    iMG significantly enhance the supernatant’s inflammatory secretome and increase
    retinal cell proliferation. Simultaneous exposure with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
    drug (NSAID) ibuprofen dampens POLY(I:C)-mediated changes of the iMG phenotype
    and ameliorates cell proliferation. Remarkably, while POLY(I:C) disrupts neuronal
    calcium dynamics independent of iMG, ibuprofen rescues this effect only if iMG
    are present. Mechanistically, ibuprofen targets the enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and
    2 (COX1/PTGS1 and COX2/PTGS2) simultaneously, from which iMG mainly express COX1.
    Selective COX1 blockage fails to restore the calcium peak amplitude upon POLY(I:C)
    stimulation, suggesting ibuprofen’s beneficial effect depends on the presence
    and interplay of COX1 and COX2. These findings underscore the importance of microglia
    in the context of prenatal immune challenges and provide insight into the mechanisms
    by which ibuprofen exerts its protective effects during embryonic development.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: Bio
acknowledgement: We thank the scientific service units at ISTA, specifically the Lab
  Support Facility (LSF), the Molecular Biology Services/Virus Services Team, specifically
  Flavia Gama Gomes Leite and Mark Andrew Smyth, for the virus production, and the
  Imaging and Optics Facility (IOF). We thank all members of the Siegert group and
  Marco Benevento for their constant feedback on the project and comments on the manuscript.
  A special thanks to Rouven Schulz for input on statistical analysis and sharing
  R-scripts, Gloria Colombo for the introduction to cell sorting, Negar Vehdani and
  Florianne Schoot Uiterkamp for their support in cell culture. This research was
  supported by the Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung Niederösterreich (grant No.
  Sc19-017 to V.H.).
article_number: '98'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Verena
  full_name: Hübschmann, Verena
  id: 32B7C918-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hübschmann
- first_name: Medina
  full_name: Korkut, Medina
  id: 4B51CE74-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Korkut
  orcid: 0000-0003-4309-2251
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Juan Pablo
  full_name: Maya-Arteaga, Juan Pablo
  id: c815d433-1f5d-11f0-a875-dad18b1e5924
  last_name: Maya-Arteaga
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
  ama: Schmied V, Korkut M, Venturino A, Maya-Arteaga JP, Siegert S. Microglia determine
    an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in human retinal
    organoids. <i>Journal of Neuroinflammation</i>. 2025;22(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x">10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x</a>
  apa: Schmied, V., Korkut, M., Venturino, A., Maya-Arteaga, J. P., &#38; Siegert,
    S. (2025). Microglia determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate
    ibuprofen action in human retinal organoids. <i>Journal of Neuroinflammation</i>.
    Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x</a>
  chicago: Schmied, Verena, Medina Korkut, Alessandro Venturino, Juan Pablo Maya-Arteaga,
    and Sandra Siegert. “Microglia Determine an Immune-Challenged Environment and
    Facilitate Ibuprofen Action in Human Retinal Organoids.” <i>Journal of Neuroinflammation</i>.
    Springer Nature, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x</a>.
  ieee: V. Schmied, M. Korkut, A. Venturino, J. P. Maya-Arteaga, and S. Siegert, “Microglia
    determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in
    human retinal organoids,” <i>Journal of Neuroinflammation</i>, vol. 22, no. 1.
    Springer Nature, 2025.
  ista: Schmied V, Korkut M, Venturino A, Maya-Arteaga JP, Siegert S. 2025. Microglia
    determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in
    human retinal organoids. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 22(1), 98.
  mla: Schmied, Verena, et al. “Microglia Determine an Immune-Challenged Environment
    and Facilitate Ibuprofen Action in Human Retinal Organoids.” <i>Journal of Neuroinflammation</i>,
    vol. 22, no. 1, 98, Springer Nature, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x">10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x</a>.
  short: V. Schmied, M. Korkut, A. Venturino, J.P. Maya-Arteaga, S. Siegert, Journal
    of Neuroinflammation 22 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-04-20T22:01:28Z
date_published: 2025-04-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-05-06T12:49:37Z
day: '03'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001459311800002'
  pmid:
  - '40181459'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: dcc355c21ab713e45fda5c61b5fa5299
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-04-22T09:46:27Z
  date_updated: 2025-04-22T09:46:27Z
  file_id: '19607'
  file_name: 2025_JourNeuroinflammation_Schmied.pdf
  file_size: 4482167
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-04-22T09:46:27Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        22'
isi: 1
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 9B99D380-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A
  grant_number: SC19-017
  name: How human microglia shape developing neurons during health and inflammation
- _id: B67AFEDC-15C9-11EA-A837-991A96BB2854
  name: IST Austria Open Access Fund
publication: Journal of Neuroinflammation
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1742-2094
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - description: News on ISTA website
    relation: press_release
    url: https://ista.ac.at/en/news/pink-skies/
  record:
  - id: '20074'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Microglia determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen
  action in human retinal organoids
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 22
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '20074'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Prenatal immune challenges pose significant risks to human embryonic brain
    and eye development. However, we still lack knowledge about the safe usage of
    anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy. Human induced pluripotent stem cell
    (hIPSC)-derived brain organoid models provide a unique opportunity to investigate
    neuronal development and have started to explore functional consequences upon
    viral infection. However, brain organoids usually lack microglia, the brain-resident
    immune cells. They are present in the early human embryonic brain and actively
    participate in neuronal circuit development. At the same time, microglia are known
    for their immune-sensing properties and will influence viral-mediated effects.
    In my thesis, I was interested to study the multifunctional role of human microglia
    during retinal development. \r\nIn chapter 1, I characterize the innate occurrence
    of IBA1+-microglia-like cells within the retinal organoid differentiation (Bartalska
    et al., 2022). Therefore, we differentiate hIPSC using an unguided retinal organoid
    differentiation protocol and observe the presence of IBA1+-microglia-like cells
    alongside retinal cups between week 3 and 4 in 2.5D culture. However, instead
    of infiltrating the neuroectodermal sides, they enrich within non-pigmented, 3D-cystic
    compartments that develop in low numbers parallel to 3D-retinal organoids. To
    enrich for IBA1+-microglia precursors (preMG), we guided the differentiation with
    a low-dosed BMP4 application, which prevents retinal cup development and enhances
    microglia and 3D-cysts formation. We characterize the differentiated preMG for
    their microglia-like identity and validated their functionality. In parallel,
    mass spectrometry identifies the 3D-cysts to express mesenchymal and epithelial
    markers. We confirm that comparable 3D-cysts are also the preferential environment
    for IBA1+-microglia-like cells within the unguided retinal organoid differentiation.
    \r\nIn chapter 2, I investigate how microglia influence retinal development and
    whether they contribute to viral-mediated consequences (Schmied et al., 2025).
    Here, we assemble preMG, which we have characterized in chapter 1, into 3D-retinal
    organoids. Once the outer plexiform layer forms, microglia-like cells (iMG) populate
    them and interact with retinal cell types. However, at this developmental stage,
    the ganglion cell number decreases in 3D-retinal organoids. Thus, we adapted the
    model into 2D which promotes their survival. Integrated iMG engulf ganglion cells
    and control their cell number. In parallel, we apply the immunostimulant POLY(I:C)
    to mimic a fetal viral infection. Although POLY(I:C) stimulation affects iMG phenotype,
    it does not influence their interaction with ganglion cells. Furthermore, iMG
    presence significantly contributes to the supernatant’s inflammatory secretome
    and increases retinal cell proliferation. Simultaneous exposure to the non-steroidal
    anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen dampens POLY(I:C)-mediated consequences
    of the iMG phenotype and ameliorates cell proliferation. Remarkably, while POLY(I:C)
    disrupts neuronal calcium dynamics independent of iMG presence, ibuprofen rescues
    this effect only in the presence of iMG. Mechanistically, ibuprofen blocks the
    enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX1/ PTGS1 and COX2/ PTGS2) simultaneously, from
    which iMG predominantly express COX1. Selective inhibition of COX1 does not restore
    the calcium peak amplitude upon POLY(I:C) stimulation, indicating ibuprofen’s
    effect depends on the presence and interplay of both, COX1 and COX2. \r\nIn summary,
    we characterized the 3D-retinal organoid model for the occurrence of IBA1+-microglia
    like cells. As the innately developing IBA1+-cells enrich in mesenchymal over
    retinal structures, we optimized a protocol to differentiate IBA1+-microglia precursors.
    By combining these two models we generate microglia-assembled retinal organoids.
    Our results underscore the importance of microglia during neurodevelopment, in
    the context of prenatal immune challenges and provide insight into the mechanisms
    by which ibuprofen exerts its protective effects during embryonic development."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Verena
  full_name: Hübschmann, Verena
  id: 32B7C918-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hübschmann
citation:
  ama: Schmied V.  Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal organoids.
    2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074">10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074</a>
  apa: Schmied, V. (2025). <i> Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal
    organoids</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074</a>
  chicago: Schmied, Verena. “ Human Microglia Impact Neuronal Development in Retinal
    Organoids.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074</a>.
  ieee: V. Schmied, “ Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal organoids,”
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.
  ista: Schmied V. 2025.  Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal organoids.
