---
OA_type: closed access
_id: '21576'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In quantum optics, optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) have long served
    as testbeds for exploring quantum states and generating randomness. Here, we demonstrate
    that by applying vacuum-level coherent biasing, OPOs can be engineered as versatile
    hardware elements for stochastic computing. Specifically, we present a time-multiplexed,
    biased OPO system that enables discriminative and generative machine learning
    tasks, such as uncertainty-aware classification and the generation of MNIST digits
    directly from quantum vacuum noise. Beyond machine learning, we propose the use
    of biased OPO arrays for implementing fundamental stochastic logic gates and solving
    combinatorial optimization problems. Finally, we discuss the potential of on-chip
    OPO systems, which promise substantial improvements in latency and energy efficiency,
    paving the way for integrated stochastic computing architectures.
article_number: '133750N '
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Charles
  full_name: Roques-Carmes, Charles
  id: e2e68fc9-6505-11ef-a541-eb4e72cc3e82
  last_name: Roques-Carmes
- first_name: Yannick
  full_name: Salamin, Yannick
  last_name: Salamin
- first_name: Seou
  full_name: Choi, Seou
  last_name: Choi
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Horodynski, Michael
  last_name: Horodynski
- first_name: Jamison
  full_name: Sloan, Jamison
  last_name: Sloan
- first_name: Di
  full_name: Luo, Di
  last_name: Luo
- first_name: Marin
  full_name: Soljacic, Marin
  last_name: Soljacic
citation:
  ama: 'Roques-Carmes C, Salamin Y, Choi S, et al. Stochastic computing with biased
    optical parametric oscillators. In: <i>AI and Optical Data Sciences VI</i>. Vol
    13375. SPIE; 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3037014">10.1117/12.3037014</a>'
  apa: 'Roques-Carmes, C., Salamin, Y., Choi, S., Horodynski, M., Sloan, J., Luo,
    D., &#38; Soljacic, M. (2025). Stochastic computing with biased optical parametric
    oscillators. In <i>AI and Optical Data Sciences VI</i> (Vol. 13375). San Francisco,
    CA, United States: SPIE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3037014">https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3037014</a>'
  chicago: Roques-Carmes, Charles, Yannick Salamin, Seou Choi, Michael Horodynski,
    Jamison Sloan, Di Luo, and Marin Soljacic. “Stochastic Computing with Biased Optical
    Parametric Oscillators.” In <i>AI and Optical Data Sciences VI</i>, Vol. 13375.
    SPIE, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3037014">https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3037014</a>.
  ieee: C. Roques-Carmes <i>et al.</i>, “Stochastic computing with biased optical
    parametric oscillators,” in <i>AI and Optical Data Sciences VI</i>, San Francisco,
    CA, United States, 2025, vol. 13375.
  ista: Roques-Carmes C, Salamin Y, Choi S, Horodynski M, Sloan J, Luo D, Soljacic
    M. 2025. Stochastic computing with biased optical parametric oscillators. AI and
    Optical Data Sciences VI. OPTO vol. 13375, 133750N.
  mla: Roques-Carmes, Charles, et al. “Stochastic Computing with Biased Optical Parametric
    Oscillators.” <i>AI and Optical Data Sciences VI</i>, vol. 13375, 133750N, SPIE,
    2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3037014">10.1117/12.3037014</a>.
  short: C. Roques-Carmes, Y. Salamin, S. Choi, M. Horodynski, J. Sloan, D. Luo, M.
    Soljacic, in:, AI and Optical Data Sciences VI, SPIE, 2025.
conference:
  end_date: 2025-01-31
  location: San Francisco, CA, United States
  name: OPTO
  start_date: 2025-01-25
date_created: 2026-03-30T12:22:47Z
date_published: 2025-03-21T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-05-05T08:16:47Z
day: '21'
doi: 10.1117/12.3037014
extern: '1'
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3037014
intvolume: '     13375'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa_version: None
publication: AI and Optical Data Sciences VI
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - '9781510684980'
  eissn:
  - 0277-786X
publication_status: published
publisher: SPIE
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Stochastic computing with biased optical parametric oscillators
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 13375
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_type: closed access
_id: '577'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Visible light photon counters (VLPCs) and solid-state photomultipliers (SSPMs)
    are high-efficiency single-photon detectors which have multi-photon counting capability.
