[{"DOAJ_listed":"1","type":"journal_article","isi":1,"intvolume":"        61","publisher":"Wiley","PlanS_conform":"1","author":[{"first_name":"N.","last_name":"Bulovic","full_name":"Bulovic, N."},{"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Johnson","full_name":"Johnson, F."},{"full_name":"Lievens, H.","first_name":"H.","last_name":"Lievens"},{"last_name":"Shaw","id":"3caa3f91-1f03-11ee-96ce-e0e553054d6e","orcid":"0000-0001-7640-6152","first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Shaw, Thomas"},{"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Mcphee","full_name":"Mcphee, J."},{"last_name":"Gascoin","first_name":"S.","full_name":"Gascoin, S."},{"full_name":"Demuzere, M.","first_name":"M.","last_name":"Demuzere"},{"full_name":"Mcintyre, N.","first_name":"N.","last_name":"Mcintyre"}],"file_date_updated":"2025-03-10T08:16:05Z","_id":"19369","has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":"1","article_number":"e2024WR037766","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Bulovic N, Johnson F, Lievens H, Shaw T, Mcphee J, Gascoin S, Demuzere M, Mcintyre N. 2025. Evaluating the performance of sentinel-1 SAR derived snow depth retrievals over the extratropical Andes cordillera. Water Resources Research. 61(2), e2024WR037766.","mla":"Bulovic, N., et al. “Evaluating the Performance of Sentinel-1 SAR Derived Snow Depth Retrievals over the Extratropical Andes Cordillera.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 61, no. 2, e2024WR037766, Wiley, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR037766\">10.1029/2024WR037766</a>.","ieee":"N. Bulovic <i>et al.</i>, “Evaluating the performance of sentinel-1 SAR derived snow depth retrievals over the extratropical Andes cordillera,” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 61, no. 2. Wiley, 2025.","ama":"Bulovic N, Johnson F, Lievens H, et al. Evaluating the performance of sentinel-1 SAR derived snow depth retrievals over the extratropical Andes cordillera. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. 2025;61(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR037766\">10.1029/2024WR037766</a>","apa":"Bulovic, N., Johnson, F., Lievens, H., Shaw, T., Mcphee, J., Gascoin, S., … Mcintyre, N. (2025). Evaluating the performance of sentinel-1 SAR derived snow depth retrievals over the extratropical Andes cordillera. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR037766\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR037766</a>","short":"N. Bulovic, F. Johnson, H. Lievens, T. Shaw, J. Mcphee, S. Gascoin, M. Demuzere, N. Mcintyre, Water Resources Research 61 (2025).","chicago":"Bulovic, N., F. Johnson, H. Lievens, Thomas Shaw, J. Mcphee, S. Gascoin, M. Demuzere, and N. Mcintyre. “Evaluating the Performance of Sentinel-1 SAR Derived Snow Depth Retrievals over the Extratropical Andes Cordillera.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>. Wiley, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR037766\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR037766</a>."},"department":[{"_id":"FrPe"}],"date_created":"2025-03-09T23:01:27Z","acknowledgement":"This research was supported by the University of Queensland's PhD scholarship program, the Australian Research Council under the Future Fellowship program (Project ID:FT140100977), and the Sustainable Minerals Institute International Centre of Excellence (Chile). Fiona Johnson is supported by a UNSW Scientia Funding and ARC Training Centre in Data Analytics for Resources and Environments(Grant IC190100031). The authors also thank Liliana Pagliero, Maxi Viale and Rodrigo Correa for their support with obtaining the DGA, SNIH, and Codelco data sets, and the PlanetLabs research and education initiative for free imagery. Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Queensland, as part of the Wiley ‐ The University of Queensland agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1944-7973"],"issn":["0043-1397"]},"external_id":{"isi":["001419509100001"]},"title":"Evaluating the performance of sentinel-1 SAR derived snow depth retrievals over the extratropical Andes cordillera","article_type":"original","volume":61,"year":"2025","publication":"Water Resources Research","OA_place":"publisher","file":[{"date_updated":"2025-03-10T08:16:05Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"19377","date_created":"2025-03-10T08:16:05Z","checksum":"8ff09dcae2e508fd72aee80300fc40e2","file_name":"2025_WaterResourcesResearch_Bulovic.pdf","file_size":6362563,"success":1}],"day":"01","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"issue":"2","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2025-09-30T10:48:43Z","doi":"10.1029/2024WR037766","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"month":"02","OA_type":"gold","date_published":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Monitoring and estimating mountain snowpack mass over regional scales is still a challenge because of the inadequacy of observational networks in capturing spatiotemporal variability, and limitations in remotely sensed retrievals. Recent work using C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter data from the Sentinel-1 satellite mission has shown good promise for tracking mountain snow depth over specific northern hemisphere ranges, although the broader potential is still unknown. Here, we extend the new Sentinel-1 based modeling framework beyond the northern hemisphere by only utilizing globally available input data, and evaluate different model parametrization and model