---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21013'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We have addressed convective self‐aggregation (CSA) in steady and oscillating
    sea surface temperature (SST) and solar radiation (SOLIN) cloud‐resolving model
    simulations in a non‐rotating radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) framework.
    Our experiment designs are motivated by land‐ocean heterogeneity of atmospheric
    convection. The steady and oscillating forcings are idealizations of ocean and
    land conditions, respectively, based on their differences in heat capacities.
    In both kinds of simulations, the diurnal mean SST and SOLIN are the same, and
    both SST and SOLIN are only varied in time (i.e., they are spatially homogeneous
    at any given time). We find that diurnally oscillating forcing accelerates CSA.
    Stronger long‐wave cooling in dry regions at night and during the warm SST phase
    (late afternoon) both allow the long‐wave feedback, known to favor aggregation,
    to intensify compared to steady forcing simulations. In addition to the long‐wave,
    reduced short‐wave warming in dry regions (during the day) further enhances radiative
    cooling there compared to moist regions. Overall, the radiative cooling is enhanced
    in dry regions compared to neighboring moist convective regions. A dry subsidence
    is driven by this net radiative (short‐wave plus long‐wave) cooling, consistent
    with earlier work on CSA. Stronger radiative cooling allows stronger subsidence
    which allows low‐level circulation to more efficiently transport moisture and
    energy up‐gradient, driving convection to aggregate faster. We also note a sensitivity
    of our experimental setup to initial conditions, more so at warmer SST. This stochastic
    behavior might be critical in reconciling the differences of opinion regarding
    the response of convection aggregation to oscillating SST forcing.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the European Research
  Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
  (Project CLUSTER, Grant Agreement No. 805041). This research was supported by the
  Scientific Service Units (SSU) of ISTA through resources provided by Scientific
  Computing (SciComp). We are grateful to three anonymous reviewer(s) for their insightful
  suggestions that have improved the quality of our manuscript. Open Access funding
  provided by Institute of Science and Technology Austria/KEMÖ.
article_number: e2024MS004576
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: BIDYUT B
  full_name: GOSWAMI, BIDYUT B
  id: 3a4ac09c-6d61-11ec-bf66-884cde66b64b
  last_name: GOSWAMI
  orcid: 0000-0001-8602-3083
- first_name: Ziyin
  full_name: Lu, Ziyin
  id: a6e549c6-8972-11ed-ae7b-a336d97ac043
  last_name: Lu
  orcid: 0009-0008-5320-7730
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
citation:
  ama: GOSWAMI BB, Lu Z, Muller CJ. Convective self‐aggregation in diurnally oscillating
    sea surface temperature and solar forcing experiments. <i>Journal of Advances
    in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. 2026;18(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ms004576">10.1029/2024ms004576</a>
  apa: GOSWAMI, B. B., Lu, Z., &#38; Muller, C. J. (2026). Convective self‐aggregation
    in diurnally oscillating sea surface temperature and solar forcing experiments.
    <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ms004576">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ms004576</a>
  chicago: GOSWAMI, BIDYUT B, Ziyin Lu, and Caroline J Muller. “Convective Self‐aggregation
    in Diurnally Oscillating Sea Surface Temperature and Solar Forcing Experiments.”
    <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ms004576">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ms004576</a>.
  ieee: B. B. GOSWAMI, Z. Lu, and C. J. Muller, “Convective self‐aggregation in diurnally
    oscillating sea surface temperature and solar forcing experiments,” <i>Journal
    of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 18, no. 1. Wiley, 2026.
  ista: GOSWAMI BB, Lu Z, Muller CJ. 2026. Convective self‐aggregation in diurnally
    oscillating sea surface temperature and solar forcing experiments. Journal of
    Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 18(1), e2024MS004576.
  mla: GOSWAMI, BIDYUT B., et al. “Convective Self‐aggregation in Diurnally Oscillating
    Sea Surface Temperature and Solar Forcing Experiments.” <i>Journal of Advances
    in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 18, no. 1, e2024MS004576, Wiley, 2026, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ms004576">10.1029/2024ms004576</a>.