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Schmied, Verena. <i> Human Microglia Impact Neuronal Development in Retinal
    Organoids</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074">10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074</a>.
  short: V. Schmied,  Human Microglia Impact Neuronal Development in Retinal Organoids,
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-07-24T12:37:22Z
date_published: 2025-07-24T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-05-06T12:49:36Z
day: '24'
ddc:
- '570'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074
file:
- access_level: closed
  checksum: d09f9984002353ad7442358394919bf3
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  date_updated: 2025-07-30T08:47:53Z
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  file_size: 43566093
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  date_created: 2025-07-30T08:47:46Z
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  file_name: PhD_Thesis_Schmied.pdf
  file_size: 13120922
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file_date_updated: 2025-07-30T09:29:09Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '151'
project:
- _id: 9B99D380-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A
  grant_number: SC19-017
  name: How human microglia shape developing neurons during health and inflammation
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-99078-060-2
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '11478'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: public
  - id: '19593'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: public
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
title: ' Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal organoids'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '20467'
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: SSU
- _id: PreCl
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: "The work presented in this Thesis was carried out at the Institute
  of Science and Technology\r\nAustria (ISTA), and was supported by the Austrian Science
  Fund (FWF) [10.55776/P37131].\r\nI would like to thank the Scientific Service Units
  (SSU) of ISTA for the provided resources,\r\nspecifically the Imaging and Optics
  Facility (IOF), the Lab Support Facility (LSF), and the\r\nPre-Clinical Facility
  (PCF) team, specifically Sonja Haslinger, Claudia Gold, and Michael\r\nSchunn, for
  mouse colony management and support. "
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Florianne E
  full_name: Miteva, Florianne E
  id: 3526230C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Miteva
citation:
  ama: Miteva FE. The role of cyclooxygenase 1 on microglial response to inflammatory
    stressors. 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467">10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467</a>
  apa: Miteva, F. E. (2025). <i>The role of cyclooxygenase 1 on microglial response
    to inflammatory stressors</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467</a>
  chicago: Miteva, Florianne E. “The Role of Cyclooxygenase 1 on Microglial Response
    to Inflammatory Stressors.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467</a>.
  ieee: F. E. Miteva, “The role of cyclooxygenase 1 on microglial response to inflammatory
    stressors,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.
  ista: Miteva FE. 2025. The role of cyclooxygenase 1 on microglial response to inflammatory
    stressors. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Miteva, Florianne E. <i>The Role of Cyclooxygenase 1 on Microglial Response
    to Inflammatory Stressors</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467">10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467</a>.
  short: F.E. Miteva, The Role of Cyclooxygenase 1 on Microglial Response to Inflammatory
    Stressors, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-10-14T10:24:41Z
date_published: 2025-10-14T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-05-20T06:37:12Z
day: '14'
ddc:
- '570'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20467
file:
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  creator: fschootu
  date_created: 2025-10-17T11:09:11Z
  date_updated: 2025-10-17T11:13:25Z
  embargo: 2026-10-14
  embargo_to: open_access
  file_id: '20484'
  file_name: 2025_Miteva_Florianne_thesis.pdf
  file_size: 13668588
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  checksum: df4930d7211cf9cfe1254b77204dc1d3
  content_type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
  creator: fschootu
  date_created: 2025-10-23T11:33:06Z
  date_updated: 2025-10-23T11:33:06Z
  file_id: '20525'
  file_name: 2025_Miteva_florianne_thesis.docx
  file_size: 28991918
  relation: source_file
file_date_updated: 2025-10-23T11:33:06Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa_version: Published Version
page: '99'
project:
- _id: 7be82147-9f16-11ee-852c-f44682d73140
  grant_number: P37131
  name: Dissecting the morpho-functional relationship of microglia
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '19566'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: public
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
title: The role of cyclooxygenase 1 on microglial response to inflammatory stressors
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
_id: '14257'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Mapping the complex and dense arrangement of cells and their connectivity
    in brain tissue demands nanoscale spatial resolution imaging. Super-resolution
    optical microscopy excels at visualizing specific molecules and individual cells
    but fails to provide tissue context. Here we developed Comprehensive Analysis
    of Tissues across Scales (CATS), a technology to densely map brain tissue architecture
    from millimeter regional to nanometer synaptic scales in diverse chemically fixed
    brain preparations, including rodent and human. CATS uses fixation-compatible
    extracellular labeling and optical imaging, including stimulated emission depletion
    or expansion microscopy, to comprehensively delineate cellular structures. It
    enables three-dimensional reconstruction of single synapses and mapping of synaptic
    connectivity by identification and analysis of putative synaptic cleft regions.
    Applying CATS to the mouse hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry, we reconstructed
    and quantified the synaptic input and output structure of identified neurons.
    We furthermore demonstrate applicability to clinically derived human tissue samples,
    including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded routine diagnostic specimens, for visualizing
    the cellular architecture of brain tissue in health and disease.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
- _id: Bio
- _id: PreCl
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: M-Shop
- _id: E-Lib
acknowledgement: 'We thank J. Vorlaufer, N. Agudelo-Dueñas, W. Jahr and A. Wartak
  for microscope maintenance and troubleshooting; C. Kreuzinger, A. Freeman and I.
  Erber for technical assistance; and M. Tomschik for support with obtaining human
  samples. We gratefully acknowledge E. Miguel for setting up webKnossos and M. Šuplata
  for computational support and hardware control. We are grateful to R. Shigemoto
  and B. Bickel for generous support and M. Sixt and S. Boyd (Stanford University)
  for discussions and critical reading of the paper. PSD95-HaloTag mice were kindly
  provided by S. Grant (University of Edinburgh). We acknowledge expert support by
  Institute of Science and Technology Austria’s scientific computing, imaging and
  optics, preclinical and lab support facilities and by the Miba machine shop and
  library. We gratefully acknowledge funding by the following sources: Austrian Science
  Fund (FWF) grant I3600-B27 (J.G.D.); Austrian Science Fund (FWF) grant DK W1232
  (J.G.D. and J.M.M.); Austrian Science Fund (FWF) grant Z 312-B27, Wittgenstein award
  (P.J.); Austrian Science Fund (FWF) projects I4685-B, I6565-B (SYNABS) and DOC 33-B27
  (R.H.); Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung NÖ (NFB) grant LSC18-022 (J.G.D.);
  European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, European Research
  Council (ERC) grant 715508 – REVERSEAUTISM (G.N.); European Union’s Horizon 2020
  research and innovation programme, European Research Council (ERC) grant 692692
  – GIANTSYN (P.J.); Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Fellowship GA no. 665385 under
  the EU Horizon 2020 program (J.M.M. and J.L.); and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions
  Individual Fellowship no. 101026635 under the EU Horizon 2020 program (J.F.W.).'
article_processing_charge: Yes (in subscription journal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Julia M
  full_name: Michalska, Julia M
  id: 443DB6DE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Michalska
  orcid: 0000-0003-3862-1235
- first_name: Julia
  full_name: Lyudchik, Julia
  id: 46E28B80-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Lyudchik
- first_name: Philipp
  full_name: Velicky, Philipp
  id: 39BDC62C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Velicky
  orcid: 0000-0002-2340-7431
- first_name: Hana
  full_name: Korinkova, Hana
  id: ee3cb6ca-ec98-11ea-ae11-ff703e2254ed
  last_name: Korinkova
- first_name: Jake
  full_name: Watson, Jake
  id: 63836096-4690-11EA-BD4E-32803DDC885E
  last_name: Watson
  orcid: 0000-0002-8698-3823
- first_name: Alban
  full_name: Cenameri, Alban
  id: 9ac8f577-2357-11eb-997a-e566c5550886
  last_name: Cenameri
- first_name: Christoph M
  full_name: Sommer, Christoph M
  id: 4DF26D8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Sommer
  orcid: 0000-0003-1216-9105
- first_name: Nicole
  full_name: Amberg, Nicole
  id: 4CD6AAC6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Amberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-3183-8207
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Karl
  full_name: Roessler, Karl
  last_name: Roessler
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Czech, Thomas
  last_name: Czech
- first_name: Romana
  full_name: Höftberger, Romana
  last_name: Höftberger
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
- first_name: Gaia
  full_name: Novarino, Gaia
  id: 3E57A680-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Novarino
  orcid: 0000-0002-7673-7178
- first_name: Peter M
  full_name: Jonas, Peter M
  id: 353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Jonas
  orcid: 0000-0001-5001-4804
- first_name: Johann G
  full_name: Danzl, Johann G
  id: 42EFD3B6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Danzl
  orcid: 0000-0001-8559-3973
citation:
  ama: Michalska JM, Lyudchik J, Velicky P, et al. Imaging brain tissue architecture
    across millimeter to nanometer scales. <i>Nature Biotechnology</i>. 2024;42:1051-1064.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8">10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8</a>
  apa: Michalska, J. M., Lyudchik, J., Velicky, P., Korinkova, H., Watson, J., Cenameri,
    A., … Danzl, J. G. (2024). Imaging brain tissue architecture across millimeter
    to nanometer scales. <i>Nature Biotechnology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8</a>
  chicago: Michalska, Julia M, Julia Lyudchik, Philipp Velicky, Hana Korinkova, Jake
    Watson, Alban Cenameri, Christoph M Sommer, et al. “Imaging Brain Tissue Architecture
    across Millimeter to Nanometer Scales.” <i>Nature Biotechnology</i>. Springer
    Nature, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8</a>.
  ieee: J. M. Michalska <i>et al.</i>, “Imaging brain tissue architecture across millimeter
    to nanometer scales,” <i>Nature Biotechnology</i>, vol. 42. Springer Nature, pp.
    1051–1064, 2024.
  ista: Michalska JM, Lyudchik J, Velicky P, Korinkova H, Watson J, Cenameri A, Sommer
    CM, Amberg N, Venturino A, Roessler K, Czech T, Höftberger R, Siegert S, Novarino
    G, Jonas PM, Danzl JG. 2024. Imaging brain tissue architecture across millimeter
    to nanometer scales. Nature Biotechnology. 42, 1051–1064.
  mla: Michalska, Julia M., et al. “Imaging Brain Tissue Architecture across Millimeter
    to Nanometer Scales.” <i>Nature Biotechnology</i>, vol. 42, Springer Nature, 2024,
    pp. 1051–64, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8">10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8</a>.
  short: J.M. Michalska, J. Lyudchik, P. Velicky, H. Korinkova, J. Watson, A. Cenameri,
    C.M. Sommer, N. Amberg, A. Venturino, K. Roessler, T. Czech, R. Höftberger, S.
