---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21012'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In certifiable machine learning, AI systems produce not only results but also
    verifiable certificates that the results can be trusted.
acknowledgement: T.A.H. thanks Đorde Žikelic for many stimulating discussions about
  CML. This work was supported in part by NSFCPS Frontier Grant 1545126, by a BAIR
  Commons project, by the Berkeley iCy-Phy Center, by the Stanford Center for Automated
  Reasoning, and by the ERC Advanced Grant 101020093.
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Clark
  full_name: Barrett, Clark
  last_name: Barrett
- first_name: Thomas A
  full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A
  id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Henzinger
  orcid: 0000-0002-2985-7724
- first_name: Sanjit A.
  full_name: Seshia, Sanjit A.
  last_name: Seshia
citation:
  ama: 'Barrett C, Henzinger TA, Seshia SA. Certificates in AI: Learn but verify.
    <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. 2026;69(1):66-75. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3737447">10.1145/3737447</a>'
  apa: 'Barrett, C., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Seshia, S. A. (2026). Certificates in
    AI: Learn but verify. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. Association for Computing
    Machinery. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3737447">https://doi.org/10.1145/3737447</a>'
  chicago: 'Barrett, Clark, Thomas A Henzinger, and Sanjit A. Seshia. “Certificates
    in AI: Learn but Verify.” <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. Association for Computing
    Machinery, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3737447">https://doi.org/10.1145/3737447</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Barrett, T. A. Henzinger, and S. A. Seshia, “Certificates in AI: Learn
    but verify,” <i>Communications of the ACM</i>, vol. 69, no. 1. Association for
    Computing Machinery, pp. 66–75, 2026.'
  ista: 'Barrett C, Henzinger TA, Seshia SA. 2026. Certificates in AI: Learn but verify.
    Communications of the ACM. 69(1), 66–75.'
  mla: 'Barrett, Clark, et al. “Certificates in AI: Learn but Verify.” <i>Communications
    of the ACM</i>, vol. 69, no. 1, Association for Computing Machinery, 2026, pp.
    66–75, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3737447">10.1145/3737447</a>.'
  short: C. Barrett, T.A. Henzinger, S.A. Seshia, Communications of the ACM 69 (2026)
    66–75.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-01-20T10:08:21Z
date_published: 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-01-21T08:55:24Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: ToHe
doi: 10.1145/3737447
ec_funded: 1
file:
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  checksum: d909a9091c254b2d18ba014124663f69
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  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-01-21T08:52:07Z
  date_updated: 2026-01-21T08:52:07Z
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  file_size: 2623108
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has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        69'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 66-75
project:
- _id: 62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101020093'
  name: Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software
publication: Communications of the ACM
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1557-7317
  issn:
  - 0001-0782
publication_status: published
publisher: Association for Computing Machinery
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Certificates in AI: Learn but verify'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 69
year: '2026'
...