  short: B.B. GOSWAMI, Z. Lu, C.J. Muller, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
    18 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-01-20T10:08:54Z
date_published: 2026-01-12T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-01-21T08:41:19Z
day: '12'
ddc:
- '550'
department:
- _id: CaMu
- _id: BjHo
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1029/2024ms004576
ec_funded: 1
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 6ea369e3b46bea58efab4f38b6c671a7
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  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-01-21T08:39:01Z
  date_updated: 2026-01-21T08:39:01Z
  file_id: '21027'
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  file_size: 19509786
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-01-21T08:39:01Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        18'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 629205d8-2b32-11ec-9570-e1356ff73576
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '805041'
  name: Organization of CLoUdS, and implications of Tropical  cyclones and for the
    Energetics of the tropics, in current and waRming climate
publication: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1942-2466
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Convective self‐aggregation in diurnally oscillating sea surface temperature
  and solar forcing experiments
tmp:
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  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 18
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '21657'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We compare three global kilometer-scale models (ICON, IFS and NICAM) to clarify
    the advantages and challenges of high-resolution global weather and climate modeling,
    using different approaches to represent convection, from fully parameterized to
    fully explicit. Our analysis focuses on tropical precipitation characteristics
    spanning a wide range of spatio-temporal scales—including the diurnal cycle, extreme
    precipitation, convective organization, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)—along
    with interactions between convection and the thermodynamic environment. All three
    models commonly show weaker convective organization with smaller precipitation
    cells than observed, though the strength of the bias varies by model. This diversity
    is introduced by differences in the representation of (a) convective initiation
    affected by the convective sensitivity to moisture and (b) tropospheric moistening
    associated with deep convection. Models with stronger thermodynamic-convection
    coupling increase environmental moisture near convection, thereby enhancing convective
    organization. This has important upscale effects on the MJO; while IFS and NICAM
    capture its eastward propagation well, ICON has difficulty reproducing it. The
    amplitudes and phases of precipitation diurnal cycles over land show much greater
    disagreement among the models than over ocean, influenced by how convection is
    initiated. Biases in rain evaporation and cold pool formation hinder the propagation
    of mesoscale convection, leading to errors such as the misrepresentation of nocturnal
    convection moving off the coast of Sumatra in IFS and ICON. These results highlight
    the importance of thermodynamic-convection coupling in realistically simulating
    tropical convection across scales. To improve this coupling, kilometer-scale models
    require better representation of the interaction between resolved convection and
    three-dimensional turbulent mixing.
acknowledgement: 'We thank Peter Bechtold, Lukas Brunner, Peter Dueben, Richard Forbes,
  Estibaliz Gascon, and Benoit Vanniere for providing insightful comments on the present
  study. We also thank Sebastian Milinski, Xabier Pedruzo and Thomas Rackow for their
  contributions to setting up IFS-FESOM for nextGEMS. We are also grateful to Dr.
  Walter Hannah and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments, which improved
  the original version of the manuscript. D. Takasuka was supported by JSPS KAKENHI
  Grants 20H05728 and 24K22893 and by JSPS Core-to-Core Program, “International Core-to-Core
  Project on Global Storm Resolving Analysis” (Grant Number: JPJSCCA20220001). T.
  Becker was supported by the Horizon 2020 project nextGEMS under grant agreement
  number 101003470. J. Bao acknowledges funding from the European Union''s Horizon
  2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (grant
  agreement No 101034413). The ICON and IFS simulations were performed with supercomputing
  resources of the German Climate Computing Centre (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum,
  DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID 1235.
  The NICAM simulation was performed on the supercomputer Fugaku (proposal numbers
  hp220132, hp230078, hp230108, hp230278, and hp240267).'
article_number: e2025MS005343
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Daisuke
  full_name: Takasuka, Daisuke
  last_name: Takasuka
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Becker, Tobias
  last_name: Becker
- first_name: Jiawei
  full_name: Bao, Jiawei
  id: bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160
  last_name: Bao
citation:
  ama: Takasuka D, Becker T, Bao J. Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection
    coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations. <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems</i>. 2026;18(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343">10.1029/2025MS005343</a>
  apa: Takasuka, D., Becker, T., &#38; Bao, J. (2026). Precipitation characteristics
    and thermodynamic-convection coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations. <i>Journal
    of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343">https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343</a>
  chicago: Takasuka, Daisuke, Tobias Becker, and Jiawei Bao. “Precipitation Characteristics
    and Thermodynamic-Convection Coupling in Global Kilometer-Scale Simulations.”
    <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343">https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343</a>.
  ieee: D. Takasuka, T. Becker, and J. Bao, “Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection
    coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations,” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems</i>, vol. 18, no. 3. Wiley, 2026.
  ista: Takasuka D, Becker T, Bao J. 2026. Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection
    coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations. Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems. 18(3), e2025MS005343.
  mla: Takasuka, Daisuke, et al. “Precipitation Characteristics and Thermodynamic-Convection
    Coupling in Global Kilometer-Scale Simulations.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems</i>, vol. 18, no. 3, e2025MS005343, Wiley, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343">10.1029/2025MS005343</a>.