    Siegert, G. Novarino, P.M. Jonas, J.G. Danzl, Nature Biotechnology 42 (2024) 1051–1064.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-09-03T22:01:15Z
date_published: 2024-07-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-14T08:34:35Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
- _id: GaNo
- _id: PeJo
- _id: JoDa
- _id: Bio
- _id: RySh
doi: 10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001065254200001'
  pmid:
  - '37653226'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 57d5fafb16f02dcb9f7dddb1bd7e2a71
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-01-09T07:48:01Z
  date_updated: 2025-01-09T07:48:01Z
  file_id: '18784'
  file_name: 2024_NatureBiotech_Michalska.pdf
  file_size: 26065165
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-01-09T07:48:01Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        42'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1051-1064
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 265CB4D0-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: I03600
  name: Optical control of synaptic function via adhesion molecules
- _id: 2548AE96-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: W1232
  name: Molecular Drug Targets
- _id: 25C5A090-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: Z00312
  name: Synaptic communication in neuronal microcircuits
- _id: 23889792-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E
  grant_number: LS18-022
  name: High content imaging to decode human immune cell interactions in health and
    allergic disease
- _id: 25444568-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '715508'
  name: Probing the Reversibility of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Employing in vivo
    and in vitro Models
- _id: 25B7EB9E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '692692'
  name: Biophysics and circuit function of a giant cortical glutamatergic synapse
- _id: 2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '665385'
  name: International IST Doctoral Program
- _id: fc2be41b-9c52-11eb-aca3-faa90aa144e9
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101026635'
  name: Synaptic computations of the hippocampal CA3 circuitry
publication: Nature Biotechnology
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1546-1696
  issn:
  - 1087-0156
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: software
    url: https://github.com/danzllab/CATS
  record:
  - id: '18660'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: deleted
  - id: '13126'
    relation: research_data
    status: public
  - id: '18674'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Imaging brain tissue architecture across millimeter to nanometer scales
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 42
year: '2024'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '15352'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Epilepsy affects about 50 to 65 million people globally. It summarizes a
    spectrum of neurological\r\ndisorders that have in common a hyperactivity of the
    neuronal network resulting in seizures. A common\r\nassumption is that an imbalance
    between neuronal excitation and inhibition is a key mechanism in\r\nseizure generation
    and epileptogeneisis. In at least one-third of the patients, current therapies
    have\r\nproven unsuccessful in treating seizure progression. One potential reason
    could be that the therapies\r\nonly focus on neurons. Recent studies suggest that
    neuronal hyperactivity causes a microglial\r\nresponse, which reinstates brain
    homeostasis. Additionally, interactions between microglia and neurons\r\nhave
    been shown to inhibit neuronal firing and dampen seizure activity. However, the
    exact relationship\r\nbetween microglia and seizure progression in epilepsy is
    yet to be elucidated. A main bottleneck is that\r\nseveral studies investigate
    microglia dynamics in ex vivo slice models, which can severely affect the\r\nmicroglia
    dynamics due to their rapid response to environmental changes. On the other hand,
    in vivo\r\nstudies focus mostly on behavior characterization of the epileptic
    seizure phenotype and their long-term\r\nconsequences on microglia activity leaving
    out the direct consequences of acute seizure activity on\r\nmicroglia dynamics.\r\nHere,
    we perform a pilot study to combine electroencephalography (EEG) and in vivo live
    imaging to\r\ndirectly monitor and correlate the onset of seizure activity with
    microglia response. To induce seizures,\r\nwe take advantage of the kainic acid
    (KA) model, which represents similar neuropathological and\r\nelectroencephalographic
    features seen in human patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). After\r\nconfirmation
    of induction of the seizure and microglia activity in the hippocampus as a focal
    point, we\r\ninvestigated whether these changes also reached the primary visual
    cortex (V1) as a secondary\r\ngeneralized seizure activity. Indeed, we found that
    microglia changed their morphology at high doses\r\nof KA in the V1. Next, we
    optimized each of the two methodological components: for the EEG recording,\r\nour
    initial attempts under the microscope suffered from extensive electrical noise,
    which overlaid the\r\nactual signal. Thus, we built a customized Faraday-cage
    and confirmed that the signal-to-noise ratio\r\nwas sufficiently reduced to be
    able to record brain oscillatory activity. For the in vivo live imaging of\r\nmicroglia,
    we had to optimize the imaging parameters, so that we would be able to detect
    microglial\r\nprocesses in a sufficient resolution to track their process changes.
    Finally, we combined both\r\nmethodologies with the KA model. We confirmed that
    KA induced seizure activity and found first\r\nindication that those correlate
    with microglia volume changes.\r\nOverall, we have developed a first methodological
    approach, which allows the analysis of the acute\r\neffects of seizure onset on
    microglia. Future studies will have to continue to optimize the drift during\r\nimaging
    recording and the post-image analysis. "
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: PreCl
alternative_title:
- ISTA Master's Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Julie Stefanie
  full_name: Murmann, Julie Stefanie
  id: 1d390868-f128-11eb-9611-a0ca5f7833b5
  last_name: Murmann
citation:
  ama: 'Murmann JS. Investigating acute microglia response to seizure activity in
    vivo: Combining 2-Photon imaging and EEG recording. 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:15352">10.15479/at:ista:15352</a>'
  apa: 'Murmann, J. S. (2024). <i>Investigating acute microglia response to seizure
    activity in vivo: Combining 2-Photon imaging and EEG recording</i>. Institute
    of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:15352">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:15352</a>'
  chicago: 'Murmann, Julie Stefanie. “Investigating Acute Microglia Response to Seizure
    Activity in Vivo: Combining 2-Photon Imaging and EEG Recording.” Institute of
    Science and Technology Austria, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:15352">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:15352</a>.'
  ieee: 'J. S. Murmann, “Investigating acute microglia response to seizure activity
    in vivo: Combining 2-Photon imaging and EEG recording,” Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2024.'
  ista: 'Murmann JS. 2024. Investigating acute microglia response to seizure activity
    in vivo: Combining 2-Photon imaging and EEG recording. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria.'
  mla: 'Murmann, Julie Stefanie. <i>Investigating Acute Microglia Response to Seizure
    Activity in Vivo: Combining 2-Photon Imaging and EEG Recording</i>. Institute
    of Science and Technology Austria, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:15352">10.15479/at:ista:15352</a>.'
  short: 'J.S. Murmann, Investigating Acute Microglia Response to Seizure Activity
    in Vivo: Combining 2-Photon Imaging and EEG Recording, Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2024.'
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2024-05-02T08:31:38Z
date_published: 2024-05-02T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-07T13:05:00Z
day: '02'
ddc:
- '570'
degree_awarded: MS
department:
- _id: SaSi
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.15479/at:ista:15352
file:
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  date_created: 2024-05-02T12:26:13Z
  date_updated: 2025-05-02T22:30:04Z
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file_date_updated: 2025-05-02T22:30:04Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '54'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2791-4585
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
title: 'Investigating acute microglia response to seizure activity in vivo: Combining
  2-Photon imaging and EEG recording'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '13126'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Mapping the complex and dense arrangement of cells and their connectivity
    in brain tissue demands nanoscale spatial resolution imaging. Super-resolution
    optical microscopy excels at visualizing specific molecules and individual cells
    but fails to provide tissue context. Here, we developed Comprehensive Analysis
    of Tissues across Scales (CATS), a technology to densely map brain tissue architecture
    from millimeter regional to nanometer synaptic scales in diverse chemically fixed
    brain preparations, including rodent and human. CATS uses fixation-compatible
    extracellular labeling and optical imaging, including stimulated emission depletion
    or expansion microscopy, to comprehensively delineate cellular structures. It
    enables three-dimensional reconstruction of single synapses and mapping of synaptic
    connectivity by identification and analysis of putative synaptic cleft regions.
    Applying CATS to the mouse hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry, we reconstructed
    and quantified the synaptic input and output structure of identified neurons.
    We furthermore demonstrate applicability to clinically derived human tissue samples,
    including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded routine diagnostic specimens, for visualizing
    the cellular architecture of brain tissue in health and disease.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
- _id: Bio
- _id: PreCl
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: M-Shop
- _id: E-Lib
acknowledgement: "We thank Jakob Vorlaufer, Nathalie Agudelo-Dueñas, Wiebke Jahr,
  Andreas Wartak for microscope maintenance and troubleshooting, Caroline Kreuzinger,
  Anna Freeman, and Irene Erber for technical assistance and Matthias Tomschik for
  support with obtaining human samples. We gratefully acknowledge Eder Miguel for
  setting up webKnossos and Marek Šuplata for computational support and hardware control.
  We are grateful to Ryuichi Shigemoto and Bernd Bickel for generous support, and
  Michael Sixt and Scott Boyd (Stanford University) for discussions and critical reading
  of the manuscript. PSD95-HaloTag mice were kindly provided by Seth Grant (University
  of Edinburgh). We acknowledge expert support by IST Austria’s scientific computing,
  imaging and optics, preclinical, and lab support facilities, and by the Library
  and Miba machine shop.\r\nWe gratefully acknowledge funding by the following sources:
  \r\nAustrian Science Fund (FWF) grant I3600-B27 (JGD)\r\nAustrian Science Fund (FWF)
  grant DK W1232 (JGD, JMM)\r\nAustrian Science Fund (FWF) grant Z 312-B27, Wittgenstein
  award (PJ)\r\nAustrian Science Funds (FWF) projects I4685-B, I6565-B (SYNABS) and
  DOC 33-B27 (RH)\r\nGesellschaft für Forschungsförderung NÖ (NFB) grant LSC18-022
  (JGD)\r\nEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, European
  Research Council (ERC) grant 715508 – REVERSEAUTISM (GN)\r\nEuropean Union’s Horizon
  2020 research and innovation programme, European Research Council (ERC) grant 692692
  – GIANTSYN (PJ)\r\nMarie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Fellowship GA no. 665385 under
  the EU Horizon 2020 program (JMM, JL)\r\nMarie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Individual
  Fellowship 101026635 under the EU Horizon 2020 program (JFW)"
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Johann G
  full_name: Danzl, Johann G
  id: 42EFD3B6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Danzl
  orcid: 0000-0001-8559-3973
citation:
  ama: Danzl JG. Research data for the publication “Imaging brain tissue architecture
    across millimeter to nanometer scales.” 2023. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126">10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126</a>
  apa: Danzl, J. G. (2023). Research data for the publication “Imaging brain tissue
    architecture across millimeter to nanometer scales.” Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126</a>
  chicago: Danzl, Johann G. “Research Data for the Publication ‘Imaging Brain Tissue
    Architecture across Millimeter to Nanometer Scales.’” Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126</a>.
  ieee: J. G. Danzl, “Research data for the publication ‘Imaging brain tissue architecture
    across millimeter to nanometer scales.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2023.
  ista: Danzl JG. 2023. Research data for the publication ‘Imaging brain tissue architecture
    across millimeter to nanometer scales’, Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126">10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126</a>.
  mla: Danzl, Johann G. <i>Research Data for the Publication “Imaging Brain Tissue
    Architecture across Millimeter to Nanometer Scales.”</i> Institute of Science
    and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126">10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126</a>.
  short: J.G. Danzl, (2023).