    While both the VLPCs and the SSPMs have inferred internal quantum efficiencies
    above 93%, the actual measured values for both the detectors were in fact limited
    to less than 88%, attributed to in-coupling losses. We are currently improving
    this overall detection efficiency via a) custom anti-reflection coating the detectors
    and the in-coupling fibers, b) implementing a novel cryogenic design to reduce
    transmission losses and, c) using low-noise electronics to obtain a better signal-to-noise
    ratio.
alternative_title:
- Advanced Photon Counting Techniques
article_number: '6372'
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Radhika
  full_name: Rangarajan, Radhika
  last_name: Rangarajan
- first_name: Joseph
  full_name: Altepeter, Joseph
  last_name: Altepeter
- first_name: Evan
  full_name: Jeffrey, Evan
  last_name: Jeffrey
- first_name: Micah
  full_name: Stoutimore, Micah
  last_name: Stoutimore
- first_name: Nicholas
  full_name: Peters, Nicholas
  last_name: Peters
- first_name: Onur
  full_name: Hosten, Onur
  id: 4C02D85E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hosten
  orcid: 0000-0002-2031-204X
- first_name: Paul
  full_name: Kwiat, Paul
  last_name: Kwiat
citation:
  ama: 'Rangarajan R, Altepeter J, Jeffrey E, et al. High-efficiency single-photon
    detectors. In: <i>Optics East</i>. SPIE; 2006. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.686117">10.1117/12.686117</a>'
  apa: 'Rangarajan, R., Altepeter, J., Jeffrey, E., Stoutimore, M., Peters, N., Hosten,
    O., &#38; Kwiat, P. (2006). High-efficiency single-photon detectors. In <i>Optics
    East</i>. Boston, Massachusetts, United States: SPIE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.686117">https://doi.org/10.1117/12.686117</a>'
  chicago: Rangarajan, Radhika, Joseph Altepeter, Evan Jeffrey, Micah Stoutimore,
    Nicholas Peters, Onur Hosten, and Paul Kwiat. “High-Efficiency Single-Photon Detectors.”
    In <i>Optics East</i>. SPIE, 2006. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.686117">https://doi.org/10.1117/12.686117</a>.
  ieee: R. Rangarajan <i>et al.</i>, “High-efficiency single-photon detectors,” in
    <i>Optics East</i>, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 2006.
  ista: Rangarajan R, Altepeter J, Jeffrey E, Stoutimore M, Peters N, Hosten O, Kwiat
    P. 2006. High-efficiency single-photon detectors. Optics East. OPTICS EAST, Advanced
    Photon Counting Techniques, , 6372.
  mla: Rangarajan, Radhika, et al. “High-Efficiency Single-Photon Detectors.” <i>Optics
    East</i>, 6372, SPIE, 2006, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/12.686117">10.1117/12.686117</a>.
  short: R. Rangarajan, J. Altepeter, E. Jeffrey, M. Stoutimore, N. Peters, O. Hosten,
    P. Kwiat, in:, Optics East, SPIE, 2006.
conference:
  end_date: 2006-10 04
  location: Boston, Massachusetts, United States
  name: OPTICS EAST
  start_date: 2006-10 01
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:47:17Z
date_published: 2006-10-25T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-05-08T10:31:26Z
day: '25'
doi: 10.1117/12.686117
extern: '1'
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.686117
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa_version: None
publication: Optics East
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 0277-786X
publication_status: published
publisher: SPIE
publist_id: '7233'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: High-efficiency single-photon detectors
type: conference
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2006'
...