  short: D. Takasuka, T. Becker, J. Bao, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
    18 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-04-05T22:01:31Z
date_published: 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-16T10:43:35Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '550'
department:
- _id: CaMu
doi: 10.1029/2025MS005343
ec_funded: 1
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: ca7dac4bab31348d0640ed22580c6dce
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-04-07T09:11:23Z
  date_updated: 2026-04-07T09:11:23Z
  file_id: '21665'
  file_name: 2026_JAMES_Takasuka.pdf
  file_size: 3854313
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-04-07T09:11:23Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        18'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101034413'
  name: 'IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program'
publication: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1942-2466
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection coupling in global
  kilometer-scale simulations
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 18
year: '2026'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '19416'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Recently, Biagioli and Tompkins (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003231)
    used a simple stochastic model to derive a dimensionless parameter to predict
    convective self aggregation (SA) development, which was based on the derivation
    of the maximum free convective distance ($d_{clr}$) expected in the pre-aggregated,
    random state. Our goal is to test and further investigate this hypothesis, namely
    that $d_{clr}$ can predict SA occurrence, using an ensemble of twenty-four distinct
    combinations of horizontal mixing, planetary boundary layer (PBL), and microphysical
    parameterizations. We conclude that the key impact of parameterization schemes
    on SA is through their control of the number of convective cores and their relative
    spacing, $d_{clr}$, which itself is impacted by cold-pool (CP) properties and
    mean updraft core size. SA is more likely when the convective core count is small,
    while CPs modify convective spacing via suppression in their interiors and triggering
    by gust-front convergence and collisions. Each parameterization scheme emphasizes
    a different mechanism. Subgrid-scale horizontal turbulent mixing mainly affects
    SA through the determination of convective core size and thus spacing. The sensitivity
    to the microphysics is mainly through rain evaporation and the subsequent impact
    on CPs, while perturbations to the ice cloud microphysics have a limited effect.
    Non-local PBL mixing schemes promote SA primarily by increasing convective inhibition
    through inversion entrainment and altering low cloud amounts, leading to fewer
    convective cores and larger $d_{clr}$. '
acknowledgement: This article is based on chapter 3 of AC Ph.D. thesis. The authors
  thank Graziano Giuliani for his coding assistance. We also thank Daniel Hernández-Deckers,
  Paolina Cerlini, and especially to Giovanni Biagioli for discussions and feedback.
  We also thank two reviewers for their insightful comments. AC was supported by a
  fellowship awarded by ICTP and by the European Union Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie
  grant agreement No. 101034413. CM acknowledges funding from the European Research
  Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
  (Project CLUSTER, Grant Agreement No. 805041).
article_number: e2024MS004791
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Alejandro
  full_name: Casallas Garcia, Alejandro
  id: 92081129-2d75-11ef-a48d-b04dd7a2385a
  last_name: Casallas Garcia
  orcid: 0000-0002-1988-5035
- first_name: A.M.
  full_name: Tompkins, A.M.
  last_name: Tompkins
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
- first_name: G.
  full_name: Thompson, G.
  last_name: Thompson
citation:
  ama: Casallas Garcia A, Tompkins AM, Muller CJ, Thompson G. Sensitivity of self-aggregation
    and the key role of the free convection distance. <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems</i>. 2025;17(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004791">10.1029/2024MS004791</a>
  apa: Casallas Garcia, A., Tompkins, A. M., Muller, C. J., &#38; Thompson, G. (2025).
    Sensitivity of self-aggregation and the key role of the free convection distance.
    <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004791">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004791</a>
  chicago: Casallas Garcia, Alejandro, A.M. Tompkins, Caroline J Muller, and G. Thompson.
    “Sensitivity of Self-Aggregation and the Key Role of the Free Convection Distance.”
    <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004791">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004791</a>.
  ieee: A. Casallas Garcia, A. M. Tompkins, C. J. Muller, and G. Thompson, “Sensitivity
    of self-aggregation and the key role of the free convection distance,” <i>Journal
    of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 17, no. 3. Wiley, 2025.
  ista: Casallas Garcia A, Tompkins AM, Muller CJ, Thompson G. 2025. Sensitivity of
    self-aggregation and the key role of the free convection distance. Journal of
    Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 17(3), e2024MS004791.
  mla: Casallas Garcia, Alejandro, et al. “Sensitivity of Self-Aggregation and the
    Key Role of the Free Convection Distance.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems</i>, vol. 17, no. 3, e2024MS004791, Wiley, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004791">10.1029/2024MS004791</a>.