performance over the Chilean and Argentine Andes mountains, which contain the largest mountain snowpack in the southern hemisphere. The accuracy of Sentinel-1 snow depth estimates is evaluated against an extensive in situ network available for the region. Satellite-retrieved snow depth is found to have poorer performance across the Andes than observed for northern hemisphere mountain ranges because of greater sensitivity to evergreen forest cover and shallower snowpacks. The algorithm does offer some skill but performance is variable and site-dependent. Algorithm performance is best over regions with limited evergreen forest cover (<15%) and snow depths greater than 0.75 m, although the retrievals over-estimate snow depth across most sites. Systemic errors for specific snow classes and across different snow depths are shown, highlighting specific areas in need of further investigation and development."}],"ddc":["550"]},{"day":"25","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2023-11-07T08:10:44Z","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"7ba9c87228dc09029b16bc800a0ef1a1","file_id":"14495","date_created":"2023-11-07T08:10:44Z","file_name":"2023_WaterResourcesResearch_Buri.pdf","file_size":5554901,"success":1}],"oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2025-09-09T13:15:40Z","issue":"10","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"10","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png"},"user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","doi":"10.1029/2022WR033841","ddc":["550"],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"High Mountain Asia (HMA) is among the most vulnerable water towers globally and yet future projections of water availability in and from its high-mountain catchments remain uncertain, as their hydrologic response to ongoing environmental changes is complex. Mechanistic modeling approaches incorporating cryospheric, hydrological, and vegetation processes in high spatial, temporal, and physical detail have never been applied for high-elevation catchments of HMA. We use a land surface model at high spatial and temporal resolution (100 m and hourly) to simulate the coupled dynamics of energy, water, and vegetation for the 350 km2 Langtang catchment (Nepal). We compare our model outputs for one hydrological year against a large set of observations to gain insight into the partitioning of the water balance at the subseasonal scale and across elevation bands. During the simulated hydrological year, we find that evapotranspiration is a key component of the total water balance, as it causes about the equivalent of 20% of all the available precipitation or 154% of the water production from glacier melt in the basin to return directly to the atmosphere. The depletion of the cryospheric water budget is dominated by snow melt, but at high elevations is primarily dictated by snow and ice sublimation. Snow sublimation is the dominant vapor flux (49%) at the catchment scale, accounting for the equivalent of 11% of snowfall, 17% of snowmelt, and 75% of ice melt, respectively. We conclude that simulations should consider sublimation and other evaporative fluxes explicitly, as otherwise water balance estimates can be ill-quantified."}],"publication_status":"published","status":"public","date_published":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Wiley","intvolume":"        59","isi":1,"type":"journal_article","citation":{"mla":"Buri, Pascal, et al. “Land Surface Modeling in the Himalayas: On the Importance of Evaporative Fluxes for the Water Balance of a High-Elevation Catchment.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 59, no. 10, e2022WR033841, Wiley, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033841\">10.1029/2022WR033841</a>.","ieee":"P. Buri <i>et al.</i>, “Land surface modeling in the Himalayas: On the importance of evaporative fluxes for the water balance of a high-elevation catchment,” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 59, no. 10. Wiley, 2023.","ista":"Buri P, Fatichi S, Shaw T, Miles ES, McCarthy M, Fyffe CL, Fugger S, Ren S, Kneib M, Jouberton A, Steiner J, Fujita K, Pellicciotti F. 2023. Land surface modeling in the Himalayas: On the importance of evaporative fluxes for the water balance of a high-elevation catchment. Water Resources Research. 59(10), e2022WR033841.","ama":"Buri P, Fatichi S, Shaw T, et al. Land surface modeling in the Himalayas: On the importance of evaporative fluxes for the water balance of a high-elevation catchment. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. 2023;59(10). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033841\">10.1029/2022WR033841</a>","apa":"Buri, P., Fatichi, S., Shaw, T., Miles, E. S., McCarthy, M., Fyffe, C. L., … Pellicciotti, F. (2023). Land surface modeling in the Himalayas: On the importance of evaporative fluxes for the water balance of a high-elevation catchment. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033841\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033841</a>","short":"P. Buri, S. Fatichi, T. Shaw, E.S. Miles, M. McCarthy, C.L. Fyffe, S. Fugger, S. Ren, M. Kneib, A. Jouberton, J. Steiner, K. Fujita, F. Pellicciotti, Water Resources Research 59 (2023).","chicago":"Buri, Pascal, Simone Fatichi, Thomas Shaw, Evan S. Miles, Michael McCarthy, Catriona Louise Fyffe, Stefan Fugger, et al. “Land Surface Modeling in the Himalayas: On the Importance of Evaporative Fluxes for the Water Balance of a High-Elevation Catchment.