@article{13106, abstract = {Quantum entanglement is a key resource in currently developed quantum technologies. Sharing this fragile property between superconducting microwave circuits and optical or atomic systems would enable new functionalities, but this has been hindered by an energy scale mismatch of >104 and the resulting mutually imposed loss and noise. In this work, we created and verified entanglement between microwave and optical fields in a millikelvin environment. Using an optically pulsed superconducting electro-optical device, we show entanglement between propagating microwave and optical fields in the continuous variable domain. This achievement not only paves the way for entanglement between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light, but also has wide-ranging implications for hybrid quantum networks in the context of modularization, scaling, sensing, and cross-platform verification.}, author = {Sahu, Rishabh and Qiu, Liu and Hease, William J and Arnold, Georg M and Minoguchi, Y. and Rabl, P. and Fink, Johannes M}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, keywords = {Multidisciplinary}, number = {6646}, pages = {718--721}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Entangling microwaves with light}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adg3812}, volume = {380}, year = {2023}, } @article{13261, abstract = {Chromosomes in the eukaryotic nucleus are highly compacted. However, for many functional processes, including transcription initiation, the pairwise motion of distal chromosomal elements such as enhancers and promoters is essential and necessitates dynamic fluidity. Here, we used a live-imaging assay to simultaneously measure the positions of pairs of enhancers and promoters and their transcriptional output while systematically varying the genomic separation between these two DNA loci. Our analysis reveals the coexistence of a compact globular organization and fast subdiffusive dynamics. These combined features cause an anomalous scaling of polymer relaxation times with genomic separation leading to long-ranged correlations. Thus, encounter times of DNA loci are much less dependent on genomic distance than predicted by existing polymer models, with potential consequences for eukaryotic gene expression.}, author = {Brückner, David and Chen, Hongtao and Barinov, Lev and Zoller, Benjamin and Gregor, Thomas}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6652}, pages = {1357--1362}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Stochastic motion and transcriptional dynamics of pairs of distal DNA loci on a compacted chromosome}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adf5568}, volume = {380}, year = {2023}, } @article{21585, abstract = {Efficient learning algorithms are implemented in a silicon photonic neural network chip}, author = {Roques-Carmes, Charles}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6643}, pages = {341--342}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Learning photons go backward}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adh0724}, volume = {380}, year = {2023}, } @article{21586, abstract = {Quantum field theory suggests that electromagnetic fields naturally fluctuate, and these fluctuations can be harnessed as a source of perfect randomness. Many potential applications of randomness rely on controllable probability distributions. We show that vacuum-level bias fields injected into multistable optical systems enable a controllable source of quantum randomness, and we demonstrated this concept in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). By injecting bias pulses with less than one photon on average, we controlled the probabilities of the two possible OPO output states. The potential of our approach for sensing sub–photon-level fields was demonstrated by reconstructing the temporal shape of fields below the single-photon level. Our results provide a platform to study quantum dynamics in nonlinear driven-dissipative systems and point toward applications in probabilistic computing and weak field sensing.