  short: A. Casallas Garcia, A.M. Tompkins, C.J. Muller, G. Thompson, Journal of Advances
    in Modeling Earth Systems 17 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-03-19T07:58:38Z
date_published: 2025-03-18T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-30T11:04:38Z
day: '18'
ddc:
- '550'
department:
- _id: CaMu
doi: 10.1029/2024MS004791
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001447023900001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: bc32677e63f8abb07b330f4a08da796d
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: acasalla
  date_created: 2025-03-19T07:58:21Z
  date_updated: 2025-03-19T07:58:21Z
  file_id: '19417'
  file_name: Casallas_et_al_2025_dclr.pdf
  file_size: 18285343
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2025-03-19T07:58:21Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        17'
isi: 1
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101034413'
  name: 'IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program'
- _id: 629205d8-2b32-11ec-9570-e1356ff73576
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '805041'
  name: Organization of CLoUdS, and implications of Tropical  cyclones and for the
    Energetics of the tropics, in current and waRming climate
publication: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1942-2466
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Sensitivity of self-aggregation and the key role of the free convection distance
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 17
year: '2025'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '19672'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Some of the classical models of tropical cyclone intensification predict
    tropical cyclones to intensify up to a steady intensity, which depends on surface
    fluxes only, without any relevant role played by convective motions in the troposphere,
    typically assumed to have a moist adiabatic lapse rate. Simulations performed
    using the non-hydrostatic, high-resolution model System for Atmosphere Modeling
    in idealized settings (rotating radiative-convective equilibrium on a doubly periodic
    domain) show early intensification consistent with these theoretical expectations,
    but different intensity evolution, with the cyclone undergoing an oscillation
    in wind speed. This oscillation can be linked to feedbacks between the cyclone
    intensity and air buoyancy: convective heating, radiative heating, and mixing
    with warm low stratospheric air warm the mid and upper troposphere of the cyclone
    stabilizing the air column and thus reducing its intensity. After the intensity
    decay phase, mid and upper tropospheric cooling, mostly through cold advection
    from the surroundings, cooled by radiation, rebuilds Convective Available Potential
    Energy, that peaks just before a new intensification phase. These idealized simulations
    thus highlight the potentially important interactions between a tropical cyclone,
    its environment and radiation.'
acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge two anonymous reviewers and the editor who
  provided insightful remarks and comments that helped to significantly improve the
  manuscript. AP and CJM gratefully acknowledges funding from the European Research
  Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
  (Project CLUSTER, Grant Agreement No. 805041). Part of this work is an outcome of
  the project MIUR—Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023–2027. ANM is supported by HPC-TRES
  Grant 2023-04.
article_number: e2024MS004613
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Polesello, Andrea
  id: 74c777f4-32da-11ee-b498-874db0835561
  last_name: Polesello
- first_name: Giousef Alexandros
  full_name: Charinti, Giousef Alexandros
  id: 7f7cc04c-074c-11ed-af92-eb16afd85c75
  last_name: Charinti
- first_name: Agostino Niyonkuru
  full_name: Meroni, Agostino Niyonkuru
  last_name: Meroni
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
- first_name: Claudia
  full_name: Pasquero, Claudia
  last_name: Pasquero
citation:
  ama: 'Polesello A, Charinti GA, Meroni AN, Muller CJ, Pasquero C. Intensity oscillations
    of tropical cyclones: Surface versus mid and upper tropospheric processes. <i>Journal
    of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. 2025;17(4). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004613">10.1029/2024MS004613</a>'
  apa: 'Polesello, A., Charinti, G. A., Meroni, A. N., Muller, C. J., &#38; Pasquero,
    C. (2025). Intensity oscillations of tropical cyclones: Surface versus mid and
    upper tropospheric processes. <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>.
    Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004613">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004613</a>'
  chicago: 'Polesello, Andrea, Giousef Alexandros Charinti, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni,
    Caroline J Muller, and Claudia Pasquero. “Intensity Oscillations of Tropical Cyclones:
    Surface versus Mid and Upper Tropospheric Processes.” <i>Journal of Advances in
    Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004613">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004613</a>.'
  ieee: 'A. Polesello, G. A. Charinti, A. N. Meroni, C. J. Muller, and C. Pasquero,
    “Intensity oscillations of tropical cyclones: Surface versus mid and upper tropospheric
    processes,” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 17, no.
    4. Wiley, 2025.'
  ista: 'Polesello A, Charinti GA, Meroni AN, Muller CJ, Pasquero C. 2025. Intensity
    oscillations of tropical cyclones: Surface versus mid and upper tropospheric processes.
    Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 17(4), e2024MS004613.'
  mla: 'Polesello, Andrea, et al. “Intensity Oscillations of Tropical Cyclones: Surface
    versus Mid and Upper Tropospheric Processes.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems</i>, vol. 17, no. 4, e2024MS004613, Wiley, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004613">10.1029/2024MS004613</a>.'
  short: A. Polesello, G.A. Charinti, A.N. Meroni, C.J. Muller, C. Pasquero, Journal
    of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 17 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-05-11T22:02:41Z
date_published: 2025-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-30T12:30:29Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '550'
department:
- _id: CaMu
doi: 10.1029/2024MS004613
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001472439600001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 2f7c74aceaeea4be1fff4de300791319
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-05-12T12:17:08Z
  date_updated: 2025-05-12T12:17:08Z
  file_id: '19683'
  file_name: 2025_JAMES_Polesello.pdf
  file_size: 942325
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-05-12T12:17:08Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        17'
isi: 1
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 629205d8-2b32-11ec-9570-e1356ff73576
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '805041'
  name: Organization of CLoUdS, and implications of Tropical  cyclones and for the
    Energetics of the tropics, in current and waRming climate
publication: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1942-2466
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Intensity oscillations of tropical cyclones: Surface versus mid and upper
  tropospheric processes'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 17
year: '2025'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '20319'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The time needed by deep convection to bring the atmosphere back to equilibrium
    is called convective adjustment timescale or simply adjustment timescale, typically
    denoted by . In the Community Atmospheric Model|Community Atmosphere Model (CAM),  is
    the convective available potential energy (CAPE) relaxation timescale and is 1 hr,
    worldwide. Observational evidence suggests that  is generally longer than 1 hr.
    Further, continental and oceanic convection are different in terms of the vigor
    of updrafts and can have different longevities. So using  hour worldwide in CAM
    has two potential caveats. A longer  improves the simulation of the mean climate.
    However, it does not address the land‐ocean heterogeneity of atmospheric deep
    convection. We investigate the prescription of two different CAPE relaxation timescales
    for land ( hr) and ocean ( to 4 hr). It is arguably an extremely crude parameterization
    of boundary layer control on atmospheric convection. We contrast a suite of 5‐year‐long
    simulations with two different  for land and ocean to having one  globally. The
    choice of longer  over ocean is guided by previous studies and inspired by observational
    pieces of evidence. Nonetheless, to complement our variable  experiments, we perform
    a simulation with  hr and  hrs. Most importantly, our key findings are immune
    to the exact values of prescribed  and . The CAM model, with two  values , improves
    convective‐stratiform rainfall partitioning and the Madden–Julian oscillation
    propagation characteristics.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the European Research
  Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
  (Project CLUSTER, Grant 805041). This research was supported by the Scientific Service
  Units (SSU) of ISTA through resources provided by Scientific Computing (SciComp).
  We would like to thank Prof. Courtney Schumacher and Dr. Aaron Funk of Texas A&M
  University for their help in understanding the TRMM Radar data. The authors are
  grateful to two anonymous reviewers who helped improve the quality of this paper.
article_number: e2025MS005035
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: BIDYUT B
  full_name: GOSWAMI, BIDYUT B
  id: 3a4ac09c-6d61-11ec-bf66-884cde66b64b
  last_name: GOSWAMI
  orcid: 0000-0001-8602-3083
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Polesello, Andrea
  id: 74c777f4-32da-11ee-b498-874db0835561
  last_name: Polesello
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
citation:
  ama: GOSWAMI BB, Polesello A, Muller CJ. An assessment of representing land‐ocean
    heterogeneity via CAPE relaxation timescale in the Community Atmospheric Model
    6 (CAM6). <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. 2025;17(9). doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ms005035">10.1029/2025ms005035</a>
  apa: GOSWAMI, B. B., Polesello, A., &#38; Muller, C. J. (2025). An assessment of
    representing land‐ocean heterogeneity via CAPE relaxation timescale in the Community
    Atmospheric Model 6 (CAM6). <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>.
    Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ms005035">https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ms005035</a>
  chicago: GOSWAMI, BIDYUT B, Andrea Polesello, and Caroline J Muller. “An Assessment
    of Representing Land‐ocean Heterogeneity via CAPE Relaxation Timescale in the
    Community Atmospheric Model 6 (CAM6).” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth
    Systems</i>. Wiley, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ms005035">https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ms005035</a>.
  ieee: B. B. GOSWAMI, A. Polesello, and C. J. Muller, “An assessment of representing
    land‐ocean heterogeneity via CAPE relaxation timescale in the Community Atmospheric
    Model 6 (CAM6),” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 17,
    no. 9. Wiley, 2025.
  ista: GOSWAMI BB, Polesello A, Muller CJ. 2025. An assessment of representing land‐ocean
    heterogeneity via CAPE relaxation timescale in the Community Atmospheric Model
    6 (CAM6). Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 17(9), e2025MS005035.
  mla: GOSWAMI, BIDYUT B., et al. “An Assessment of Representing Land‐ocean Heterogeneity
    via CAPE Relaxation Timescale in the Community Atmospheric Model 6 (CAM6).” <i>Journal
    of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 17, no. 9, e2025MS005035, Wiley,
    2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ms005035">10.1029/2025ms005035</a>.