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>. Wiley, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033841\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033841</a>."},"scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","article_number":"e2022WR033841","has_accepted_license":"1","file_date_updated":"2023-11-07T08:10:44Z","_id":"14487","author":[{"full_name":"Buri, Pascal","last_name":"Buri","first_name":"Pascal"},{"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Fatichi","full_name":"Fatichi, Simone"},{"full_name":"Shaw, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas","id":"3caa3f91-1f03-11ee-96ce-e0e553054d6e","last_name":"Shaw","orcid":"0000-0001-7640-6152"},{"full_name":"Miles, Evan S.","first_name":"Evan S.","last_name":"Miles"},{"full_name":"Mccarthy, Michael","last_name":"Mccarthy","id":"22a2674a-61ce-11ee-94b5-d18813baf16f","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Fyffe, Catriona Louise","id":"001b0422-8d15-11ed-bc51-cab6c037a228","last_name":"Fyffe","first_name":"Catriona Louise"},{"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Fugger","full_name":"Fugger, Stefan"},{"first_name":"Shaoting","last_name":"Ren","full_name":"Ren, Shaoting"},{"first_name":"Marin","last_name":"Kneib","full_name":"Kneib, Marin"},{"first_name":"Achille","last_name":"Jouberton","full_name":"Jouberton, Achille"},{"full_name":"Steiner, Jakob","last_name":"Steiner","first_name":"Jakob"},{"last_name":"Fujita","first_name":"Koji","full_name":"Fujita, Koji"},{"first_name":"Francesca","orcid":"0000-0002-5554-8087","id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1944-7973"],"issn":["0043-1397"]},"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","acknowledgement":"This project has received funding from the JSPS-SNSF (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Swiss National Science Foundation) Bilateral Programmes project (HOPE, High-ele-vation precipitation in High Mountain Asia; Grant 183633), and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (RAVEN, Rapid mass losses of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia; Grant 772751). We want to thank in particular T. Gurung, S. Joshi, J. Shea, W. Immerzeel, and others involved, as well as ICIMOD, for their efforts over the past years in observing the meteorology of the Langtang catchment, collecting and organizing the data and making them publicly available. We also thank the National Geographic Society (Grant NGS-61784R-19) and the Mount Everest Foundation (reference 19-24) for providing fieldwork funding for C. L. Fyffe. We thank T. Kramer for help with the WSL Hyperion cluster. We are grate-ful for comments by three anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor, who greatly helped to improve the manuscript further. Open access funding provided by ETH-Bereich Forschungsanstalten.","date_created":"2023-11-05T23:00:53Z","department":[{"_id":"FrPe"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"14494","status":"public"}]},"publication":"Water Resources Research","year":"2023","volume":59,"external_id":{"isi":["001091989600005"]},"article_type":"original","title":"Land surface modeling in the Himalayas: On the importance of evaporative fluxes for the water balance of a high-elevation catchment"},{"extern":"1","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Information about end-of-winter spatial distribution of snow depth is important for seasonal forecasts of spring/summer streamflow in high-mountain regions. Nevertheless, such information typically relies upon extrapolation from a sparse network of observations at low elevations. Here, we test the potential of high-resolution snow depth data derived from optical stereophotogrammetry of Pléiades satellites for improving the representation of snow depth initial conditions (SDICs) in a glacio-hydrological model and assess potential improvements in the skill of snowmelt and streamflow simulations in a high-elevation Andean catchment. We calibrate model parameters controlling glacier mass balance and snow cover evolution using ground-based and satellite observations, and consider the relative importance of accurate estimates of SDICs compared to model parameters and forcings. We find that Pléiades SDICs improve the simulation of snow-covered area, glacier mass balance, and monthly streamflow compared to alternative SDICs based upon extrapolation of meteorological variables or statistical methods to estimate SDICs based upon topography. Model simulations are found to be sensitive to SDICs in the early spring (up to 48% variability in modeled streamflow compared to the best estimate model), and to temperature gradients in all months that control albedo and melt rates over a large elevation range (>2,400 m). As such, appropriately characterizing the distribution of total snow volume with elevation is important for reproducing total streamflow and the proportions of snowmelt. Therefore, optical stereo-photogrammetry offers an advantage for obtaining SDICs that aid both the timing and magnitude of streamflow simulations, process representation (e.g., snow cover evolution) and has the potential for large spatial domains."