}, author = {Roques-Carmes, Charles and Salamin, Yannick and Sloan, Jamison and Choi, Seou and Velez, Gustavo and Koskas, Ethan and Rivera, Nicholas and Kooi, Steven E. and Joannopoulos, John D. and Soljačić, Marin}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6654}, pages = {205--209}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Biasing the quantum vacuum to control macroscopic probability distributions}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adh4920}, volume = {381}, year = {2023}, } @article{14281, abstract = {In nature, proteins that switch between two conformations in response to environmental stimuli structurally transduce biochemical information in a manner analogous to how transistors control information flow in computing devices. Designing proteins with two distinct but fully structured conformations is a challenge for protein design as it requires sculpting an energy landscape with two distinct minima. Here we describe the design of “hinge” proteins that populate one designed state in the absence of ligand and a second designed state in the presence of ligand. X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, and binding measurements demonstrate that despite the significant structural differences the two states are designed with atomic level accuracy and that the conformational and binding equilibria are closely coupled.}, author = {Praetorius, Florian M and Leung, Philip J. Y. and Tessmer, Maxx H. and Broerman, Adam and Demakis, Cullen and Dishman, Acacia F. and Pillai, Arvind and Idris, Abbas and Juergens, David and Dauparas, Justas and Li, Xinting and Levine, Paul M. and Lamb, Mila and Ballard, Ryanne K. and Gerben, Stacey R. and Nguyen, Hannah and Kang, Alex and Sankaran, Banumathi and Bera, Asim K. and Volkman, Brian F. and Nivala, Jeff and Stoll, Stefan and Baker, David}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6659}, pages = {754--760}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Design of stimulus-responsive two-state hinge proteins}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adg7731}, volume = {381}, year = {2023}, } @article{14404, abstract = {A light-triggered fabrication method extends the functionality of printable nanomaterials}, author = {Balazs, Daniel and Ibáñez, Maria}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6665}, pages = {1413--1414}, publisher = {AAAS}, title = {{Widening the use of 3D printing}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adk3070}, volume = {381}, year = {2023}, } @article{14552, abstract = {Interactions between plants and herbivores are central in most ecosystems, but their strength is highly variable. The amount of variability within a system is thought to influence most aspects of plant-herbivore biology, from ecological stability to plant defense evolution. Our understanding of what influences variability, however, is limited by sparse data. We collected standardized surveys of herbivory for 503 plant species at 790 sites across 116° of latitude. With these data, we show that within-population variability in herbivory increases with latitude, decreases with plant size, and is phylogenetically structured. Differences in the magnitude of variability are thus central to how plant-herbivore biology varies across macroscale gradients. We argue that increased focus on interaction variability will advance understanding of patterns of life on Earth.}, author = {Robinson, M. L. and Hahn, P. G. and Inouye, B. D. and Underwood, N. and Whitehead, S. R. and Abbott, K. C. and Bruna, E. M. and Cacho, N. I. and Dyer, L. A. and Abdala-Roberts, L. and Allen, W. J. and Andrade, J. F. and Angulo, D. F. and Anjos, D. and Anstett, D. N. and Bagchi, R. and Bagchi, S. and Barbosa, M. and Barrett, S. and Baskett, Carina and Ben-Simchon, E. and Bloodworth, K. J. and Bronstein, J. L. and Buckley, Y. M. and Burghardt, K. T. and Bustos-Segura, C. and Calixto, E. S. and Carvalho, R. L. and Castagneyrol, B. and Chiuffo, M. C. and Cinoğlu, D. and Cinto Mejía, E. and Cock, M. C. and Cogni, R. and Cope, O. L. and Cornelissen, T. and Cortez, D. R. and Crowder, D. W. and Dallstream, C. and Dáttilo, W. and Davis, J. K. and Dimarco, R. D. and Dole, H. E. and Egbon, I. N. and Eisenring, M. and Ejomah, A. and Elderd, B. D. and Endara, M. J. and Eubanks, M. D. and Everingham, S. E. and Farah, K. N. and Farias, R. P. and Fernandes, A. P. and Fernandes, G. W. and Ferrante, M. and Finn, A. and Florjancic, G. A. and Forister, M. L. and Fox, Q. N. and Frago, E. and França, F. M. and Getman-Pickering, A. S. and Getman-Pickering, Z. and Gianoli, E. and