  short: B.B. GOSWAMI, A. Polesello, C.J. Muller, Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems 17 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-09-10T05:36:16Z
date_published: 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-10T08:14:28Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '550'
department:
- _id: CaMu
doi: 10.1029/2025ms005035
ec_funded: 1
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 5961d6290432c5ac0e8587ef07f30c9b
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-09-10T08:12:34Z
  date_updated: 2025-09-10T08:12:34Z
  file_id: '20338'
  file_name: 2025_JAMES_Goswami.pdf
  file_size: 2143025
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-09-10T08:12:34Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        17'
issue: '9'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 629205d8-2b32-11ec-9570-e1356ff73576
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '805041'
  name: Organization of CLoUdS, and implications of Tropical  cyclones and for the
    Energetics of the tropics, in current and waRming climate
publication: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1942-2466
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: An assessment of representing land‐ocean heterogeneity via CAPE relaxation
  timescale in the Community Atmospheric Model 6 (CAM6)
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 17
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '14453'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Squall lines are substantially influenced by the interaction of low-level
    shear with cold pools associated with convective downdrafts. Beyond an optimal
    shear amplitude, squall lines tend to orient themselves at an angle with respect
    to the low-level shear. While the mechanisms behind squall line orientation seem
    to be increasingly well understood, uncertainties remain on the implications of
    this orientation. Roca and Fiolleau (2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00015-4)
    show that long lived mesoscale convective systems, including squall lines, are
    disproportionately involved in rainfall extremes in the tropics. This article
    investigates the influence of the interaction between low-level shear and squall
    line outflow on squall line generated precipitation extrema in the tropics. Using
    a cloud resolving model, simulated squall lines in radiative convective equilibrium
    amid a shear-dominated regime (super optimal), a balanced regime (optimal), and
    an outflow dominated regime (suboptimal). Our results show that precipitation
    extremes in squall lines are 40% more intense in the case of optimal shear and
    remain 30% superior in the superoptimal regime relative to a disorganized case.
    With a theoretical scaling of precipitation extremes (C. Muller & Takayabu, 2020,
    https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7130), we show that the condensation rates
    control the amplification of precipitation extremes in tropical squall lines,
    mainly due to its change in vertical mass flux (dynamic component). The reduction
    of dilution by entrainment explains half of this change, consistent with Mulholland
    et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0299.1). The other half is explained
    by increased cloud-base velocity intensity in optimal and superoptimal squall
    lines.
acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the European Research
  Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
  (Project CLUSTER, Grant Agreement No. 805041). This work is also supported by a
  PhD fellowship funded by the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay. Authors are
  also grateful to Benjamin Filider, who was of great help and support in the development
  of ideas. Eventually, we would like to thank Martin Singh, John M. Peters and an
  anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and suggestions, which greatly improved
  the quality of the manuscript.
article_number: e2022MS003477
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Sophie
  full_name: Abramian, Sophie
  last_name: Abramian
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
- first_name: Camille
  full_name: Risi, Camille
  last_name: Risi
citation:
  ama: Abramian S, Muller CJ, Risi C. Extreme precipitation in tropical squall lines.
    <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. 2023;15(10). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003477">10.1029/2022MS003477</a>
  apa: Abramian, S., Muller, C. J., &#38; Risi, C. (2023). Extreme precipitation in
    tropical squall lines. <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003477">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003477</a>
  chicago: Abramian, Sophie, Caroline J Muller, and Camille Risi. “Extreme Precipitation
    in Tropical Squall Lines.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>.
    Wiley, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003477">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003477</a>.
  ieee: S. Abramian, C. J. Muller, and C. Risi, “Extreme precipitation in tropical
    squall lines,” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 15,
    no. 10. Wiley, 2023.
  ista: Abramian S, Muller CJ, Risi C. 2023. Extreme precipitation in tropical squall
    lines. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 15(10), e2022MS003477.
  mla: Abramian, Sophie, et al. “Extreme Precipitation in Tropical Squall Lines.”
    <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 15, no. 10, e2022MS003477,
    Wiley, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003477">10.1029/2022MS003477</a>.
  short: S. Abramian, C.J. Muller, C. Risi, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth
    Systems 15 (2023).