contributor:
- first_name: Julia M
  id: 443DB6DE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Michalska
- first_name: Julia
  id: 46E28B80-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Lyudchik
- first_name: Philipp
  id: 39BDC62C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Velicky
  orcid: 0000-0002-2340-7431
- first_name: Hana
  id: ee3cb6ca-ec98-11ea-ae11-ff703e2254ed
  last_name: Stefanickova
- first_name: Jake
  id: 63836096-4690-11EA-BD4E-32803DDC885E
  last_name: Watson
  orcid: 0000-0002-8698-3823
- first_name: Alban
  id: 9ac8f577-2357-11eb-997a-e566c5550886
  last_name: Cenameri
- first_name: Christoph M
  id: 4DF26D8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Sommer
  orcid: 0000-0003-1216-9105
- first_name: Nicole
  id: 4CD6AAC6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Amberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-3183-8207
- first_name: Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Karl
  last_name: Roessler
- first_name: Thomas
  last_name: Czech
- first_name: Romana
  last_name: Höftberger
- first_name: Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
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  id: 3E57A680-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Novarino
  orcid: 0000-0002-7673-7178
- first_name: Peter M
  id: 353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Jonas
  orcid: 0000-0001-5001-4804
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-06-07T07:15:12Z
date_published: 2023-08-04T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-14T08:34:35Z
day: '04'
ddc:
- '610'
department:
- _id: JoDa
- _id: SaSi
- _id: GaNo
- _id: PeJo
- _id: Bio
- _id: RySh
doi: 10.15479/AT:ISTA:13126
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file_date_updated: 2023-08-04T13:19:47Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 265CB4D0-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: I03600
  name: Optical control of synaptic function via adhesion molecules
- _id: 26AA4EF2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: W1232-B24
  name: Molecular Drug Targets
- _id: 25C5A090-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: Z00312
  name: Synaptic communication in neuronal microcircuits
- _id: 23889792-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E
  grant_number: LS18-022
  name: High content imaging to decode human immune cell interactions in health and
    allergic disease
- _id: 25444568-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '715508'
  name: Probing the Reversibility of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Employing in vivo
    and in vitro Models
- _id: 25B7EB9E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '692692'
  name: Biophysics and circuit function of a giant cortical glutamatergic synapse
- _id: 2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '665385'
  name: International IST Doctoral Program
- _id: fc2be41b-9c52-11eb-aca3-faa90aa144e9
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101026635'
  name: Synaptic computations of the hippocampal CA3 circuitry
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
  link:
  - description: 'Original data for Fig. 5d, Fig. 5d (N2V) and Fig. 5f-i, provided
      via an external link due to the large size (>10GB) of the datasets. '
    relation: research_data
    url: https://pub.ista.ac.at/group_danzl/data/CATS/
  record:
  - id: '14257'
    relation: used_in_publication
    status: public
status: public
title: Research data for the publication "Imaging brain tissue architecture across
  millimeter to nanometer scales"
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc_sa.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC
    BY-NC-SA 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)
type: research_data
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '14363'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Mitochondrial networks remodel their connectivity, content, and subcellular
    localization to support optimized energy production in conditions of increased
    environmental or cellular stress. Microglia rely on mitochondria to respond to
    these stressors, however our knowledge about mitochondrial networks and their
    adaptations in microglia in vivo is limited. Here, we generate a mouse model that
    selectively labels mitochondria in microglia. We identify that mitochondrial networks
    are more fragmented with increased content and perinuclear localization in vitro
    vs. in vivo. Mitochondrial networks adapt similarly in microglia closest to the
    injury site after optic nerve crush. Preventing microglial UCP2 increase after
    injury by selective knockout induces cellular stress. This results in mitochondrial
    hyperfusion in male microglia, a phenotype absent in females due to circulating
    estrogens. Our results establish the foundation for mitochondrial network analysis
    of microglia in vivo, emphasizing the importance of mitochondrial-based sex effects
    of microglia in other pathologies.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: PreCl
acknowledgement: We thank the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of ISTA through resources
  provided by the Imaging and Optics Facility (IOF), the Lab Support Facility (LSF),
  and the Pre-Clinical Facility (PCF) team, specifically Sonja Haslinger and Michael
  Schunn for excellent mouse colony management and support. This research was supported
  by the FWF Sonderforschungsbereich F83 (to E.E.P). We thank Bálint Nagy, Ryan John
  A. Cubero, Marco Benevento and all members of the Siegert group for constant feedback
  on the project and article.
article_number: '107780'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Margaret E
  full_name: Maes, Margaret E
  id: 3838F452-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Maes
  orcid: 0000-0001-9642-1085
- first_name: Gloria
  full_name: Colombo, Gloria
  id: 3483CF6C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Colombo
  orcid: 0000-0001-9434-8902
- first_name: Florianne E
  full_name: Schoot Uiterkamp, Florianne E
  id: 3526230C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schoot Uiterkamp
- first_name: Felix
  full_name: Sternberg, Felix
  last_name: Sternberg
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Elena E.
  full_name: Pohl, Elena E.
  last_name: Pohl
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
  ama: Maes ME, Colombo G, Schoot Uiterkamp FE, et al. Mitochondrial network adaptations
    of microglia reveal sex-specific stress response after injury and UCP2 knockout.
    <i>iScience</i>. 2023;26(10). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780">10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780</a>
  apa: Maes, M. E., Colombo, G., Schoot Uiterkamp, F. E., Sternberg, F., Venturino,
    A., Pohl, E. E., &#38; Siegert, S. (2023). Mitochondrial network adaptations of
    microglia reveal sex-specific stress response after injury and UCP2 knockout.
    <i>IScience</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780</a>
  chicago: Maes, Margaret E, Gloria Colombo, Florianne E Schoot Uiterkamp, Felix Sternberg,
    Alessandro Venturino, Elena E. Pohl, and Sandra Siegert. “Mitochondrial Network
    Adaptations of Microglia Reveal Sex-Specific Stress Response after Injury and
    UCP2 Knockout.” <i>IScience</i>. Elsevier, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780</a>.
  ieee: M. E. Maes <i>et al.</i>, “Mitochondrial network adaptations of microglia
    reveal sex-specific stress response after injury and UCP2 knockout,” <i>iScience</i>,
    vol. 26, no. 10. Elsevier, 2023.
  ista: Maes ME, Colombo G, Schoot Uiterkamp FE, Sternberg F, Venturino A, Pohl EE,
    Siegert S. 2023. Mitochondrial network adaptations of microglia reveal sex-specific
    stress response after injury and UCP2 knockout. iScience. 26(10), 107780.
  mla: Maes, Margaret E., et al. “Mitochondrial Network Adaptations of Microglia Reveal
    Sex-Specific Stress Response after Injury and UCP2 Knockout.” <i>IScience</i>,
    vol. 26, no. 10, 107780, Elsevier, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780">10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780</a>.
  short: M.E. Maes, G. Colombo, F.E. Schoot Uiterkamp, F. Sternberg, A. Venturino,
    E.E. Pohl, S. Siegert, IScience 26 (2023).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-09-24T22:01:11Z
date_published: 2023-10-20T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-10-09T21:07:01Z
day: '20'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107780
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001080403500001'
  pmid:
  - '37731609'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: be1a560efdd96d20712311f4fc54aac2
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-11-07T08:53:21Z
  date_updated: 2023-11-07T08:53:21Z
  file_id: '14497'
  file_name: 2023_iScience_Maes.pdf
  file_size: 8197935
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-11-07T08:53:21Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        26'
isi: 1
issue: '10'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: iScience
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2589-0042
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Mitochondrial network adaptations of microglia reveal sex-specific stress response
  after injury and UCP2 knockout
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 26
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '14401'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Background: \r\nPro-apoptotic BAX is a central mediator of retinal ganglion
    cell (RGC) death after optic nerve damage. BAX activation occurs in two stages
    including translocation of latent BAX to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM)
    and then permeabilization of the MOM to facilitate the release of apoptotic signaling
    molecules. As a critical component of RGC death, BAX is an attractive target for
    neuroprotective therapies and an understanding of the kinetics of BAX activation
    and the mechanisms controlling the two stages of this process in RGCs is potentially
    valuable in informing the development of a neuroprotective strategy.\r\nMethods:\r\nThe
    kinetics of BAX translocation were assessed by both static and live-cell imaging
    of a GFP-BAX fusion protein introduced into RGCs using AAV2-mediated gene transfer
    in mice. Activation of BAX was achieved using an acute optic nerve crush (ONC)
    protocol. Live-cell imaging of GFP-BAX was achieved using explants of mouse retina
    harvested 7 days after ONC. Kinetics of translocation in RGCs were compared to
    GFP-BAX translocation in 661W tissue culture cells. Permeabilization of GFP-BAX
    was assessed by staining with the 6A7 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes a
    conformational change in this protein after MOM insertion. Assessment of individual
    kinases associated with both stages of activation was made using small molecule
    inhibitors injected into the vitreous either independently or in concert with
    ONC surgery. The contribution of the Dual Leucine Zipper-JUN-N-Terminal Kinase
    cascade was evaluated using mice with a double conditional knock-out of both Mkk4
    and Mkk7.\r\nResults:\r\nONC induces the translocation of GFP-BAX in RGCs at a
    slower rate and with less intracellular synchronicity than 661W cells, but exhibits
    less variability among mitochondrial foci within a single cell. GFP-BAX was also
    found to translocate in all compartments of an RGC including the dendritic arbor
    and axon. Approximately 6% of translocating RGCs exhibited retrotranslocation
    of BAX immediately following translocation. Unlike tissue culture cells, which
    exhibit simultaneous translocation and permeabilization, RGCs exhibited a significant
    delay between these two stages, similar to detached cells undergoing anoikis.
    Translocation, with minimal permeabilization could be induced in a subset of RGCs
    using an inhibitor of Focal Adhesion Kinase (PF573228). Permeabilization after
    ONC, in a majority of RGCs, could be inhibited with a broad spectrum kinase inhibitor
    (sunitinib) or a selective inhibitor for p38/MAPK14 (SB203580). Intervention of
    DLK-JNK axis signaling abrogated GFP-BAX translocation after ONC.\r\nConclusions:\r\nA
    comparison between BAX activation kinetics in tissue culture cells and in cells
    of a complex tissue environment shows distinct differences indicating that caution
    should be used when translating findings from one condition to the other. RGCs
    exhibit both a delay between translocation and permeabilization and the ability
    for translocated BAX to be retrotranslocated, suggesting several stages at which
    intervention of the activation process could be exploited in the design of a therapeutic
    strategy."
acknowledgement: "The authors would like to thank Mr. Joel Dietz for management of
  the mouse colony and helpful advice for conducting quantitative PCR studies and
  Mr. Santoshi Kinoshita at the Translational Research Initiative in Pathology laboratory
  at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for cutting sections analyzed in this study.\r\nThis
  work was supported by National Eye Institute grants R01 EY030123 (RWN), R01 EY018606
  (RTL), P30 EY016665 (Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University
  of Wisconsin-Madison), T32 EY027721 (RJD) and F31 EY030739 (OJM). Additional funding
  was provided by the BrightFocus Foundation (RWN) and unrestricted grants from Research
  to Prevent Blindness, Inc to the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
  (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and to the Department of Ophthalmology (University
  of Rochester)."
article_number: '67'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Margaret E
  full_name: Maes, Margaret E
  id: 3838F452-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Maes
  orcid: 0000-0001-9642-1085
- first_name: Ryan J.
  full_name: Donahue, Ryan J.
  last_name: Donahue
- first_name: Cassandra L.
  full_name: Schlamp, Cassandra L.
  last_name: Schlamp
- first_name: Olivia J.
  full_name: Marola, Olivia J.
  last_name: Marola
- first_name: Richard T.
  full_name: Libby, Richard T.
  last_name: Libby
- first_name: Robert W.
  full_name: Nickells, Robert W.
  last_name: Nickells
citation:
  ama: Maes ME, Donahue RJ, Schlamp CL, Marola OJ, Libby RT, Nickells RW. BAX activation
    in mouse retinal ganglion cells occurs in two temporally and mechanistically distinct
    steps. <i>Molecular Neurodegeneration</i>. 2023;18. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8">10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8</a>
  apa: Maes, M. E., Donahue, R. J., Schlamp, C. L., Marola, O. J., Libby, R. T., &#38;
    Nickells, R. W. (2023). BAX activation in mouse retinal ganglion cells occurs
    in two temporally and mechanistically distinct steps. <i>Molecular Neurodegeneration</i>.
    Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8</a>
  chicago: Maes, Margaret E, Ryan J. Donahue, Cassandra L. Schlamp, Olivia J. Marola,
    Richard T. Libby, and Robert W. Nickells. “BAX Activation in Mouse Retinal Ganglion
    Cells Occurs in Two Temporally and Mechanistically Distinct Steps.” <i>Molecular
    Neurodegeneration</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8</a>.
  ieee: M. E. Maes, R. J. Donahue, C. L. Schlamp, O. J. Marola, R. T. Libby, and R.
    W. Nickells, “BAX activation in mouse retinal ganglion cells occurs in two temporally
    and mechanistically distinct steps,” <i>Molecular Neurodegeneration</i>, vol.
    18. Springer Nature, 2023.
  ista: Maes ME, Donahue RJ, Schlamp CL, Marola OJ, Libby RT, Nickells RW. 2023. BAX
    activation in mouse retinal ganglion cells occurs in two temporally and mechanistically
    distinct steps. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 18, 67.
  mla: Maes, Margaret E., et al. “BAX Activation in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells Occurs
    in Two Temporally and Mechanistically Distinct Steps.” <i>Molecular Neurodegeneration</i>,
    vol. 18, 67, Springer Nature, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8">10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8</a>.
  short: M.E. Maes, R.J. Donahue, C.L. Schlamp, O.J. Marola, R.T. Libby, R.W. Nickells,
    Molecular Neurodegeneration 18 (2023).
date_created: 2023-10-08T22:01:15Z
date_published: 2023-09-26T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-04-23T13:09:05Z
day: '26'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001071403800001'
  pmid:
  - '37752598'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 3aa218ddea4a082d8fd5e196ae55ca06
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2024-01-30T14:33:31Z
  date_updated: 2024-01-30T14:33:31Z
  file_id: '14917'
  file_name: 2023_MolecularNeurodegeneration_Maes.pdf
  file_size: 11568350
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2024-01-30T14:33:31Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        18'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: Molecular Neurodegeneration
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1750-1326
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: BAX activation in mouse retinal ganglion cells occurs in two temporally and
  mechanistically distinct steps
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 18
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '11478'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Cerebral organoids differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells
    (hiPSC) provide a unique opportunity to investigate brain development. However,
    organoids usually lack microglia, brain-resident immune cells, which are present
    in the early embryonic brain and participate in neuronal circuit development.
    Here, we find IBA1+ microglia-like cells alongside retinal cups between week 3
    and 4 in 2.5D culture with an unguided retinal organoid differentiation protocol.
    Microglia do not infiltrate the neuroectoderm and instead enrich within non-pigmented,
    3D-cystic compartments that develop in parallel to the 3D-retinal organoids. When
    we guide the retinal organoid differentiation with low-dosed BMP4, we prevent
    cup development and enhance microglia and 3D-cysts formation. Mass spectrometry
    identifies these 3D-cysts to express mesenchymal and epithelial markers. We confirmed
    this microglia-preferred environment also within the unguided protocol, providing
    insight into microglial behavior and migration and offer a model to study how
    they enter and distribute within the human brain.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: We thank the scientific service units at ISTA, specifically the lab
  support facility and imaging & optics facility for their support; Nicolas Armel
  for performing the Mass Spectrometry. We thank Alexandra Lang and Tanja Peilnsteiner
  for their help in human brain tissue collection, Rouven Schulz for his insights
  into the functional assays We thank all members of the Siegert group for constant
  feedback on the project and Margaret Maes, Rouven Schulz, and Marco Benevento for
  feedback on the manuscript. This project has received funding from the European
  Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
  program (grant No. 715571 to S.S.) and from the Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung
  Niederösterreich (grant No. Sc19-017 to V.H.).
article_number: '104580'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Katarina
  full_name: Bartalska, Katarina
  id: 4D883232-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Bartalska
- first_name: Verena
  full_name: Hübschmann, Verena
  id: 32B7C918-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hübschmann
- first_name: Medina
  full_name: Korkut, Medina
  id: 4B51CE74-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Korkut
  orcid: 0000-0003-4309-2251
- first_name: Ryan J
  full_name: Cubero, Ryan J
  id: 850B2E12-9CD4-11E9-837F-E719E6697425
  last_name: Cubero
  orcid: 0000-0003-0002-1867
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Karl
  full_name: Rössler, Karl
  last_name: Rössler
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Czech, Thomas
  last_name: Czech
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
  ama: Bartalska K, Hübschmann V, Korkut M, et al. A systematic characterization of
    microglia-like cell occurrence during retinal organoid differentiation. <i>iScience</i>.
    2022;25(7). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580">10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580</a>
  apa: Bartalska, K., Hübschmann, V., Korkut, M., Cubero, R. J., Venturino, A., Rössler,
    K., … Siegert, S. (2022). A systematic characterization of microglia-like cell
    occurrence during retinal organoid differentiation. <i>IScience</i>. Elsevier.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580</a>
  chicago: Bartalska, Katarina, Verena Hübschmann, Medina Korkut, Ryan J Cubero, Alessandro
    Venturino, Karl Rössler, Thomas Czech, and Sandra Siegert. “A Systematic Characterization
    of Microglia-like Cell Occurrence during Retinal Organoid Differentiation.” <i>IScience</i>.
    Elsevier, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580</a>.
  ieee: K. Bartalska <i>et al.</i>, “A systematic characterization of microglia-like
    cell occurrence during retinal organoid differentiation,” <i>iScience</i>, vol.
    25, no. 7. Elsevier, 2022.
  ista: Bartalska K, Hübschmann V, Korkut M, Cubero RJ, Venturino A, Rössler K, Czech
    T, Siegert S. 2022. A systematic characterization of microglia-like cell occurrence
    during retinal organoid differentiation. iScience. 25(7), 104580.
  mla: Bartalska, Katarina, et al. “A Systematic Characterization of Microglia-like
    Cell Occurrence during Retinal Organoid Differentiation.” <i>IScience</i>, vol.
    25, no. 7, 104580, Elsevier, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580">10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580</a>.
  short: K. Bartalska, V. Hübschmann, M. Korkut, R.J. Cubero, A. Venturino, K. Rössler,
    T. Czech, S. Siegert, IScience 25 (2022).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2022-07-03T22:01:33Z
date_published: 2022-07-15T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-07T11:51:43Z
day: '15'
ddc:
- '610'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
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  pmid:
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oa_version: Published Version
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project:
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  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '715571'
  name: Microglia action towards neuronal circuit formation and function in health
    and disease
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  name: IST Austria Open Access Fund
- _id: 9B99D380-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A
  grant_number: SC19-017
  name: How human microglia shape developing neurons during health and inflammation
publication: iScience
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2589-0042
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
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title: A systematic characterization of microglia-like cell occurrence during retinal
  organoid differentiation
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type: journal_article
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author:
- first_name: Rouven
  full_name: Schulz, Rouven
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  last_name: Schulz
  orcid: 0000-0001-5297-733X
citation:
  ama: Schulz R. Source Data (Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways and
    modulate microglia responses). 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542">10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542</a>
  apa: Schulz, R. (2022). Source Data (Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways
    and modulate microglia responses). Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542</a>
  chicago: Schulz, Rouven. “Source Data (Chimeric GPCRs Mimic Distinct Signaling Pathways
    and Modulate Microglia Responses).” Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542</a>.
  ieee: R. Schulz, “Source Data (Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways
    and modulate microglia responses).” Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2022.
  ista: Schulz R. 2022. Source Data (Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways
    and modulate microglia responses), Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542">10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542</a>.
  mla: Schulz, Rouven. <i>Source Data (Chimeric GPCRs Mimic Distinct Signaling Pathways
    and Modulate Microglia Responses)</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542">10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542</a>.
  short: R. Schulz, (2022).
contributor:
- contributor_type: contact_person
  first_name: Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2022-07-08T11:03:02Z
date_published: 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-04-15T07:27:21Z
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.15479/AT:ISTA:11542
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title: Source Data (Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways and modulate
  microglia responses)
tmp:
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abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to specific ligands and regulate
    multiple processes ranging from cell growth and immune responses to neuronal signal
    transmission. However, ligands for many GPCRs remain unknown, suffer from off-target
    effects or have poor bioavailability. Additional challenges exist to dissect cell-type
    specific responses when the same GPCR is expressed on several cell types within
    the body. Here, we overcome these limitations by engineering DREADD-based GPCR
    chimeras that selectively bind their agonist clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) and mimic
    a GPCR-of-interest in a desired cell type.\r\nWe validated our approach with β2-adrenergic
    receptor (β2AR/ADRB2) and show that our chimeric DREADD-β2AR triggers comparable
    responses on second messenger and kinase activity, post-translational modifications,
    and protein-protein interactions. Since β2AR is also enriched in microglia, which
    can drive inflammation in the central nervous system, we expressed chimeric DREADD-β2AR
    in primary microglia and successfully recapitulate β2AR-mediated filopodia formation
    through CNO stimulation. To dissect the role of selected GPCRs during microglial
    inflammation, we additionally generated DREADD-based chimeras for microglia-enriched
    GPR65 and GPR109A/HCAR2. In a microglia cell line, DREADD-β2AR and DREADD-GPR65
    both modulated the inflammatory response with a similar profile as endogenously
    expressed β2AR, while DREADD-GPR109A showed no impact.\r\nOur DREADD-based approach
    provides the means to obtain mechanistic and functional insights into GPCR signaling
    on a cell-type specific level."