Gooden, B. and Gossner, M. M. and Greig, K. A. and Gripenberg, S. and Groenteman, R. and Grof-Tisza, P. and Haack, N. and Hahn, L. and Haq, S. M. and Helms, A. M. and Hennecke, J. and Hermann, S. L. and Holeski, L. M. and Holm, S. and Hutchinson, M. C. and Jackson, E. E. and Kagiya, S. and Kalske, A. and Kalwajtys, M. and Karban, R. and Kariyat, R. and Keasar, T. and Kersch-Becker, M. F. and Kharouba, H. M. and Kim, T. N. and Kimuyu, D. M. and Kluse, J. and Koerner, S. E. and Komatsu, K. J. and Krishnan, S. and Laihonen, M. and Lamelas-López, L. and Lascaleia, M. C. and Lecomte, N. and Lehn, C. R. and Li, X. and Lindroth, R. L. and Lopresti, E. F. and Losada, M. and Louthan, A. M. and Luizzi, V. J. and Lynch, S. C. and Lynn, J. S. and Lyon, N. J. and Maia, L. F. and Maia, R. A. and Mannall, T. L. and Martin, B. S. and Massad, T. J. and Mccall, A. C. and Mcgurrin, K. and Merwin, A. C. and Mijango-Ramos, Z. and Mills, C. H. and Moles, A. T. and Moore, C. M. and Moreira, X. and Morrison, C. R. and Moshobane, M. C. and Muola, A. and Nakadai, R. and Nakajima, K. and Novais, S. and Ogbebor, C. O. and Ohsaki, H. and Pan, V. S. and Pardikes, N. A. and Pareja, M. and Parthasarathy, N. and Pawar, R. R. and Paynter, Q. and Pearse, I. S. and Penczykowski, R. M. and Pepi, A. A. and Pereira, C. C. and Phartyal, S. S. and Piper, F. I. and Poveda, K. and Pringle, E. G. and Puy, J. and Quijano, T. and Quintero, C. and Rasmann, S. and Rosche, C. and Rosenheim, L. Y. and Rosenheim, J. A. and Runyon, J. B. and Sadeh, A. and Sakata, Y. and Salcido, D. M. and Salgado-Luarte, C. and Santos, B. A. and Sapir, Y. and Sasal, Y. and Sato, Y. and Sawant, M. and Schroeder, H. and Schumann, I. and Segoli, M. and Segre, H. and Shelef, O. and Shinohara, N. and Singh, R. P. and Smith, D. S. and Sobral, M. and Stotz, G. C. and Tack, A. J.M. and Tayal, M. and Tooker, J. F. and Torrico-Bazoberry, D. and Tougeron, K. and Trowbridge, A. M. and Utsumi, S. and Uyi, O. and Vaca-Uribe, J. L. and Valtonen, A. and Van Dijk, L. J.A. and Vandvik, V. and Villellas, J. and Waller, L. P. and Weber, M. G. and Yamawo, A. and Yim, S. and Zarnetske, P. L. and Zehr, L. N. and Zhong, Z. and Wetzel, W. C.}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6671}, pages = {679--683}, publisher = {AAAS}, title = {{Plant size, latitude, and phylogeny explain within-population variability in herbivory}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adh8830}, volume = {382}, year = {2023}, } @article{15085, abstract = {The hydrogen-rich outer layers of massive stars can be removed by interactions with a binary companion. Theoretical models predict that this stripping produces a population of hot helium stars of ~2 to 8 solar masses (M☉), however, only one such system has been identified thus far. We used ultraviolet photometry to identify potential stripped helium stars then investigated 25 of them using optical spectroscopy. We identified stars with high temperatures (~60,000 to 100,000 kelvin), high surface gravities, and hydrogen-depleted surfaces; 16 stars also showed binary motion. These properties match expectations for stars with initial masses of 8 to 25 M☉ that were stripped by binary interaction. Their masses fall in the gap between subdwarf helium stars and Wolf-Rayet stars. We propose that these stars could be progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae.}, author = {Drout, M. R. and Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter and Ludwig, B. A. and Groh, J. H. and de Mink, S. E. and O’Grady, A. J. G. and Smith, N.}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, keywords = {Stellar Astrophysics}, number = {6676}, pages = {1287--1291}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{An observed population of intermediate-mass helium stars that have been stripped in binaries}}, doi = {10.1126/science.ade4970}, volume = {382}, year = {2023}, } @article{13340, abstract = {Photoisomerization of azobenzenes from their stable E isomer to the metastable Z state is the basis of numerous applications of these molecules. However, this reaction typically requires ultraviolet light, which limits applicability. In this study, we introduce disequilibration by sensitization under confinement (DESC), a supramolecular approach to induce the E-to-Z isomerization by using light of a desired color, including red. DESC relies on a combination of a macrocyclic host and a photosensitizer, which act together to selectively bind and sensitize E-azobenzenes for isomerization. The Z isomer lacks strong affinity for and is expelled from the host, which can then convert additional E-azobenzenes to the Z state. In this way, the host–photosensitizer complex converts photon energy into chemical energy in the form of out-of-equilibrium photostationary states, including ones that cannot be accessed through direct photoexcitation.