date_created: 2023-10-29T23:01:15Z
date_published: 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-11-05T09:00:44Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '550'
department:
- _id: CaMu
doi: 10.1029/2022MS003477
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001084933600001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 43e6a1a35b663843c7d3f8d0caaca1a5
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-10-30T13:31:42Z
  date_updated: 2023-10-30T13:31:42Z
  file_id: '14470'
  file_name: 2023_JAMES_Abramian.pdf
  file_size: 1975210
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-10-30T13:31:42Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        15'
isi: 1
issue: '10'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 629205d8-2b32-11ec-9570-e1356ff73576
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '805041'
  name: Organization of CLoUdS, and implications of Tropical  cyclones and for the
    Energetics of the tropics, in current and waRming climate
publication: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1942-2466
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Extreme precipitation in tropical squall lines
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 15
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '14564'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Cumulus parameterization (CP) in state‐of‐the‐art global climate models is
    based on the quasi‐equilibrium assumption (QEA), which views convection as the
    action of an ensemble of cumulus clouds, in a state of equilibrium with respect
    to a slowly varying atmospheric state. This view is not compatible with the organization
    and dynamical interactions across multiple scales of cloud systems in the tropics
    and progress in this research area was slow over decades despite the widely recognized
    major shortcomings. Novel ideas on how to represent key physical processes of
    moist convection‐large‐scale interaction to overcome the QEA have surged recently.
    The stochastic multicloud model (SMCM) CP in particular mimics the dynamical interactions
    of multiple cloud types that characterize organized tropical convection. Here,
    the SMCM is used to modify the Zhang‐McFarlane (ZM) CP by changing the way in
    which the bulk mass flux and bulk entrainment and detrainment rates are calculated.
    This is done by introducing a stochastic ensemble of plumes characterized by randomly
    varying detrainment level distributions based on the cloud area fraction of the
    SMCM. The SMCM is here extended to include shallow cumulus clouds resulting in
    a unified shallow‐deep CP. The new stochastic multicloud plume CP is validated
    against the control ZM scheme in the context of the single column Community Climate
    Model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research using data from both tropical
    ocean and midlatitude land convection. Some key features of the SMCM CP such as
    it capability to represent the tri‐modal nature of organized convection are emphasized.
acknowledgement: The research of B.K. is supported in part by a Discovery Grant from
  the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-04246-2020).
  This research was conducted during the visits of P.M. Krishna to the Center for
  Prototype Climate Models at NYU Abu Dhabi and University of Victoria from November
  2018 to June 2019 and July 2019 and October 2019, respectively. The authors are
  very grateful to the three anonymous reviewers who provided very thoughtful and
  constructive comments during the review process that helped greatly improve and
  shape the final version of the manuscript.
article_number: e2022MS003391
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: B.
  full_name: Khouider, B.
  last_name: Khouider
- first_name: BIDYUT B
  full_name: GOSWAMI, BIDYUT B
  id: 3a4ac09c-6d61-11ec-bf66-884cde66b64b
  last_name: GOSWAMI
  orcid: 0000-0001-8602-3083
- first_name: R.
  full_name: Phani, R.
  last_name: Phani
- first_name: A. J.
  full_name: Majda, A. J.
  last_name: Majda
citation:
  ama: Khouider B, GOSWAMI BB, Phani R, Majda AJ. A shallow‐deep unified stochastic
    mass flux cumulus parameterization in the single column community climate model.
    <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. 2023;15(11). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003391">10.1029/2022ms003391</a>
  apa: Khouider, B., GOSWAMI, B. B., Phani, R., &#38; Majda, A. J. (2023). A shallow‐deep
    unified stochastic mass flux cumulus parameterization in the single column community
    climate model. <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. American
    Geophysical Union. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003391">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003391</a>
  chicago: Khouider, B., BIDYUT B GOSWAMI, R. Phani, and A. J. Majda. “A Shallow‐deep
    Unified Stochastic Mass Flux Cumulus Parameterization in the Single Column Community
    Climate Model.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. American
    Geophysical Union, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003391">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003391</a>.
  ieee: B. Khouider, B. B. GOSWAMI, R. Phani, and A. J. Majda, “A shallow‐deep unified
    stochastic mass flux cumulus parameterization in the single column community climate
    model,” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 15, no. 11.
    American Geophysical Union, 2023.
  ista: Khouider B, GOSWAMI BB, Phani R, Majda AJ. 2023. A shallow‐deep unified stochastic
    mass flux cumulus parameterization in the single column community climate model.
    Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 15(11), e2022MS003391.
  mla: Khouider, B., et al. “A Shallow‐deep Unified Stochastic Mass Flux Cumulus Parameterization
    in the Single Column Community Climate Model.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems</i>, vol. 15, no. 11, e2022MS003391, American Geophysical Union,
    2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003391">10.1029/2022ms003391</a>.
  short: B. Khouider, B.B. GOSWAMI, R. Phani, A.J. Majda, Journal of Advances in Modeling
    Earth Systems 15 (2023).