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: PreCl
- _id: LifeSc
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Rouven
  full_name: Schulz, Rouven
  id: 4C5E7B96-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schulz
  orcid: 0000-0001-5297-733X
citation:
  ama: Schulz R. Chimeric G protein-coupled receptors mimic distinct signaling pathways
    and modulate microglia function. 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:11945">10.15479/at:ista:11945</a>
  apa: Schulz, R. (2022). <i>Chimeric G protein-coupled receptors mimic distinct signaling
    pathways and modulate microglia function</i>. Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:11945">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:11945</a>
  chicago: Schulz, Rouven. “Chimeric G Protein-Coupled Receptors Mimic Distinct Signaling
    Pathways and Modulate Microglia Function.” Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:11945">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:11945</a>.
  ieee: R. Schulz, “Chimeric G protein-coupled receptors mimic distinct signaling
    pathways and modulate microglia function,” Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2022.
  ista: Schulz R. 2022. Chimeric G protein-coupled receptors mimic distinct signaling
    pathways and modulate microglia function. Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria.
  mla: Schulz, Rouven. <i>Chimeric G Protein-Coupled Receptors Mimic Distinct Signaling
    Pathways and Modulate Microglia Function</i>. Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:11945">10.15479/at:ista:11945</a>.
  short: R. Schulz, Chimeric G Protein-Coupled Receptors Mimic Distinct Signaling
    Pathways and Modulate Microglia Function, Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2022.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2022-08-23T11:33:11Z
date_published: 2022-08-23T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-07T14:17:59Z
day: '23'
ddc:
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degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.15479/at:ista:11945
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month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '133'
project:
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  name: Modulating microglia through G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling
publication_identifier:
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publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
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status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
title: Chimeric G protein-coupled receptors mimic distinct signaling pathways and
  modulate microglia function
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '11995'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate processes ranging from immune
    responses to neuronal signaling. However, ligands for many GPCRs remain unknown,
    suffer from off-target effects or have poor bioavailability. Additionally, dissecting
    cell type-specific responses is challenging when the same GPCR is expressed on
    different cells within a tissue. Here, we overcome these limitations by engineering
    DREADD-based GPCR chimeras that bind clozapine-N-oxide and mimic a GPCR-of-interest.
    We show that chimeric DREADD-β2AR triggers responses comparable to β2AR on second
    messenger and kinase activity, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein
    interactions. Moreover, we successfully recapitulate β2AR-mediated filopodia formation
    in microglia, an immune cell capable of driving central nervous system inflammation.
    When dissecting microglial inflammation, we included two additional DREADD-based
    chimeras mimicking microglia-enriched GPR65 and GPR109A. DREADD-β2AR and DREADD-GPR65
    modulate the inflammatory response with high similarity to endogenous β2AR, while
    DREADD-GPR109A shows no impact. Our DREADD-based approach allows investigation
    of cell type-dependent pathways without known endogenous ligands.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: PreCl
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: The authors thank the Scientific Service Units at ISTA, in particular
  the Molecular Biology Service of the Lab Support Facility, Imaging & Optics Facility,
  and the Preclinical Facility, and the Novarino group, Harald Janoviak, and Marco
  Benevento for sharing reagents and expertise. This research was supported by a DOC
  Fellowship (24979) awarded to R.S. by the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
article_number: '4728'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Rouven
  full_name: Schulz, Rouven
  id: 4C5E7B96-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schulz
  orcid: 0000-0001-5297-733X
- first_name: Medina
  full_name: Korkut, Medina
  id: 4B51CE74-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Korkut
  orcid: 0000-0003-4309-2251
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Gloria
  full_name: Colombo, Gloria
  id: 3483CF6C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Colombo
  orcid: 0000-0001-9434-8902
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
  ama: Schulz R, Korkut M, Venturino A, Colombo G, Siegert S. Chimeric GPCRs mimic
    distinct signaling pathways and modulate microglia responses. <i>Nature Communications</i>.
    2022;13. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1">10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1</a>
  apa: Schulz, R., Korkut, M., Venturino, A., Colombo, G., &#38; Siegert, S. (2022).
    Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways and modulate microglia responses.
    <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1</a>
  chicago: Schulz, Rouven, Medina Korkut, Alessandro Venturino, Gloria Colombo, and
    Sandra Siegert. “Chimeric GPCRs Mimic Distinct Signaling Pathways and Modulate
    Microglia Responses.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1</a>.
  ieee: R. Schulz, M. Korkut, A. Venturino, G. Colombo, and S. Siegert, “Chimeric
    GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways and modulate microglia responses,” <i>Nature
    Communications</i>, vol. 13. Springer Nature, 2022.
  ista: Schulz R, Korkut M, Venturino A, Colombo G, Siegert S. 2022. Chimeric GPCRs
    mimic distinct signaling pathways and modulate microglia responses. Nature Communications.
    13, 4728.
  mla: Schulz, Rouven, et al. “Chimeric GPCRs Mimic Distinct Signaling Pathways and
    Modulate Microglia Responses.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13, 4728, Springer
    Nature, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1">10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1</a>.
  short: R. Schulz, M. Korkut, A. Venturino, G. Colombo, S. Siegert, Nature Communications
    13 (2022).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2022-08-28T22:01:59Z
date_published: 2022-08-15T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-07T14:17:58Z
day: '15'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32390-1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000840984400032'
  pmid:
  - '35970889'
file:
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oa_version: Published Version
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  name: Modulating microglia through G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling
publication: Nature Communications
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2041-1723
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
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title: Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways and modulate microglia responses
tmp:
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  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 13
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '12117'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "To understand how potential gene manipulations affect in vitro microglia,
    we provide a set of short protocols to evaluate microglia identity and function.
    We detail steps for immunostaining to determine microglia identity. We describe
    three functional assays for microglia: phagocytosis, calcium response following
    ATP stimulation, and cytokine expression upon inflammatory stimuli. We apply these
    protocols to human induced-pluripotent-stem-cell (hiPSC)-derived microglia, but
    they can be also applied to other in vitro microglial models including primary
    mouse microglia.\r\nFor complete details on the use and execution of this protocol,
    please refer to Bartalska et al. (2022).1"
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
acknowledgement: This project has received funding from the European Research Council
  (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant
  No. 715571 to S.S.) and from the Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung Niederösterreich
  (grant No. Sc19-017 to V.H.). We thank Rouven Schulz and Alessandro Venturino for
  their insights into functional assays and data analysis, Verena Seiboth for insights
  into necessary institutional permission, and ISTA imaging & optics facility (IOF)
  especially Bernhard Hochreiter for their support.
article_number: '101866'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: letter_note
author:
- first_name: Verena
  full_name: Hübschmann, Verena
  id: 32B7C918-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hübschmann
- first_name: Medina
  full_name: Korkut, Medina
  id: 4B51CE74-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Korkut
  orcid: 0000-0003-4309-2251
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
  ama: Hübschmann V, Korkut M, Siegert S. Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia identity
    and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation
    assay. <i>STAR Protocols</i>. 2022;3(4). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866">10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866</a>
  apa: Hübschmann, V., Korkut, M., &#38; Siegert, S. (2022). Assessing human iPSC-derived
    microglia identity and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity,
    and inflammation assay. <i>STAR Protocols</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866</a>
  chicago: Hübschmann, Verena, Medina Korkut, and Sandra Siegert. “Assessing Human
    IPSC-Derived Microglia Identity and Function by Immunostaining, Phagocytosis,
    Calcium Activity, and Inflammation Assay.” <i>STAR Protocols</i>. Elsevier, 2022.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866</a>.
  ieee: V. Hübschmann, M. Korkut, and S. Siegert, “Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia
    identity and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation
    assay,” <i>STAR Protocols</i>, vol. 3, no. 4. Elsevier, 2022.
  ista: Hübschmann V, Korkut M, Siegert S. 2022. Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia
    identity and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation
    assay. STAR Protocols. 3(4), 101866.
  mla: Hübschmann, Verena, et al. “Assessing Human IPSC-Derived Microglia Identity
    and Function by Immunostaining, Phagocytosis, Calcium Activity, and Inflammation
    Assay.” <i>STAR Protocols</i>, vol. 3, no. 4, 101866, Elsevier, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866">10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866</a>.
  short: V. Hübschmann, M. Korkut, S. Siegert, STAR Protocols 3 (2022).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-01-12T11:56:38Z
date_published: 2022-12-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-06-11T13:58:47Z
day: '16'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '36595902'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 3c71b8a60633d42c2f77c49025d5559b
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-01-23T09:50:51Z
  date_updated: 2023-01-23T09:50:51Z
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intvolume: '         3'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- General Immunology and Microbiology
- General Biochemistry
- Genetics and Molecular Biology
- General Neuroscience
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 25D4A630-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '715571'
  name: Microglia action towards neuronal circuit formation and function in health
    and disease
- _id: 9B99D380-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A
  grant_number: SC19-017
  name: How human microglia shape developing neurons during health and inflammation
publication: STAR Protocols
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2666-1667
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
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    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia identity and function by immunostaining,
  phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation assay
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 3
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '12244'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Environmental cues influence the highly dynamic morphology of microglia. Strategies
    to characterize these changes usually involve user-selected morphometric features,
    which preclude the identification of a spectrum of context-dependent morphological
    phenotypes. Here we develop MorphOMICs, a topological data analysis approach,
    which enables semiautomatic mapping of microglial morphology into an atlas of
    cue-dependent phenotypes and overcomes feature-selection biases and biological
    variability. We extract spatially heterogeneous and sexually dimorphic morphological
    phenotypes for seven adult mouse brain regions. This sex-specific phenotype declines
    with maturation but increases over the disease trajectories in two neurodegeneration
    mouse models, with females showing a faster morphological shift in affected brain
    regions. Remarkably, microglia morphologies reflect an adaptation upon repeated
    exposure to ketamine anesthesia and do not recover to control morphologies. Finally,
    we demonstrate that both long primary processes and short terminal processes provide
    distinct insights to morphological phenotypes. MorphOMICs opens a new perspective
    to characterize microglial morphology.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: PreCl
- _id: Bio
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: We thank the scientific service units at ISTA, in particular M. Schunn’s
  team at the preclinical facility, and especially our colony manager S. Haslinger,
  for excellent support. We are also grateful to the ISTA Imaging & Optics Facility,
  and in particular C. Sommer for helping with the data file conversions. We thank
  R. Erhart from the ISTA Scientific Computing Unit for improving the script performance.
  We thank M. Maes, B. Nagy, S. Oakeley and M. Benevento and all members of the Siegert
  group for constant feedback on the project and on the manuscript. This research
  was supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
  under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions program (754411 to R.J.A.C.), and by the
  European Research Council (grant no. 715571 to S.S.). L.K. was supported by funding
  to the Blue Brain Project, a research center of the École polytechnique fédérale
  de Lausanne, from the Swiss government’s ETH Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes
  of Technology. L.-H.T. was supported by NIH (grant no. R37NS051874) and by the JPB
  Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis,
  decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Gloria
  full_name: Colombo, Gloria
  id: 3483CF6C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Colombo
  orcid: 0000-0001-9434-8902
- first_name: Ryan J
  full_name: Cubero, Ryan J
  id: 850B2E12-9CD4-11E9-837F-E719E6697425
  last_name: Cubero
  orcid: 0000-0003-0002-1867
- first_name: Lida
  full_name: Kanari, Lida
  last_name: Kanari
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Rouven
  full_name: Schulz, Rouven
  id: 4C5E7B96-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schulz
  orcid: 0000-0001-5297-733X
- first_name: Martina
  full_name: Scolamiero, Martina
  last_name: Scolamiero
- first_name: Jens
  full_name: Agerberg, Jens
  last_name: Agerberg
- first_name: Hansruedi
  full_name: Mathys, Hansruedi
  last_name: Mathys
- first_name: Li-Huei
  full_name: Tsai, Li-Huei
  last_name: Tsai
- first_name: Wojciech
  full_name: Chachólski, Wojciech
  last_name: Chachólski
- first_name: Kathryn
  full_name: Hess, Kathryn
  last_name: Hess
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
  ama: Colombo G, Cubero RJ, Kanari L, et al. A tool for mapping microglial morphology,
    morphOMICs, reveals brain-region and sex-dependent phenotypes. <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>.