}, author = {Gemen, Julius and Church, Jonathan R. and Ruoko, Tero-Petri and Durandin, Nikita and Białek, Michał J. and Weissenfels, Maren and Feller, Moran and Kazes, Miri and Borin, Veniamin A. and Odaybat, Magdalena and Kalepu, Rishir and Diskin-Posner, Yael and Oron, Dan and Fuchter, Matthew J. and Priimagi, Arri and Schapiro, Igor and Klajn, Rafal}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6664}, pages = {1357--1363}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Disequilibrating azoarenes by visible-light sensitization under confinement}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adh9059}, volume = {381}, year = {2023}, } @article{11144, abstract = {Thermoelectric materials allow for direct conversion between heat and electricity, offering the potential for power generation. The average dimensionless figure of merit ZTave determines device efficiency. N-type tin selenide crystals exhibit outstanding three-dimensional charge and two-dimensional phonon transport along the out-of-plane direction, contributing to a high maximum figure of merit Zmax of ~3.6 × 10−3 per kelvin but a moderate ZTave of ~1.1. We found an attractive high Zmax of ~4.1 × 10−3 per kelvin at 748 kelvin and a ZTave of ~1.7 at 300 to 773 kelvin in chlorine-doped and lead-alloyed tin selenide crystals by phonon-electron decoupling. The chlorine-induced low deformation potential improved the carrier mobility. The lead-induced mass and strain fluctuations reduced the lattice thermal conductivity. Phonon-electron decoupling plays a critical role to achieve high-performance thermoelectrics.}, author = {Su, Lizhong and Wang, Dongyang and Wang, Sining and Qin, Bingchao and Wang, Yuping and Qin, Yongxin and Jin, Yang and Chang, Cheng and Zhao, Li Dong}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6587}, pages = {1385--1389}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{High thermoelectric performance realized through manipulating layered phonon-electron decoupling}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abn8997}, volume = {375}, year = {2022}, } @article{11996, abstract = {If you mix fruit syrups with alcohol to make a schnapps, the two liquids will remain perfectly blended forever. But if you mix oil with vinegar to make a vinaigrette, the oil and vinegar will soon separate back into their previous selves. Such liquid-liquid phase separation is a thermodynamically driven phenomenon and plays an important role in many biological processes (1). Although energy injection at the macroscale can reverse the phase separation—a strong shake is the normal response to a separated vinaigrette—little is known about the effect of energy added at the microscopic level on phase separation. This fundamental question has deep ramifications, notably in biology, because active processes also make the interior of a living cell different from a dead one. On page 768 of this issue, Adkins et al. (2) examine how mechanical activity at the microscopic scale affects liquid-liquid phase separation and allows liquids to climb surfaces.}, author = {Palacci, Jérémie A}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6607}, pages = {710--711}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{A soft active matter that can climb walls}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adc9202}, volume = {377}, year = {2022}, } @article{12116, abstract = {Russia’s unprovoked attack on Ukraine has destroyed civilian infrastructure, including universities, research centers, and other academic infrastructure (1). Many Ukrainian scholars and researchers remain in Ukraine, and their work has suffered from major setbacks (2–4). We call on international scientists and institutions to support them.