---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '17828'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We quantify the consequences of intergalactic dust produced by the first Type
    II supernovae in the universe. The fraction of gas converted into stars is calibrated
    based on the observed C/H ratio in the intergalactic medium at z = 3, assuming
    a Scalo mass function for the stars. The associated dust absorbs starlight energy
    and emits it at longer wavelengths. For a uniform mix of metals and dust with
    the intergalactic gas, we find that the dust distorts the microwave background
    spectrum by a y-parameter in the range (0.06-6) × 10-5 (MSN/0.3 M☉), where MSN
    is the average mass of dust produced per supernova. The opacity of intergalactic
    dust to infrared sources at redshifts of z ≳ 10 is significant, τdust = (0.1-1)
    × (MSN/0.3 M☉), and could be detected with the Next Generation Space Telescope.
    Although dust suppresses the Lyα emission from early sources, the redshifts of
    star clusters at z = 10-35 can be easily inferred from the Lyman limit break in
    their infrared spectrum between 1 and 3.5 μm.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Abraham
  full_name: Loeb, Abraham
  last_name: Loeb
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
citation:
  ama: Loeb A, Haiman Z. Signatures of intergalactic dust from the first supernovae.
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 1997;490(2):571-576. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/304919">10.1086/304919</a>
  apa: Loeb, A., &#38; Haiman, Z. (1997). Signatures of intergalactic dust from the
    first supernovae. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical Society.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/304919">https://doi.org/10.1086/304919</a>
  chicago: Loeb, Abraham, and Zoltán Haiman. “Signatures of Intergalactic Dust from
    the First Supernovae.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical
    Society, 1997. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/304919">https://doi.org/10.1086/304919</a>.
  ieee: A. Loeb and Z. Haiman, “Signatures of intergalactic dust from the first supernovae,”
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 490, no. 2. American Astronomical Society,
    pp. 571–576, 1997.
  ista: Loeb A, Haiman Z. 1997. Signatures of intergalactic dust from the first supernovae.
    The Astrophysical Journal. 490(2), 571–576.
  mla: Loeb, Abraham, and Zoltán Haiman. “Signatures of Intergalactic Dust from the
    First Supernovae.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 490, no. 2, American
    Astronomical Society, 1997, pp. 571–76, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/304919">10.1086/304919</a>.
  short: A. Loeb, Z. Haiman, The Astrophysical Journal 490 (1997) 571–576.
date_created: 2024-09-06T12:08:42Z
date_published: 1997-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-11-13T07:14:38Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1086/304919
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/9704133
intvolume: '       490'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9704133
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 571-576
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1538-4357
  issn:
  - 0004-637X
publication_status: published
publisher: American Astronomical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Signatures of intergalactic dust from the first supernovae
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 490
year: '1997'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '17848'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The high ionization level and nonzero metallicity (~1% Z☉) of the intergalactic
    gas at redshifts z ≲ 5 implies that nonlinear structure had started to form in
    the universe at earlier times than we currently probe. In cold dark matter (CDM)
    cosmologies, the first generation of baryonic objects emerges at redshifts z ~
    10-50. Here we examine the observable consequences of the possibility that an
    early generation of stars reionized the universe and resulted in the observed
    metallicity of the Lyα forest. Forthcoming microwave anisotropy experiments will
    be sensitive to the damping of anisotropies caused by scattering off free electrons
    from the reionization epoch. For a large range of CDM models with a Scalo stellar
    mass function, we find that reionization occurs at a redshift z ≳ 10 and damps
    the amplitude of anisotropies on angular scales ≲10° by a detectable amount, ~10%-25%.
    However, reionization is substantially delayed if the initial stellar mass function
    transformed most of the baryons into low-mass stars. In this case, the mass fraction
    of pregalactic stars could be constrained from the statistics of microlensing
    events in galactic halos or along lines of sight to quasars. Deep infrared imaging
    with future space telescopes (such as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility or
    the Next Generation Space Telescope) will be able to detect bright star clusters
    at z ≳ 5. The cumulative bremsstrahlung emission from these star clusters yields
    a measurable distortion to the spectrum of the microwave background.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
- first_name: Abraham
  full_name: Loeb, Abraham
  last_name: Loeb
citation:
  ama: Haiman Z, Loeb A. Signatures of stellar reionization of the universe. <i>The
    Astrophysical Journal</i>. 1997;483(1):21-37. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/304238">10.1086/304238</a>
  apa: Haiman, Z., &#38; Loeb, A. (1997). Signatures of stellar reionization of the
    universe. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical Society. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1086/304238">https://doi.org/10.1086/304238</a>
  chicago: Haiman, Zoltán, and Abraham Loeb. “Signatures of Stellar Reionization of
    the Universe.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical Society,
    1997. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/304238">https://doi.org/10.1086/304238</a>.
  ieee: Z. Haiman and A. Loeb, “Signatures of stellar reionization of the universe,”
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 483, no. 1. American Astronomical Society,
    pp. 21–37, 1997.
  ista: Haiman Z, Loeb A. 1997. Signatures of stellar reionization of the universe.
    The Astrophysical Journal. 483(1), 21–37.
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán, and Abraham Loeb. “Signatures of Stellar Reionization of the
    Universe.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 483, no. 1, American Astronomical
    Society, 1997, pp. 21–37, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/304238">10.1086/304238</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, A. Loeb, The Astrophysical Journal 483 (1997) 21–37.
date_created: 2024-09-06T12:25:48Z
date_published: 1997-07-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-11-13T07:53:11Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1086/304238
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/9611028
intvolume: '       483'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9611028
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 21-37
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1538-4357
  issn:
  - 0004-637X
publication_status: published
publisher: American Astronomical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Signatures of stellar reionization of the universe
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 483
year: '1997'
...