}],"status":"public","date_published":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027188"}],"month":"08","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","doi":"10.1029/2020wr027188","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:41:45Z","issue":"8","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"day":"01","publication":"Water Resources Research","year":"2020","volume":56,"title":"The utility of optical satellite winter snow depths for initializing a glacio‐hydrological model of a High‐Elevation, Andean catchment","article_type":"original","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0043-1397"],"eissn":["1944-7973"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:12:22Z","keyword":["Water Science and Technology"],"citation":{"chicago":"Shaw, Thomas E., Alexis Caro, Pablo Mendoza, Álvaro Ayala, Francesca Pellicciotti, Simon Gascoin, and James McPhee. “The Utility of Optical Satellite Winter Snow Depths for Initializing a Glacio‐hydrological Model of a High‐Elevation, Andean Catchment.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027188\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027188</a>.","short":"T.E. Shaw, A. Caro, P. Mendoza, Á. Ayala, F. Pellicciotti, S. Gascoin, J. McPhee, Water Resources Research 56 (2020).","apa":"Shaw, T. E., Caro, A., Mendoza, P., Ayala, Á., Pellicciotti, F., Gascoin, S., &#38; McPhee, J. (2020). The utility of optical satellite winter snow depths for initializing a glacio‐hydrological model of a High‐Elevation, Andean catchment. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027188\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027188</a>","ama":"Shaw TE, Caro A, Mendoza P, et al. The utility of optical satellite winter snow depths for initializing a glacio‐hydrological model of a High‐Elevation, Andean catchment. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. 2020;56(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027188\">10.1029/2020wr027188</a>","mla":"Shaw, Thomas E., et al. “The Utility of Optical Satellite Winter Snow Depths for Initializing a Glacio‐hydrological Model of a High‐Elevation, Andean Catchment.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 56, no. 8, e2020WR027188, American Geophysical Union, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027188\">10.1029/2020wr027188</a>.","ista":"Shaw TE, Caro A, Mendoza P, Ayala Á, Pellicciotti F, Gascoin S, McPhee J. 2020. The utility of optical satellite winter snow depths for initializing a glacio‐hydrological model of a High‐Elevation, Andean catchment. Water Resources Research. 56(8), e2020WR027188.","ieee":"T. E. Shaw <i>et al.</i>, “The utility of optical satellite winter snow depths for initializing a glacio‐hydrological model of a High‐Elevation, Andean catchment,” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 56, no. 8. American Geophysical Union, 2020."},"scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","article_number":"e2020WR027188","_id":"12594","author":[{"last_name":"Shaw","first_name":"Thomas E.","full_name":"Shaw, Thomas E."},{"full_name":"Caro, Alexis","first_name":"Alexis","last_name":"Caro"},{"full_name":"Mendoza, Pablo","last_name":"Mendoza","first_name":"Pablo"},{"first_name":"Álvaro","last_name":"Ayala","full_name":"Ayala, Álvaro"},{"full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","first_name":"Francesca"},{"last_name":"Gascoin","first_name":"Simon","full_name":"Gascoin, Simon"},{"full_name":"McPhee, James","last_name":"McPhee","first_name":"James"}],"publisher":"American Geophysical Union","intvolume":"        56","type":"journal_article"},{"citation":{"chicago":"Shaw, Thomas E., Simon Gascoin, Pablo A. Mendoza, Francesca Pellicciotti, and James McPhee. “Snow Depth Patterns in a High Mountain Andean Catchment from Satellite Optical Tristereoscopic Remote Sensing.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024880\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024880</a>.","apa":"Shaw, T. E., Gascoin, S., Mendoza, P. A., Pellicciotti, F., &#38; McPhee, J. (2020). Snow depth patterns in a high mountain Andean catchment from satellite optical tristereoscopic remote sensing. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024880\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024880</a>","short":"T.E. Shaw, S. Gascoin, P.A. Mendoza, F. Pellicciotti, J. McPhee, Water Resources Research 56 (2020).","ama":"Shaw TE, Gascoin S, Mendoza PA, Pellicciotti F, McPhee J. Snow depth patterns in a high mountain Andean catchment from satellite optical tristereoscopic remote sensing. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. 2020;56(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024880\">10.1029/2019wr024880</a>","mla":"Shaw, Thomas E., et al. “Snow Depth Patterns in a High Mountain Andean Catchment from Satellite Optical Tristereoscopic Remote Sensing.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 56, no. 2, e2019WR024880, American Geophysical Union, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024880\">10.1029/2019wr024880</a>.","ieee":"T. E. Shaw, S. Gascoin, P. A. Mendoza, F. Pellicciotti, and J. McPhee, “Snow depth patterns in a high mountain Andean catchment from satellite optical tristereoscopic remote sensing,” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 56, no. 2. American Geophysical Union, 2020.","ista":"Shaw TE, Gascoin S, Mendoza PA, Pellicciotti F, McPhee J. 2020. Snow depth patterns in a high mountain Andean catchment from satellite optical tristereoscopic remote sensing. Water Resources Research. 56(2), e2019WR024880."},"keyword":["Water Science and Technology"],"scopus_import":"1","article_number":"e2019WR024880","quality_controlled":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Thomas E.","last_name":"Shaw","full_name":"Shaw, Thomas E."},{"first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Gascoin","full_name":"Gascoin, Simon"},{"first_name":"Pablo A.","last_name":"Mendoza","full_name":"Mendoza, Pablo A."