}, author = {Chhugani, Karishma and Frolova, Alina and Salyha, Yuriy and Fiscutean, Andrada and Zlenko, Oksana and Reinsone, Sanita and Wolfsberger, Walter W. and Ivashchenko, Oleksandra V. and Maci, Megi and Dziuba, Dmytro and Parkhomenko, Andrii and Bortz, Eric and Kondrashov, Fyodor and Łabaj, Paweł P. and Romero, Veronika and Hlávka, Jakub and Oleksyk, Taras K. and Mangul, Serghei}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6626}, pages = {1285--1286}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Remote opportunities for scholars in Ukraine}}, doi = {10.1126/science.adg0797}, volume = {378}, year = {2022}, } @article{21584, abstract = {Bombardment of materials by high-energy particles often leads to light emission in a process known as scintillation. Scintillation has widespread applications in medical imaging, x-ray nondestructive inspection, electron microscopy, and high-energy particle detectors. Most research focuses on finding materials with brighter, faster, and more controlled scintillation. We developed a unified theory of nanophotonic scintillators that accounts for the key aspects of scintillation: energy loss by high-energy particles, and light emission by non-equilibrium electrons in nanostructured optical systems. We then devised an approach based on integrating nanophotonic structures into scintillators to enhance their emission, obtaining nearly an order-of-magnitude enhancement in both electron-induced and x-ray–induced scintillation. Our framework should enable the development of a new class of brighter, faster, and higher-resolution scintillators with tailored and optimized performance.}, author = {Roques-Carmes, Charles and Rivera, Nicholas and Ghorashi, Ali and Kooi, Steven E. and Yang, Yi and Lin, Zin and Beroz, Justin and Massuda, Aviram and Sloan, Jamison and Romeo, Nicolas and Yu, Yang and Joannopoulos, John D. and Kaminer, Ido and Johnson, Steven G. and Soljačić, Marin}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6583}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{A framework for scintillation in nanophotonics}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abm9293}, volume = {375}, year = {2022}, } @article{14282, abstract = {Asymmetric multiprotein complexes that undergo subunit exchange play central roles in biology but present a challenge for design because the components must not only contain interfaces that enable reversible association but also be stable and well behaved in isolation. We use implicit negative design to generate β sheet–mediated heterodimers that can be assembled into a wide variety of complexes. The designs are stable, folded, and soluble in isolation and rapidly assemble upon mixing, and crystal structures are close to the computational models. We construct linearly arranged hetero-oligomers with up to six different components, branched hetero-oligomers, closed C4-symmetric two-component rings, and hetero-oligomers assembled on a cyclic homo-oligomeric central hub and demonstrate that such complexes can readily reconfigure through subunit exchange. Our approach provides a general route to designing asymmetric reconfigurable protein systems.}, author = {Sahtoe, Danny D. and Praetorius, Florian M and Courbet, Alexis and Hsia, Yang and Wicky, Basile I. M. and Edman, Natasha I. and Miller, Lauren M. and Timmermans, Bart J. R. and Decarreau, Justin and Morris, Hana M. and Kang, Alex and Bera, Asim K. and Baker, David}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6578}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Reconfigurable asymmetric protein assemblies through implicit negative design}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abj7662}, volume = {375}, year = {2022}, } @article{15205, abstract = {Magnetars are neutron stars with ultrastrong magnetic fields, which can be observed in x-rays. Polarization measurements could provide information on their magnetic fields and surface properties. We observed polarized x-rays from the magnetar 4U 0142+61 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer and found a linear polarization degree of 13.5 ± 0.8% averaged over the 2– to 8–kilo–electron volt band. The polarization changes with energy: The degree is 15.0 ± 1.0% at 2 to 4 kilo–electron volts, drops below the instrumental sensitivity ~4 to 5 kilo–electron volts, and rises to 35.2 ± 7.1% at 5.5 to 8 kilo–electron volts. The polarization angle also changes by 90° at ~4 to 5 kilo–electron volts. These results are consistent with a model in which thermal radiation from the magnetar surface is reprocessed by scattering off charged particles in the magnetosphere.