date_created: 2023-11-20T09:18:21Z
date_published: 2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-09T13:29:45Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '550'
department:
- _id: CaMu
doi: 10.1029/2022ms003391
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001106311000001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: e30329dd985559de0ddc7021ca7382b4
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-11-20T11:29:16Z
  date_updated: 2023-11-20T11:29:16Z
  file_id: '14582'
  file_name: 2023_JAMES_Khoulder.pdf
  file_size: 6435697
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-11-20T11:29:16Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        15'
isi: 1
issue: '11'
keyword:
- General Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Environmental Chemistry
- Global and Planetary Change
language:
- iso: eng
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1942-2466
publication_status: published
publisher: American Geophysical Union
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A shallow‐deep unified stochastic mass flux cumulus parameterization in the
  single column community climate model
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 15
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '14654'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Two assumptions commonly applied in convection schemes—the diagnostic and
    quasi-equilibrium assumptions—imply that convective activity (e.g., convective
    precipitation) is controlled only by the large-scale (macrostate) environment
    at the time. In contrast, numerical experiments indicate a “memory” or dependence
    of convection also on its own previous activity whereby subgrid-scale (microstate)
    structures boost but are also boosted by convection. In this study we investigated
    this memory by comparing single-column model behavior in two idealized tests previously
    executed by a cloud-resolving model (CRM). Conventional convection schemes that
    employ the diagnostic assumption fail to reproduce the CRM behavior. The memory-capable
    org and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoom cold pool schemes partially
    capture the behavior, but fail to fully exhibit the strong reinforcing feedbacks
    implied by the CRM. Analysis of this failure suggests that it is because the CRM
    supports a linear (or superlinear) dependence of the subgrid structure growth
    rate on the precipitation rate, while the org scheme assumes a sublinear dependence.
    Among varying versions of the org scheme, the growth rate of the org variable
    representing subgrid structure is strongly associated with memory strength. These
    results demonstrate the importance of parameterizing convective memory, and the
    ability of idealized tests to reveal shortcomings of convection schemes and constrain
    model structural assumptions.
acknowledgement: YLH is supported by funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020
  research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement
  No. 101034413. CJM gratefully acknowledges funding from the European Research Council
  under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Project
  CLUSTER, Grant Agreement No. 805041). YLH and SCS were supported by the Australian
  Research Council (FL150100035). The authors thank Brian Mapes, David Fuchs and Siwon
  Song for stimulating and helpful discussions. MC warmly thanks the LMD team in Paris
  for their assistance with the LMDZ model. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for
  their constructive comments that greatly improved this manuscript.
article_number: e2023MS003726
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Yi-Ling
  full_name: Hwong, Yi-Ling
  id: 1217aa61-4dd1-11ec-9ac3-f2ba3f17ee22
  last_name: Hwong
  orcid: 0000-0001-9281-3479
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Colin, M.
  last_name: Colin
- first_name: Philipp
  full_name: Aglas, Philipp
  id: 02eace56-97fc-11ee-b81a-f0939ca85a77
  last_name: Aglas
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
- first_name: S. C.
  full_name: Sherwood, S. C.
  last_name: Sherwood
citation:
  ama: Hwong Y-L, Colin M, Aglas P, Muller CJ, Sherwood SC. Assessing memory in convection
    schemes using idealized tests. <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>.
    2023;15(12). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003726">10.1029/2023MS003726</a>
  apa: Hwong, Y.-L., Colin, M., Aglas, P., Muller, C. J., &#38; Sherwood, S. C. (2023).
    Assessing memory in convection schemes using idealized tests. <i>Journal of Advances
    in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003726">https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003726</a>
  chicago: Hwong, Yi-Ling, M. Colin, Philipp Aglas, Caroline J Muller, and S. C. Sherwood.
    “Assessing Memory in Convection Schemes Using Idealized Tests.” <i>Journal of
    Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003726">https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003726</a>.
  ieee: Y.-L. Hwong, M. Colin, P. Aglas, C. J. Muller, and S. C. Sherwood, “Assessing
    memory in convection schemes using idealized tests,” <i>Journal of Advances in
    Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 15, no. 12. Wiley, 2023.
  ista: Hwong Y-L, Colin M, Aglas P, Muller CJ, Sherwood SC. 2023. Assessing memory
    in convection schemes using idealized tests. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth
    Systems. 15(12), e2023MS003726.
  mla: Hwong, Yi-Ling, et al. “Assessing Memory in Convection Schemes Using Idealized
    Tests.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 15, no. 12,
    e2023MS003726, Wiley, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003726">10.1029/2023MS003726</a>.
  short: Y.-L. Hwong, M. Colin, P. Aglas, C.J. Muller, S.C. Sherwood, Journal of Advances
    in Modeling Earth Systems 15 (2023).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-12-10T23:00:57Z
date_published: 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-09T13:35:40Z
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doi: 10.1029/2023MS003726
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title: Assessing memory in convection schemes using idealized tests
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