},{"first_name":"Francesca","id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"},{"last_name":"McPhee","first_name":"James","full_name":"McPhee, James"}],"_id":"12598","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","intvolume":"        56","type":"journal_article","year":"2020","publication":"Water Resources Research","title":"Snow depth patterns in a high mountain Andean catchment from satellite optical tristereoscopic remote sensing","article_type":"original","volume":56,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1944-7973"],"issn":["0043-1397"]},"date_created":"2023-02-20T08:12:47Z","article_processing_charge":"No","issue":"2","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:26:14Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"01","abstract":[{"text":"Obtaining detailed information about high mountain snowpacks is often limited by insufficient ground-based observations and uncertainty in the (re)distribution of solid precipitation. We utilize high-resolution optical images from Pléiades satellites to generate a snow depth map, at a spatial resolution of 4 m, for a high mountain catchment of central Chile. Results are negatively biased (median difference of −0.22 m) when compared against observations from a terrestrial Light Detection And Ranging scan, though replicate general snow depth variability well. Additionally, the Pléiades dataset is subject to data gaps (17% of total pixels), negative values for shallow snow (12%), and noise on slopes >40–50° (2%). We correct and filter the Pléiades snow depths using surface classification techniques of snow-free areas and a random forest model for data gap filling. Snow depths (with an estimated error of ~0.36 m) average 1.66 m and relate well to topographical parameters such as elevation and northness in a similar way to previous studies. However, estimations of snow depth based upon topography (TOPO) or physically based modeling (DBSM) cannot resolve localized processes (i.e., avalanching or wind scouring) that are detected by Pléiades, even when forced with locally calibrated data. Comparing these alternative model approaches to corrected Pléiades snow depths reveals total snow volume differences between −28% (DBSM) and +54% (TOPO) for the catchment and large differences across most elevation bands. Pléiades represents an important contribution to understanding snow accumulation at sparsely monitored catchments, though ideally requires a careful systematic validation procedure to identify catchment-scale biases and errors in the snow depth derivation.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","extern":"1","status":"public","date_published":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024880"}],"month":"02","doi":"10.1029/2019wr024880","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024935","open_access":"1"}],"month":"08","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","doi":"10.1029/2019wr024935","extern":"1","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The snow cover dynamics of High Mountain Asia are usually assessed at spatial resolutions of 250 m or greater, but this scale is too coarse to clearly represent the rugged topography common to the region. Higher-resolution measurement of snow-covered area often results in biased sampling due to cloud cover and deep shadows. We therefore develop a Normalized Difference Snow Index-based workflow to delineate snow lines from Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ imagery and apply it to the upper Langtang Valley in Nepal, processing 194 scenes spanning 1999 to 2013. For each scene, we determine the spatial distribution of snow line altitudes (SLAs) with respect to aspect and across six subcatchments. Our results show that the mean SLA exhibits distinct seasonal behavior based on aspect and subcatchment position. We find that SLA dynamics respond to spatial and seasonal trade-offs in precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation, which act as primary controls. We identify two SLA spatial gradients, which we attribute to the effect of spatially variable precipitation. Our results also reveal that aspect-related SLA differences vary seasonally and are influenced by solar radiation. In terms of seasonal dominant controls, we demonstrate that the snow line is controlled by snow precipitation in winter, melt in premonsoon, a combination of both in postmonsoon, and temperature in monsoon, explaining to a large extent the spatial and seasonal variability of the SLA in the upper Langtang Valley. We conclude that while SLA and snow-covered area are complementary metrics, the SLA has a strong potential for understanding local-scale snow cover dynamics and their controlling mechanisms."}],"status":"public","date_published":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","day":"01","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:14:18Z","issue":"8","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1944-7973"],"issn":["0043-1397"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:12:59Z","page":"6754-6772","publication":"Water Resources Research","year":"2019","volume":55,"article_type":"original","title":"High‐resolution snowline delineation from Landsat imagery to infer snow cover controls in a Himalayan catchment","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","intvolume":"        55","type":"journal_article","keyword":["Water Science and Technology"],"citation":{"chicago":"Girona‐Mata, Marc, Evan S. Miles, Silvan Ragettli, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “High‐resolution Snowline Delineation from Landsat Imagery to Infer Snow Cover Controls in a Himalayan Catchment.