    2022;25(10):1379-1393. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6">10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6</a>
  apa: Colombo, G., Cubero, R. J., Kanari, L., Venturino, A., Schulz, R., Scolamiero,
    M., … Siegert, S. (2022). A tool for mapping microglial morphology, morphOMICs,
    reveals brain-region and sex-dependent phenotypes. <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>.
    Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6</a>
  chicago: Colombo, Gloria, Ryan J Cubero, Lida Kanari, Alessandro Venturino, Rouven
    Schulz, Martina Scolamiero, Jens Agerberg, et al. “A Tool for Mapping Microglial
    Morphology, MorphOMICs, Reveals Brain-Region and Sex-Dependent Phenotypes.” <i>Nature
    Neuroscience</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6</a>.
  ieee: G. Colombo <i>et al.</i>, “A tool for mapping microglial morphology, morphOMICs,
    reveals brain-region and sex-dependent phenotypes,” <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>,
    vol. 25, no. 10. Springer Nature, pp. 1379–1393, 2022.
  ista: Colombo G, Cubero RJ, Kanari L, Venturino A, Schulz R, Scolamiero M, Agerberg
    J, Mathys H, Tsai L-H, Chachólski W, Hess K, Siegert S. 2022. A tool for mapping
    microglial morphology, morphOMICs, reveals brain-region and sex-dependent phenotypes.
    Nature Neuroscience. 25(10), 1379–1393.
  mla: Colombo, Gloria, et al. “A Tool for Mapping Microglial Morphology, MorphOMICs,
    Reveals Brain-Region and Sex-Dependent Phenotypes.” <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>,
    vol. 25, no. 10, Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 1379–93, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6">10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6</a>.
  short: G. Colombo, R.J. Cubero, L. Kanari, A. Venturino, R. Schulz, M. Scolamiero,
    J. Agerberg, H. Mathys, L.-H. Tsai, W. Chachólski, K. Hess, S. Siegert, Nature
    Neuroscience 25 (2022) 1379–1393.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-01-16T09:53:07Z
date_published: 2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-28T22:30:09Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1038/s41593-022-01167-6
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000862214700001'
  pmid:
  - '36180790'
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intvolume: '        25'
isi: 1
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keyword:
- General Neuroscience
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1379-1393
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '754411'
  name: ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships
- _id: 25D4A630-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '715571'
  name: Microglia action towards neuronal circuit formation and function in health
    and disease
publication: Nature Neuroscience
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1546-1726
  issn:
  - 1097-6256
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - description: News on ISTA website
    relation: press_release
    url: https://ista.ac.at/en/news/morphomics-revealing-the-hidden-meaning-of-microglia-shape/
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scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A tool for mapping microglial morphology, morphOMICs, reveals brain-region
  and sex-dependent phenotypes
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 25
year: '2022'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '12378'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Environmental cues influence the highly dynamic morphology of microglia.
    Strategies to \r\ncharacterize these changes usually involve user-selected morphometric
    features, which \r\npreclude the identification of a spectrum of context-dependent
    morphological phenotypes. \r\nHere, we develop MorphOMICs, a topological data
    analysis approach, which enables semi\x02automatic mapping of microglial morphology
    into an atlas of cue-dependent phenotypes,\r\novercomes feature-selection bias
    and minimizes biological variability. \r\nFirst, with MorphOMICs we derive the
    morphological spectrum of microglia across seven \r\nbrain regions during postnatal
    development and in two distinct Alzheimer’s disease \r\ndegeneration mouse models.
    We uncover region-specific and sexually dimorphic\r\nmorphological trajectories,
    with females showing an earlier morphological shift than males in \r\nthe degenerating
    brain. Overall, we demonstrate that both long primary- and short terminal \r\nprocesses
    provide distinct insights to morphological phenotypes. Moreover, using machine
    \r\nlearning to map novel condition on the spectrum, we observe that microglia
    morphologies \r\nreflect a dose-dependent adaptation upon ketamine anesthesia
    and do not recover to control \r\nmorphologies.\r\nNext, we took advantage of
    MorphOMICs to build a high-resolution and layer-specific map of \r\nmicroglial
    morphological spectrum in the retina, covering postnatal development and rd10
    \r\ndegeneration. Here, following photoreceptor death, microglia assume an early
    development\x02like morphology. Finally, we map microglial morphology following
    optic nerve crush on the \r\nretinal spectrum and observe a layer- and sex-dependent
    response. \r\nOverall, MorphOMICs opens a new perspective to analyze microglial
    morphology across \r\nmultiple conditions, and provides a novel tool to characterize
    microglial morphology beyond \r\nthe traditionally dichotomized view of microglia."
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: PreCl
- _id: Bio
- _id: ScienComp
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Gloria
  full_name: Colombo, Gloria
  id: 3483CF6C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Colombo
  orcid: 0000-0001-9434-8902
citation:
  ama: Colombo G. MorphOMICs, a tool for mapping microglial morphology, reveals brain
    region- and sex-dependent phenotypes. 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12378">10.15479/at:ista:12378</a>
  apa: Colombo, G. (2022). <i>MorphOMICs, a tool for mapping microglial morphology,
    reveals brain region- and sex-dependent phenotypes</i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12378">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12378</a>
  chicago: Colombo, Gloria. “MorphOMICs, a Tool for Mapping Microglial Morphology,
    Reveals Brain Region- and Sex-Dependent Phenotypes.” Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12378">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12378</a>.
  ieee: G. Colombo, “MorphOMICs, a tool for mapping microglial morphology, reveals
    brain region- and sex-dependent phenotypes,” Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2022.
  ista: Colombo G. 2022. MorphOMICs, a tool for mapping microglial morphology, reveals
    brain region- and sex-dependent phenotypes. Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria.
  mla: Colombo, Gloria. <i>MorphOMICs, a Tool for Mapping Microglial Morphology, Reveals
    Brain Region- and Sex-Dependent Phenotypes</i>. Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12378">10.15479/at:ista:12378</a>.
  short: G. Colombo, MorphOMICs, a Tool for Mapping Microglial Morphology, Reveals
    Brain Region- and Sex-Dependent Phenotypes, Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2022.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-01-25T14:27:43Z
date_published: 2022-11-11T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-07T14:29:41Z
day: '11'
ddc:
- '570'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.15479/at:ista:12378
ec_funded: 1
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  date_created: 2023-01-25T14:31:36Z
  date_updated: 2023-04-12T22:30:03Z
  embargo: 2023-04-11
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  file_name: Gloria_Colombo_Thesis.pdf
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has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '142'
project:
- _id: 2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '665385'
  name: International IST Doctoral Program
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '12244'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: public
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
title: MorphOMICs, a tool for mapping microglial morphology, reveals brain region-
  and sex-dependent phenotypes
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '11950'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Mapping the complex and dense arrangement of cells and their connectivity
    in brain tissue demands nanoscale spatial resolution imaging. Super-resolution
    optical microscopy excels at visualizing specific molecules and individual cells
    but fails to provide tissue context. Here we developed Comprehensive Analysis
    of Tissues across Scales (CATS), a technology to densely map brain tissue architecture
    from millimeter regional to nanoscopic synaptic scales in diverse chemically fixed
    brain preparations, including rodent and human. CATS leverages fixation-compatible
    extracellular labeling and advanced optical readout, in particular stimulated-emission
    depletion and expansion microscopy, to comprehensively delineate cellular structures.
    It enables 3D-reconstructing single synapses and mapping synaptic connectivity
    by identification and tailored analysis of putative synaptic cleft regions. Applying
    CATS to the hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry, we demonstrate its power to reveal
    the system’s molecularly informed ultrastructure across spatial scales and assess
    local connectivity by reconstructing and quantifying the synaptic input and output
    structure of identified neurons.
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Julia M
  full_name: Michalska, Julia M
  id: 443DB6DE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Michalska
  orcid: 0000-0003-3862-1235
- first_name: Julia
  full_name: Lyudchik, Julia
  id: 46E28B80-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Lyudchik
- first_name: Philipp
  full_name: Velicky, Philipp
  id: 39BDC62C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Velicky
  orcid: 0000-0002-2340-7431
- first_name: Hana
  full_name: Korinkova, Hana
  id: ee3cb6ca-ec98-11ea-ae11-ff703e2254ed
  last_name: Korinkova
- first_name: Jake
  full_name: Watson, Jake
  id: 63836096-4690-11EA-BD4E-32803DDC885E
  last_name: Watson
  orcid: 0000-0002-8698-3823
- first_name: Alban
  full_name: Cenameri, Alban
  id: 9ac8f577-2357-11eb-997a-e566c5550886
  last_name: Cenameri
- first_name: Christoph M
  full_name: Sommer, Christoph M
  id: 4DF26D8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Sommer
  orcid: 0000-0003-1216-9105
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Karl
  full_name: Roessler, Karl
  last_name: Roessler
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Czech, Thomas
  last_name: Czech
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
- first_name: Gaia
  full_name: Novarino, Gaia
  id: 3E57A680-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Novarino
  orcid: 0000-0002-7673-7178
- first_name: Peter M
  full_name: Jonas, Peter M
  id: 353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Jonas
  orcid: 0000-0001-5001-4804
- first_name: Johann G
  full_name: Danzl, Johann G
  id: 42EFD3B6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Danzl
  orcid: 0000-0001-8559-3973
citation:
  ama: Michalska JM, Lyudchik J, Velicky P, et al. Uncovering brain tissue architecture
    across scales with super-resolution light microscopy. <i>bioRxiv</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.17.504272">10.1101/2022.08.17.504272</a>
  apa: Michalska, J. M., Lyudchik, J., Velicky, P., Korinkova, H., Watson, J., Cenameri,
    A., … Danzl, J. G. (n.d.). Uncovering brain tissue architecture across scales
    with super-resolution light microscopy. <i>bioRxiv</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.17.504272">https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.17.504272</a>
  chicago: Michalska, Julia M, Julia Lyudchik, Philipp Velicky, Hana Korinkova, Jake
    Watson, Alban Cenameri, Christoph M Sommer, et al. “Uncovering Brain Tissue Architecture
    across Scales with Super-Resolution Light Microscopy.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, n.d. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.17.504272">https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.17.504272</a>.
  ieee: J. M. Michalska <i>et al.</i>, “Uncovering brain tissue architecture across
    scales with super-resolution light microscopy,” <i>bioRxiv</i>. .
  ista: Michalska JM, Lyudchik J, Velicky P, Korinkova H, Watson J, Cenameri A, Sommer
    CM, Venturino A, Roessler K, Czech T, Siegert S, Novarino G, Jonas PM, Danzl JG.