}, author = {Taverna, Roberto and Turolla, Roberto and Muleri, Fabio and Heyl, Jeremy and Zane, Silvia and Baldini, Luca and González-Caniulef, Denis and Bachetti, Matteo and Rankin, John and Caiazzo, Ilaria and Di Lalla, Niccolò and Doroshenko, Victor and Errando, Manel and Gau, Ephraim and Kırmızıbayrak, Demet and Krawczynski, Henric and Negro, Michela and Ng, Mason and Omodei, Nicola and Possenti, Andrea and Tamagawa, Toru and Uchiyama, Keisuke and Weisskopf, Martin C. and Agudo, Ivan and Antonelli, Lucio A. and Baumgartner, Wayne H. and Bellazzini, Ronaldo and Bianchi, Stefano and Bongiorno, Stephen D. and Bonino, Raffaella and Brez, Alessandro and Bucciantini, Niccolò and Capitanio, Fiamma and Castellano, Simone and Cavazzuti, Elisabetta and Ciprini, Stefano and Costa, Enrico and De Rosa, Alessandra and Del Monte, Ettore and Di Gesu, Laura and Di Marco, Alessandro and Donnarumma, Immacolata and Dovčiak, Michal and Ehlert, Steven R. and Enoto, Teruaki and Evangelista, Yuri and Fabiani, Sergio and Ferrazzoli, Riccardo and Garcia, Javier A. and Gunji, Shuichi and Hayashida, Kiyoshi and Iwakiri, Wataru and Jorstad, Svetlana G. and Karas, Vladimir and Kitaguchi, Takao and Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J. and La Monaca, Fabio and Latronico, Luca and Liodakis, Ioannis and Maldera, Simone and Manfreda, Alberto and Marin, Frédéric and Marinucci, Andrea and Marscher, Alan P. and Marshall, Herman L. and Matt, Giorgio and Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki and Mizuno, Tsunefumi and Ng, Stephen C.-Y. and O’Dell, Stephen L. and Oppedisano, Chiara and Papitto, Alessandro and Pavlov, George G. and Peirson, Abel L. and Perri, Matteo and Pesce-Rollins, Melissa and Pilia, Maura and Poutanen, Juri and Puccetti, Simonetta and Ramsey, Brian D. and Ratheesh, Ajay and Romani, Roger W. and Sgrò, Carmelo and Slane, Patrick and Soffitta, Paolo and Spandre, Gloria and Tavecchio, Fabrizio and Tawara, Yuzuru and Tennant, Allyn F. and Thomas, Nicholas E. and Tombesi, Francesco and Trois, Alessio and Tsygankov, Sergey S. and Vink, Jacco and Wu, Kinwah and Xie, Fei}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, keywords = {Multidisciplinary}, number = {6620}, pages = {646--650}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Polarized x-rays from a magnetar}}, doi = {10.1126/science.add0080}, volume = {378}, year = {2022}, } @article{17069, abstract = {Fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm (polyspermy) leads to lethal genome imbalance and chromosome segregation defects. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the block to polyspermy is facilitated by a mechanism that prevents polytubey (the arrival of multiple pollen tubes to one ovule). We show here that FERONIA, ANJEA, and HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 receptor-like kinases located at the septum interact with pollen tube–specific RALF6, 7, 16, 36, and 37 peptide ligands to establish this polytubey block. The same combination of RALF (rapid alkalinization factor) peptides and receptor complexes controls pollen tube reception and rupture inside the targeted ovule. Pollen tube rupture releases the polytubey block at the septum, which allows the emergence of secondary pollen tubes upon fertilization failure. Thus, orchestrated steps in the fertilization process in Arabidopsis are coordinated by the same signaling components to guarantee and optimize reproductive success.}, author = {Zhong, Sheng and Li, Ling and Wang, Zhijuan and Ge, Zengxiang and Li, Qiyun and Bleckmann, Andrea and Wang, Jizong and Song, Zihan and Shi, Yihao and Liu, Tianxu and Li, Luhan and Zhou, Huabin and Wang, Yanyan and Zhang, Li and Wu, Hen-Ming and Lai, Luhua and Gu, Hongya and Dong, Juan and Cheung, Alice Y. and Dresselhaus, Thomas and Qu, Li-Jia}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6578}, pages = {290--296}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{RALF peptide signaling controls the polytubey block in Arabidopsis}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abl4683}, volume = {375}, year = {2022}, } @article{17071, abstract = {The eukaryotic nucleus pro­tects the genome and is enclosed by the two membranes of the nuclear envelope. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) perforate the nuclear envelope to facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport. With a molecular weight of ∼120 MDa, the human NPC is one of the larg­est protein complexes. Its ~1000 proteins are taken in multiple copies from a set of about 30 distinct nucleoporins (NUPs). They can be roughly categorized into two classes. Scaf­fold NUPs contain folded domains and form a cylindrical scaffold architecture around a central channel. Intrinsically disordered NUPs line the scaffold and extend into the central channel, where they interact with cargo complexes. The NPC architecture is highly dynamic. It responds to changes in nuclear envelope tension with conforma­tional breathing that manifests in dilation and constriction movements. Elucidating the scaffold architecture, ultimately at atomic resolution, will be important for gaining a more precise understanding of NPC function and dynamics but imposes a substantial chal­lenge for structural biologists. Considerable progress has been made toward this goal by a joint effort in the field. A synergistic combination of complementary approaches has turned out to be critical. In situ structural biology techniques were used to reveal the overall layout of the NPC scaffold that defines the spatial reference for molecular modeling. High-resolution structures of many NUPs were determined in vitro. Proteomic analysis and extensive biochemical work unraveled the interaction network of NUPs. Integra­tive modeling has been used to combine the different types of data, resulting in a rough outline of the NPC scaffold. Previous struc­tural models of the human NPC, however, were patchy and limited in accuracy owing to several challenges: (i) Many of the high-resolution structures of individual NUPs have been solved from distantly related species and, consequently, do not comprehensively cover their human counterparts. (ii) The scaf­fold is interconnected by a set of intrinsically disordered linker NUPs that are not straight­forwardly accessible to common structural biology techniques. (iii) The NPC scaffold intimately embraces the fused inner and outer nuclear membranes in a distinctive topol­ogy and cannot be studied in isolation. (iv) The conformational dynamics of scaffold NUPs limits the resolution achievable in structure determination. In this study, we used artificial intelligence (AI)–based prediction to generate an exten­sive repertoire of structural models of human NUPs and their subcomplexes. The resulting models cover various domains and interfaces that so far remained structurally uncharac­terized. Benchmarking against previous and unpublished x-ray and cryo–electron micros­copy structures revealed unprecedented accu­racy. We obtained well-resolved cryo–electron tomographic maps of both the constricted and dilated conformational states of the hu­man NPC. Using integrative modeling, we fit­ted the structural models of individual NUPs into the cryo–electron microscopy maps. We explicitly included several linker NUPs and traced their trajectory through the NPC scaf­fold. We elucidated in great detail how mem­brane-associated and transmembrane NUPs are distributed across the fusion topology of both nuclear membranes. The resulting architectural model increases the structural coverage of the human NPC scaffold by about twofold. We extensively validated our model against both earlier and new experimental data. The completeness of our model has enabled microsecond-long coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the NPC scaffold within an explicit membrane en­vironment and solvent. These simulations reveal that the NPC scaffold prevents the constriction of the otherwise stable double-membrane fusion pore to small diameters in the absence of membrane tension Our 70-MDa atomically re­solved model covers >90% of the human NPC scaffold. It captures conforma­tional changes that occur during dilation and constriction. It also reveals the precise anchoring sites for intrinsically disordered NUPs, the identification of which is a prerequisite for a complete and dy­namic model of the NPC. Our study exempli­fies how AI-based structure prediction may accelerate the elucidation of subcellular ar­chitecture at atomic resolution.