---
_id: '17822'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We investigate the formation of molecular hydrogen (H_2_) in a primordial
    H + He gas cloud irradiated by a power-law UV flux. We find that at high densities
    (~>1 cm^-3^) and low temperatures (<~10^4^ K), the background radiation enhances
    the formation of H_2_ and results in molecular cooling dominating over photoionization
    heating. This process could accelerate the collapse and fragmentation of dense
    objects at high redshifts.
article_number: '522'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
- first_name: Martin J.
  full_name: Rees, Martin J.
  last_name: Rees
- first_name: Abraham
  full_name: Loeb, Abraham
  last_name: Loeb
citation:
  ama: Haiman Z, Rees MJ, Loeb A. H 2 cooling of primordial gas triggered by UV irradiation.
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 1996;467. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/177628">10.1086/177628</a>
  apa: Haiman, Z., Rees, M. J., &#38; Loeb, A. (1996). H 2 cooling of primordial gas
    triggered by UV irradiation. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical
    Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/177628">https://doi.org/10.1086/177628</a>
  chicago: Haiman, Zoltán, Martin J. Rees, and Abraham Loeb. “H 2 Cooling of Primordial
    Gas Triggered by UV Irradiation.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical
    Society, 1996. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/177628">https://doi.org/10.1086/177628</a>.
  ieee: Z. Haiman, M. J. Rees, and A. Loeb, “H 2 cooling of primordial gas triggered
    by UV irradiation,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 467. American Astronomical
    Society, 1996.
  ista: Haiman Z, Rees MJ, Loeb A. 1996. H 2 cooling of primordial gas triggered by
    UV irradiation. The Astrophysical Journal. 467, 522.
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán, et al. “H 2 Cooling of Primordial Gas Triggered by UV Irradiation.”
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 467, 522, American Astronomical Society,
    1996, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/177628">10.1086/177628</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, M.J. Rees, A. Loeb, The Astrophysical Journal 467 (1996).
date_created: 2024-09-06T11:54:20Z
date_published: 1996-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-12-10T09:18:05Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1086/177628
extern: '1'
external_id:
  unknown:
  - astro-ph/9511126
intvolume: '       467'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511126
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1538-4357
  issn:
  - 0004-637X
publication_status: published
publisher: American Astronomical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: H 2 cooling of primordial gas triggered by UV irradiation
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 467
year: '1996'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '17834'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'We investigate the early formation of bound objects with masses comparable
    to the cosmological Jeans mass (~10^5^ M_sun_). We follow the growth of isolated
    spherically symmetric density peaks starting from the linear perturbative regime.
    The initial parameters correspond to density peaks of various widths and heights
    in a cold dark matter cosmology. We use a one-dimensional spherical Lagrangian
    hydrodynamics code to follow the dynamical, thermal, and nonequilibrium chemical
    evolution of the gas. The system includes a collisionless dark matter component
    and a baryonic component composed of the nine species H, H^-^, H^+^, He, He^+^,
    He^++^, H_2_, H_2_^+^, and e^-^. All relevant chemical reactions between these
    species and their cooling mechanisms are included in the calculations. We explore
    the dependence of the dynamical evolution of the gas on two parameters: the initial
    mass scale and the initial overdensity of the system. We follow the evolution
    of the density, temperature, and abundance profiles within the cloud, assuming
    two types of central boundary conditions for the collisionless component: in one
    the infalling dark matter virializes through a reflection from a hard sphere,
    while in the other it accretes onto a central sink. We find that in both cases,
    radiative cooling by H_2_ affects the collapse dynamics of the gas only after
    it has already virialized and become part of the bound object. Therefore, radiative
    cooling is unlikely to have triggered the initial collapse of perturbations at
    redshifts z > 10. Nevertheless, baryonic objects with masses well below the linear
    theory Jeans mass (<~10^3^ M_sun_) form at high redshifts because of shell crossing
    by the dark matter. Such objects could be the progenitors of a primordial population
    of high-mass stars in the intergalactic medium.'
article_number: '523'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
- first_name: Anne A.
  full_name: Thoul, Anne A.
  last_name: Thoul
- first_name: Abraham
  full_name: Loeb, Abraham
  last_name: Loeb
citation:
  ama: Haiman Z, Thoul AA, Loeb A. Cosmological formation of low-mass objects. <i>The
    Astrophysical Journal</i>. 1996;464. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/177343">10.1086/177343</a>
  apa: Haiman, Z., Thoul, A. A., &#38; Loeb, A. (1996). Cosmological formation of
    low-mass objects. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical Society.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/177343">https://doi.org/10.1086/177343</a>
  chicago: Haiman, Zoltán, Anne A. Thoul, and Abraham Loeb. “Cosmological Formation
    of Low-Mass Objects.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical
    Society, 1996. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/177343">https://doi.org/10.1086/177343</a>.
  ieee: Z. Haiman, A. A. Thoul, and A. Loeb, “Cosmological formation of low-mass objects,”
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 464. American Astronomical Society, 1996.
  ista: Haiman Z, Thoul AA, Loeb A. 1996. Cosmological formation of low-mass objects.
    The Astrophysical Journal. 464, 523.
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán, et al. “Cosmological Formation of Low-Mass Objects.” <i>The
    Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 464, 523, American Astronomical Society, 1996,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/177343">10.1086/177343</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, A.A. Thoul, A. Loeb, The Astrophysical Journal 464 (1996).
date_created: 2024-09-06T12:12:52Z
date_published: 1996-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-03T11:34:15Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1086/177343
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/9507111
intvolume: '       464'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9507111
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1538-4357
  issn:
  - 0004-637X
publication_status: published
publisher: American Astronomical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Cosmological formation of low-mass objects
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 464
year: '1996'
...