@inproceedings{21576,
  abstract     = {In quantum optics, optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) have long served as testbeds for exploring quantum states and generating randomness. Here, we demonstrate that by applying vacuum-level coherent biasing, OPOs can be engineered as versatile hardware elements for stochastic computing. Specifically, we present a time-multiplexed, biased OPO system that enables discriminative and generative machine learning tasks, such as uncertainty-aware classification and the generation of MNIST digits directly from quantum vacuum noise. Beyond machine learning, we propose the use of biased OPO arrays for implementing fundamental stochastic logic gates and solving combinatorial optimization problems. Finally, we discuss the potential of on-chip OPO systems, which promise substantial improvements in latency and energy efficiency, paving the way for integrated stochastic computing architectures.},
  author       = {Roques-Carmes, Charles and Salamin, Yannick and Choi, Seou and Horodynski, Michael and Sloan, Jamison and Luo, Di and Soljacic, Marin},
  booktitle    = {AI and Optical Data Sciences VI},
  issn         = {0277-786X},
  location     = {San Francisco, CA, United States},
  publisher    = {SPIE},
  title        = {{Stochastic computing with biased optical parametric oscillators}},
  doi          = {10.1117/12.3037014},
  volume       = {13375},
  year         = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{577,
  abstract     = {Visible light photon counters (VLPCs) and solid-state photomultipliers (SSPMs) are high-efficiency single-photon detectors which have multi-photon counting capability. While both the VLPCs and the SSPMs have inferred internal quantum efficiencies above 93%, the actual measured values for both the detectors were in fact limited to less than 88%, attributed to in-coupling losses. We are currently improving this overall detection efficiency via a) custom anti-reflection coating the detectors and the in-coupling fibers, b) implementing a novel cryogenic design to reduce transmission losses and, c) using low-noise electronics to obtain a better signal-to-noise ratio.},
  author       = {Rangarajan, Radhika and Altepeter, Joseph and Jeffrey, Evan and Stoutimore, Micah and Peters, Nicholas and Hosten, Onur and Kwiat, Paul},
  booktitle    = {Optics East},
  issn         = {0277-786X},
  location     = {Boston, Massachusetts, United States},
  publisher    = {SPIE},
  title        = {{High-efficiency single-photon detectors}},
  doi          = {10.1117/12.686117},
  year         = {2006},
}