    Uncovering brain tissue architecture across scales with super-resolution light
    microscopy. bioRxiv, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.17.504272">10.1101/2022.08.17.504272</a>.
  mla: Michalska, Julia M., et al. “Uncovering Brain Tissue Architecture across Scales
    with Super-Resolution Light Microscopy.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.17.504272">10.1101/2022.08.17.504272</a>.
  short: J.M. Michalska, J. Lyudchik, P. Velicky, H. Korinkova, J. Watson, A. Cenameri,
    C.M. Sommer, A. Venturino, K. Roessler, T. Czech, S. Siegert, G. Novarino, P.M.
    Jonas, J.G. Danzl, BioRxiv (n.d.).
corr_author: '1'
das_tickbox: '1'
date_created: 2022-08-24T08:24:52Z
date_published: 2022-08-18T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-28T22:31:09Z
day: '18'
department:
- _id: SaSi
- _id: GaNo
- _id: PeJo
- _id: JoDa
doi: 10.1101/2022.08.17.504272
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.17.504272
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
publication: bioRxiv
publication_status: draft
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '12470'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
status: public
title: Uncovering brain tissue architecture across scales with super-resolution light
  microscopy
type: preprint
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '10000'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Inhibition or targeted deletion of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is neuroprotective
    in a variety neurodegenerative conditions, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)
    after acute optic nerve damage. Consistent with this, induced HDAC3 expression
    in cultured cells shows selective toxicity to neurons. Despite an established
    role for HDAC3 in neuronal pathology, little is known regarding the mechanism
    of this pathology.
acknowledgement: 'The authors thank Joel Dietz for maintaining the mice used in this
  study, Satoshi Kinoshita and the Translational Research Initiative in Pathology
  Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for cutting retinal sections analyzed
  in this study, and Mark Banghart for statistical review of the data analysis. Supported
  by National Eye Institute Grants R01 EY012223 (RWN), R01 EY030123 (RWN), R01 EY029809
  (LWG), R01 EY029809 (LWG) and a Vision Research CORE grant P30 EY016665, NRSA grant
  T32 GM081061, by an unrestricted research grant from Research to Prevent Blindness,
  Inc., and by a University of Wisconsin-Madison Vilas Life Cycle award and the Frederick
  A. Davis Research Chair (RWN). '
article_number: '14'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Heather M.
  full_name: Schmitt, Heather M.
  last_name: Schmitt
- first_name: Rachel L.
  full_name: Fehrman, Rachel L.
  last_name: Fehrman
- first_name: Margaret E
  full_name: Maes, Margaret E
  id: 3838F452-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Maes
  orcid: 0000-0001-9642-1085
- first_name: Huan
  full_name: Yang, Huan
  last_name: Yang
- first_name: Lian Wang
  full_name: Guo, Lian Wang
  last_name: Guo
- first_name: Cassandra L.
  full_name: Schlamp, Cassandra L.
  last_name: Schlamp
- first_name: Heather R.
  full_name: Pelzel, Heather R.
  last_name: Pelzel
- first_name: Robert W.
  full_name: Nickells, Robert W.
  last_name: Nickells
citation:
  ama: Schmitt HM, Fehrman RL, Maes ME, et al. Increased susceptibility and intrinsic
    apoptotic signaling in neurons by induced HDAC3 expression. <i>Investigative Ophthalmology
    and Visual Science</i>. 2021;62(10). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14">10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14</a>
  apa: Schmitt, H. M., Fehrman, R. L., Maes, M. E., Yang, H., Guo, L. W., Schlamp,
    C. L., … Nickells, R. W. (2021). Increased susceptibility and intrinsic apoptotic
    signaling in neurons by induced HDAC3 expression. <i>Investigative Ophthalmology
    and Visual Science</i>. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14">https://doi.org/10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14</a>
  chicago: Schmitt, Heather M., Rachel L. Fehrman, Margaret E Maes, Huan Yang, Lian
    Wang Guo, Cassandra L. Schlamp, Heather R. Pelzel, and Robert W. Nickells. “Increased
    Susceptibility and Intrinsic Apoptotic Signaling in Neurons by Induced HDAC3 Expression.”
    <i>Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science</i>. Association for Research
    in Vision and Ophthalmology, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14">https://doi.org/10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14</a>.
  ieee: H. M. Schmitt <i>et al.</i>, “Increased susceptibility and intrinsic apoptotic
    signaling in neurons by induced HDAC3 expression,” <i>Investigative Ophthalmology
    and Visual Science</i>, vol. 62, no. 10. Association for Research in Vision and
    Ophthalmology, 2021.
  ista: Schmitt HM, Fehrman RL, Maes ME, Yang H, Guo LW, Schlamp CL, Pelzel HR, Nickells
    RW. 2021. Increased susceptibility and intrinsic apoptotic signaling in neurons
    by induced HDAC3 expression. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 62(10),
    14.
  mla: Schmitt, Heather M., et al. “Increased Susceptibility and Intrinsic Apoptotic
    Signaling in Neurons by Induced HDAC3 Expression.” <i>Investigative Ophthalmology
    and Visual Science</i>, vol. 62, no. 10, 14, Association for Research in Vision
    and Ophthalmology, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14">10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14</a>.
  short: H.M. Schmitt, R.L. Fehrman, M.E. Maes, H. Yang, L.W. Guo, C.L. Schlamp, H.R.
    Pelzel, R.W. Nickells, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 62 (2021).
date_created: 2021-09-12T22:01:23Z
date_published: 2021-08-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-14T06:35:17Z
day: '16'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1167/IOVS.62.10.14
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000695230000014'
  pmid:
  - '34398198'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: c430967746f653aa1ae84ee617f62b73
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2022-05-13T07:40:15Z
  date_updated: 2022-05-13T07:40:15Z
  file_id: '11369'
  file_name: 2021_IOVS_Schmitt.pdf
  file_size: 19707796
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-05-13T07:40:15Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        62'
isi: 1
issue: '10'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1552-5783
  issn:
  - 0146-0404
publication_status: published
publisher: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Increased susceptibility and intrinsic apoptotic signaling in neurons by induced
  HDAC3 expression
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 62
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '10565'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix with chondroitinase-ABC reinstates
    juvenile-like plasticity in the adult cortex as it also disassembles the perineuronal
    nets (PNNs). The disadvantage of the enzyme is that it must be applied intracerebrally
    and it degrades the ECM for several weeks. Here, we provide two minimally invasive
    and transient protocols for microglia-enabled PNN disassembly in mouse cortex:
    repeated treatment with ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine (KXA) anesthesia and 60-Hz
    light entrainment. We also discuss how to analyze PNNs within microglial endosomes-lysosomes.
    For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to
    Venturino et al. (2021).'
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
acknowledgement: This research was supported by the European Research Council (grant
  715571 to S.S.). We thank Rouven Schulz, Michael Schunn, Claudia Gold, Gabriel Krens,
  Sarah Gorkiewicz, Margaret Maes, Jürgen Siegert, Marco Benevento, and Sara Oakeley
  for comments on the manuscript and the IST Austria Bioimaging Facility for the technical
  support.
article_number: '101012'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
  id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Venturino
  orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Siegert, Sandra
  id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Siegert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
  ama: Venturino A, Siegert S. Minimally invasive protocols and quantification for
    microglia-mediated perineuronal net disassembly in mouse brain. <i>STAR Protocols</i>.
    2021;2(4). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012">10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012</a>
  apa: Venturino, A., &#38; Siegert, S. (2021). Minimally invasive protocols and quantification
    for microglia-mediated perineuronal net disassembly in mouse brain. <i>STAR Protocols</i>.
    Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012</a>
  chicago: Venturino, Alessandro, and Sandra Siegert. “Minimally Invasive Protocols
    and Quantification for Microglia-Mediated Perineuronal Net Disassembly in Mouse
    Brain.” <i>STAR Protocols</i>. Elsevier, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012</a>.
  ieee: A. Venturino and S. Siegert, “Minimally invasive protocols and quantification
    for microglia-mediated perineuronal net disassembly in mouse brain,” <i>STAR Protocols</i>,
    vol. 2, no. 4. Elsevier, 2021.
  ista: Venturino A, Siegert S. 2021. Minimally invasive protocols and quantification
    for microglia-mediated perineuronal net disassembly in mouse brain. STAR Protocols.
    2(4), 101012.
  mla: Venturino, Alessandro, and Sandra Siegert. “Minimally Invasive Protocols and
    Quantification for Microglia-Mediated Perineuronal Net Disassembly in Mouse Brain.”
    <i>STAR Protocols</i>, vol. 2, no. 4, 101012, Elsevier, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012">10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012</a>.
  short: A. Venturino, S. Siegert, STAR Protocols 2 (2021).
date_created: 2021-12-19T23:01:32Z
date_published: 2021-12-17T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-05-14T11:26:30Z
day: '17'
ddc:
- '573'
department:
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012
ec_funded: 1
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 9ea2501056c5df99e84726b845e9b976
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: cchlebak
  date_created: 2021-12-20T08:58:40Z
  date_updated: 2021-12-20T08:58:40Z
  file_id: '10570'
  file_name: 2021_STARProt_Venturino.pdf
  file_size: 6207060
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2021-12-20T08:58:40Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         2'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 25D4A630-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '715571'
  name: Microglia action towards neuronal circuit formation and function in health
    and disease
publication: STAR Protocols
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2666-1667
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Minimally invasive protocols and quantification for microglia-mediated perineuronal
  net disassembly in mouse brain
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 2
year: '2021'
...