}, author = {Mosalaganti, Shyamal and Obarska-Kosinska, Agnieszka and Siggel, Marc and Taniguchi, Reiya and Turoňová, Beata and Zimmerli, Christian E. and Buczak, Katarzyna and Schmidt, Florian and Margiotta, Erica and Mackmull, Marie-Therese and Hagen, Wim J. H. and Hummer, Gerhard and Kosinski, Jan and Beck, Martin}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6598}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{AI-based structure prediction empowers integrative structural analysis of human nuclear pores}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abm9506}, volume = {376}, year = {2022}, } @article{20763, abstract = {Compared with peripheral late-stage transformations mainly focusing on carbon–hydrogen functionalizations, reliable strategies to directly edit the core skeleton of pharmaceutical lead compounds still remain scarce despite the recent flurry of activity in this area. Herein, we report the skeletal editing of indoles through nitrogen atom insertion, accessing the corresponding quinazoline or quinoxaline bioisosteres by trapping of an electrophilic nitrene species generated from ammonium carbamate and hypervalent iodine. This reactivity relies on the strategic use of a silyl group as a labile protecting group that can facilitate subsequent product release. The utility of this highly functional group-compatible methodology in the context of late-stage skeletal editing of several commercial drugs is demonstrated.}, author = {Reisenbauer, Julia and Green, Ori and Franchino, Allegra and Finkelstein, Patrick and Morandi, Bill}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6610}, pages = {1104--1109}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Late-stage diversification of indole skeletons through nitrogen atom insertion}}, doi = {10.1126/science.add1383}, volume = {377}, year = {2022}, } @article{12187, abstract = {Genomes of germ cells present an existential vulnerability to organisms because germ cell mutations will propagate to future generations. Transposable elements are one source of such mutations. In the small flowering plant Arabidopsis, Long et al. found that genome methylation in the male germline is directed by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) imperfectly transcribed from transposons (see the Perspective by Mosher). These germline siRNAs silence germline transposons and establish inherited methylation patterns in sperm, thus maintaining the integrity of the plant genome across generations.}, author = {Long, Jincheng and Walker, James and She, Wenjing and Aldridge, Billy and Gao, Hongbo and Deans, Samuel and Vickers, Martin and Feng, Xiaoqi}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, keywords = {Multidisciplinary}, number = {6550}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Nurse cell-derived small RNAs define paternal epigenetic inheritance in Arabidopsis}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abh0556}, volume = {373}, year = {2021}, } @article{10616, abstract = {Electrons in moiré flat band systems can spontaneously break time-reversal symmetry, giving rise to a quantized anomalous Hall effect. In this study, we use a superconducting quantum interference device to image stray magnetic fields in twisted bilayer graphene aligned to hexagonal boron nitride. We find a magnetization of several Bohr magnetons per charge carrier, demonstrating that the magnetism is primarily orbital in nature. Our measurements reveal a large change in the magnetization as the chemical potential is swept across the quantum anomalous Hall gap, consistent with the expected contribution of chiral edge states to the magnetization of an orbital Chern insulator. Mapping the spatial evolution of field-driven magnetic reversal, we find a series of reproducible micrometer-scale domains pinned to structural disorder.}, author = {Tschirhart, C. L. and Serlin, M. and Polshyn, Hryhoriy and Shragai, A. and Xia, Z. and Zhu, J. and Zhang, Y. and Watanabe, K. and Taniguchi, T. and Huber, M. E. and Young, A. F.}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, keywords = {multidisciplinary}, number = {6548}, pages = {1323--1327}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Imaging orbital ferromagnetism in a moiré Chern insulator}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abd3190}, volume = {372}, year = {2021}, }