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024935\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024935</a>.","short":"M. Girona‐Mata, E.S. Miles, S. Ragettli, F. Pellicciotti, Water Resources Research 55 (2019) 6754–6772.","apa":"Girona‐Mata, M., Miles, E. S., Ragettli, S., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2019). High‐resolution snowline delineation from Landsat imagery to infer snow cover controls in a Himalayan catchment. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024935\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024935</a>","ama":"Girona‐Mata M, Miles ES, Ragettli S, Pellicciotti F. High‐resolution snowline delineation from Landsat imagery to infer snow cover controls in a Himalayan catchment. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. 2019;55(8):6754-6772. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024935\">10.1029/2019wr024935</a>","ista":"Girona‐Mata M, Miles ES, Ragettli S, Pellicciotti F. 2019. High‐resolution snowline delineation from Landsat imagery to infer snow cover controls in a Himalayan catchment. Water Resources Research. 55(8), 6754–6772.","mla":"Girona‐Mata, Marc, et al. “High‐resolution Snowline Delineation from Landsat Imagery to Infer Snow Cover Controls in a Himalayan Catchment.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 55, no. 8, American Geophysical Union, 2019, pp. 6754–72, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024935\">10.1029/2019wr024935</a>.","ieee":"M. Girona‐Mata, E. S. Miles, S. Ragettli, and F. Pellicciotti, “High‐resolution snowline delineation from Landsat imagery to infer snow cover controls in a Himalayan catchment,” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 55, no. 8. American Geophysical Union, pp. 6754–6772, 2019."},"scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"12600","author":[{"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Girona‐Mata","full_name":"Girona‐Mata, Marc"},{"full_name":"Miles, Evan S.","first_name":"Evan S.","last_name":"Miles"},{"full_name":"Ragettli, Silvan","first_name":"Silvan","last_name":"Ragettli"},{"first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"}]},{"type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        54","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","author":[{"full_name":"Clemenzi, I.","last_name":"Clemenzi","first_name":"I."},{"full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","first_name":"Francesca","orcid":"0000-0002-5554-8087","id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti"},{"full_name":"Burlando, P.","last_name":"Burlando","first_name":"P."}],"_id":"12605","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"short":"I. Clemenzi, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, Water Resources Research 54 (2018) 7929–7945.","apa":"Clemenzi, I., Pellicciotti, F., &#38; Burlando, P. (2018). Snow depth structure, fractal behavior, and interannual consistency over Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2017wr021606\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2017wr021606</a>","chicago":"Clemenzi, I., Francesca Pellicciotti, and P. Burlando. “Snow Depth Structure, Fractal Behavior, and Interannual Consistency over Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2018. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2017wr021606\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2017wr021606</a>.","mla":"Clemenzi, I., et al. “Snow Depth Structure, Fractal Behavior, and Interannual Consistency over Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 54, no. 10, American Geophysical Union, 2018, pp. 7929–45, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2017wr021606\">10.1029/2017wr021606</a>.","ieee":"I. Clemenzi, F. Pellicciotti, and P. Burlando, “Snow depth structure, fractal behavior, and interannual consistency over Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland,” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 54, no. 10. American Geophysical Union, pp. 7929–7945, 2018.","ista":"Clemenzi I, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P. 2018. Snow depth structure, fractal behavior, and interannual consistency over Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. Water Resources Research. 54(10), 7929–7945.","ama":"Clemenzi I, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P. Snow depth structure, fractal behavior, and interannual consistency over Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. 2018;54(10):7929-7945. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2017wr021606\">10.1029/2017wr021606</a>"},"keyword":["Water Science and Technology"],"date_created":"2023-02-20T08:13:31Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1944-7973"],"issn":["0043-1397"]},"title":"Snow depth structure, fractal behavior, and interannual consistency over Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland","article_type":"original","volume":54,"year":"2018","publication":"Water Resources Research","page":"7929-7945","day":"07","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"issue":"10","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2024-10-14T12:04:41Z","doi":"10.1029/2017wr021606","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"06","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR021606"}],"date_published":"2018-06-07T00:00:00Z","status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"Snow depth patterns over glaciers are controlled by precipitation, snow redistribution due to wind and avalanches, and the exchange of energy with the atmosphere that determines snow ablation. While many studies have advanced the understanding of ablation processes, less is known about winter snow patterns and their variability over glaciers. We analyze snow depth on Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, in the two winter seasons 2006–2007 and 2010–2011 to (1) understand whether snow depth over an alpine glacier at the end of the accumulation season exhibits a behavior similar to the one observed on single slopes and vegetated areas; and (2) investigate the snow pattern consistency over the two accumulation seasons. We perform this analysis on a data set of high-resolution lidar-derived snow depth using variograms and fractal parameters. Our first main result is that snow depth patterns on the glacier exhibit a multiscale behavior, with a scale break around 20 m after which the fractal dimension increases, indicating more autocorrelated structure before the scale break than after. Second, this behavior is consistent over the two years, with fractal parameters and their spatial variability almost constant in the two seasons. We also show that snow depth patterns exhibit a distinct behavior in the glacier tongue and the upper catchment, with longer correlation distances on the tongue in the direction of the main winds, suggesting spatial distinctions that are likely induced by different processes and that should be taken into account when extrapolating snow depth from limited samples.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","extern":"1"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"issue":"3","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2023-02-24T08:28:23Z","day":"01","date_published":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The performance of glaciohydrological models which simulate catchment response to climate variability depends to a large degree on the data used to force the models. The forcing data become increasingly important in high-elevation, glacierized catchments where the interplay between extreme topography, climate, and the cryosphere is complex. It is challenging to generate a reliable forcing data set that captures this spatial heterogeneity. In this paper, we analyze the results of a 1 year field campaign focusing on air temperature and precipitation observations in the Langtang valley in the Nepalese Himalayas. We use the observed time series to characterize both temperature lapse rates (LRs) and precipitation gradients (PGs). We study their spatial and temporal variability, and we attempt to identify possible controlling factors. We show that very clear LRs exist in the valley and that there are strong seasonal differences related to the water vapor content in the atmosphere. Results also show that the LRs are generally shallower than the commonly used environmental lapse rates. The analysis of the precipitation observations reveals that there is great variability in precipitation over short horizontal distances. A uniform valley wide PG cannot be established, and several scale-dependent mechanisms may explain our observations. We complete our analysis by showing the impact of the observed LRs and PGs on the outputs of the TOPKAPI-ETH glaciohydrological model. We conclude that LRs and PGs have a very large impact on the water balance composition and that short-term monitoring campaigns have the potential to improve model quality considerably."}],"publication_status":"published","extern":"1","doi":"10.1002/2013wr014506","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"03","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014506","open_access":"1"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Immerzeel, W. W.","last_name":"Immerzeel","first_name":"W. W."},{"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Petersen","full_name":"Petersen, L."},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Ragettli","full_name":"Ragettli, S."},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti","first_name":"Francesca","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"}],"_id":"12637","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ama":"Immerzeel WW, Petersen L, Ragettli S, Pellicciotti F. The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. 2014;50(3):2212-2226. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr014506\">10.1002/2013wr014506</a>","ieee":"W. W. Immerzeel, L. Petersen, S. Ragettli, and F. Pellicciotti, “The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas,” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 50, no. 3. American Geophysical Union, pp. 2212–2226, 2014.","ista":"Immerzeel WW, Petersen L, Ragettli S, Pellicciotti F. 2014. The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas. Water Resources Research. 50(3), 2212–2226.","mla":"Immerzeel, W. W., et al. “The Importance of Observed Gradients of Air Temperature and Precipitation for Modeling Runoff from a Glacierized Watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 50, no. 3, American Geophysical Union, 2014, pp. 2212–26, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr014506\">10.1002/2013wr014506</a>.","chicago":"Immerzeel, W. W., L. Petersen, S. Ragettli, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “The Importance of Observed Gradients of Air Temperature and Precipitation for Modeling Runoff from a Glacierized Watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2014. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr014506\">https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr014506</a>.","apa":"Immerzeel, W. W., Petersen, L., Ragettli, S., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2014). The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr014506\">https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr014506</a>","short":"W.W. Immerzeel, L. Petersen, S. Ragettli, F. Pellicciotti, Water Resources Research 50 (2014) 2212–2226."},"keyword":["Water Science and Technology"],"type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        50","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","title":"The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas","article_type":"original","volume":50,"year":"2014","publication":"Water Resources Research","page":"2212-2226","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:17:01Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0043-1397"],"eissn":["1944-7973"]}},{"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1944-7973"],"issn":["0043-1397"]},"date_created":"2023-02-20T08:18:27Z","article_processing_charge":"No","year":"2010","publication":"Water Resources Research","title":"Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps","article_type":"original","volume":46,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union","intvolume":"        46","type":"journal_article","citation":{"ieee":"F. Pellicciotti, A. Bauder, and M. Parola, “Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps,” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 46, no. 10. American Geophysical Union, 2010.","mla":"Pellicciotti, Francesca, et al. “Effect of Glaciers on Streamflow Trends in the Swiss Alps.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>, vol. 46, no. 10, W10522, American Geophysical Union, 2010, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr009039\">10.1029/2009wr009039</a>.","ista":"Pellicciotti F, Bauder A, Parola M. 2010. Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps. Water Resources Research. 46(10), W10522.","ama":"Pellicciotti F, Bauder A, Parola M. Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. 2010;46(10). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr009039\">10.1029/2009wr009039</a>","short":"F. Pellicciotti, A. Bauder, M. Parola, Water Resources Research 46 (2010).","apa":"Pellicciotti, F., Bauder, A., &#38; Parola, M. (2010). Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr009039\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr009039</a>","chicago":"Pellicciotti, Francesca, A. Bauder, and M. Parola. “Effect of Glaciers on Streamflow Trends in the Swiss Alps.” <i>Water Resources Research</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2010. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr009039\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr009039</a>."},"keyword":["Water Science and Technology"],"quality_controlled":"1","article_number":"W10522","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","orcid":"0000-0002-5554-8087","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Bauder","full_name":"Bauder, A."},{"full_name":"Parola, M.","first_name":"M.","last_name":"Parola"}],"_id":"12653","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR009039"}],"month":"10","doi":"10.1029/2009wr009039","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Daily streamflow from stations close to five Swiss glaciers is analyzed for trends with the Mann-Kendall test. We consider a common period of record (1974–2004) and longer periods based on data availability. The trend statistical significance is tested on annual and seasonal bases. We also examine changes in precipitation, temperature, and snow cover characteristics. Highly glacierized basins show statistically significant positive trends in annual streamflow caused by increasing streamflow in spring and summer. Trends are more numerous and stronger at lower and mid than at the upper quantiles. The basin characterized by lower glacier coverage, conversely, does not exhibit consistently statistically significant trends. Changes in precipitation are not sufficient to explain the observed streamflow trends. Air temperature sees an increase in mean, minimum, and maximum values at all sites. Variations in the seasonal snow accumulation and ablation process are evident. Solid precipitation is decreasing at all sites and trends may be due to a shift from snowfall into rainfall. Mean snow depth is also decreasing, and its duration is getting shorter because of a decrease in solid precipitation and enhanced melting. Trend magnitude attenuates with longer time series. Contrasting trends are detected for different subperiods in the last 70 years: statistically significant negative trends are observed in the periods 1944–1974 and 1954–1984 for Aletschgletscher, in contrast with the results for the common period. These trends are explained by different rates of ice volume changes, and the sign of trends is clearly related to phases of positive or negative glacier mass balance."}],"publication_status":"published","extern":"1","status":"public","date_published":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","day":"01","issue":"10","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2024-10-14T12:00:48Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]}]