[{"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36","article_processing_charge":"Yes","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2058-9565"]},"date_created":"2021-08-08T22:01:25Z","external_id":{"isi":["000673081500001"],"arxiv":["2008.08764"]},"status":"public","publication":"Quantum Science and Technology","abstract":[{"text":"The quantum bits (qubits) on which superconducting quantum computers are based have energy scales corresponding to photons with GHz frequencies. The energy of photons in the gigahertz domain is too low to allow transmission through the noisy room-temperature environment, where the signal would be lost in thermal noise. Optical photons, on the other hand, have much higher energies, and signals can be detected using highly efficient single-photon detectors. Transduction from microwave to optical frequencies is therefore a potential enabling technology for quantum devices. However, in such a device the optical pump can be a source of thermal noise and thus degrade the fidelity; the similarity of input microwave state to the output optical state. In order to investigate the magnitude of this effect we model the sub-Kelvin thermal behavior of an electro-optic transducer based on a lithium niobate whispering gallery mode resonator. We find that there is an optimum power level for a continuous pump, whilst pulsed operation of the pump increases the fidelity of the conversion.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"ama":"Mobassem S, Lambert NJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Fink JM, Leuchs G, Schwefel HGL. Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. 2021;6(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36\">10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36</a>","short":"S. Mobassem, N.J. Lambert, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, J.M. Fink, G. Leuchs, H.G.L. Schwefel, Quantum Science and Technology 6 (2021).","ieee":"S. Mobassem, N. J. Lambert, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, J. M. Fink, G. Leuchs, and H. G. L. Schwefel, “Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures,” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 6, no. 4. IOP Publishing, 2021.","ista":"Mobassem S, Lambert NJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Fink JM, Leuchs G, Schwefel HGL. 2021. Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures. Quantum Science and Technology. 6(4), 045005.","chicago":"Mobassem, Sonia, Nicholas J. Lambert, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Johannes M Fink, Gerd Leuchs, and Harald G.L. Schwefel. “Thermal Noise in Electro-Optic Devices at Cryogenic Temperatures.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. IOP Publishing, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36\">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36</a>.","mla":"Mobassem, Sonia, et al. “Thermal Noise in Electro-Optic Devices at Cryogenic Temperatures.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, 045005, IOP Publishing, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36\">10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36</a>.","apa":"Mobassem, S., Lambert, N. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Fink, J. M., Leuchs, G., &#38; Schwefel, H. G. L. (2021). Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36\">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36</a>"},"oa":1,"date_updated":"2023-10-17T12:54:54Z","date_published":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","article_number":"045005","month":"07","title":"Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures","issue":"4","acknowledgement":"NJL is supported by the MBIE Endeavour Fund (UOOX1805) and GL is by the Julius von Haast Fellowship of New Zealand. SM acknowledges stimulating discussions with T M Jensen.","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"IOP Publishing","type":"journal_article","scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","day":"15","arxiv":1,"ddc":["530"],"year":"2021","_id":"9815","article_type":"original","intvolume":"         6","volume":6,"author":[{"full_name":"Mobassem, Sonia","first_name":"Sonia","last_name":"Mobassem"},{"first_name":"Nicholas J.","last_name":"Lambert","full_name":"Lambert, Nicholas J."},{"first_name":"Alfredo R","last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R"},{"first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"},{"first_name":"Gerd","last_name":"Leuchs","full_name":"Leuchs, Gerd"},{"last_name":"Schwefel","first_name":"Harald G.L.","full_name":"Schwefel, Harald G.L."}],"oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_size":2366118,"checksum":"b15c2c228487a75002c3b52d56f23d5c","date_updated":"2021-08-09T12:23:13Z","file_id":"9836","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"cchlebak","file_name":"2021_QuantumScienceTechnology_Mobassem.pdf","date_created":"2021-08-09T12:23:13Z"}],"file_date_updated":"2021-08-09T12:23:13Z","publication_status":"published"},{"corr_author":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2058-9565"]},"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce","external_id":{"isi":["000539300800001"]},"date_created":"2020-06-29T07:59:35Z","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:42:07Z","article_number":"034011","date_published":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","month":"05","abstract":[{"text":"Microelectromechanical systems and integrated photonics provide the basis for many reliable and compact circuit elements in modern communication systems. Electro-opto-mechanical devices are currently one of the leading approaches to realize ultra-sensitive, low-loss transducers for an emerging quantum information technology. Here we present an on-chip microwave frequency converter based on a planar aluminum on silicon nitride platform that is compatible with slot-mode coupled photonic crystal cavities. We show efficient frequency conversion between two propagating microwave modes mediated by the radiation pressure interaction with a metalized dielectric nanobeam oscillator. We achieve bidirectional coherent conversion with a total device efficiency of up to ~60%, a dynamic range of 2 × 10^9 photons/s and an instantaneous bandwidth of up to 1.7 kHz. A high fidelity quantum state transfer would be possible if the drive dependent output noise of currently ~14 photons s^−1 Hz^−1 is further reduced. Such a silicon nitride based transducer is in situ reconfigurable and could be used for on-chip classical and quantum signal routing and filtering, both for microwave and hybrid microwave-optical applications.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Fink, Johannes M, M. Kalaee, R. Norte, A. Pitanti, and O. Painter. “Efficient Microwave Frequency Conversion Mediated by a Photonics Compatible Silicon Nitride Nanobeam Oscillator.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. IOP Publishing, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce\">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce</a>.","ista":"Fink JM, Kalaee M, Norte R, Pitanti A, Painter O. 2020. Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator. Quantum Science and Technology. 5(3), 034011.","ieee":"J. M. Fink, M. Kalaee, R. Norte, A. Pitanti, and O. Painter, “Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator,” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 5, no. 3. IOP Publishing, 2020.","short":"J.M. Fink, M. Kalaee, R. Norte, A. Pitanti, O. Painter, Quantum Science and Technology 5 (2020).","ama":"Fink JM, Kalaee M, Norte R, Pitanti A, Painter O. Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. 2020;5(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce\">10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce</a>","apa":"Fink, J. M., Kalaee, M., Norte, R., Pitanti, A., &#38; Painter, O. (2020). Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce\">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce</a>","mla":"Fink, Johannes M., et al. “Efficient Microwave Frequency Conversion Mediated by a Photonics Compatible Silicon Nitride Nanobeam Oscillator.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 5, no. 3, 034011, IOP Publishing, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce\">10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce</a>."},"oa":1,"publication":"Quantum Science and Technology","type":"journal_article","publisher":"IOP Publishing","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"issue":"3","title":"Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator","quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"8038","year":"2020","ddc":["530"],"day":"25","file":[{"file_id":"8072","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:08Z","file_size":2600967,"checksum":"8f25f05053f511f892ae8fa93f341e61","relation":"main_file","file_name":"2020_QuantumSciTechnol_Fink.pdf","date_created":"2020-06-30T10:29:10Z","creator":"cziletti","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access"}],"volume":5,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M"},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Kalaee","full_name":"Kalaee, M."},{"full_name":"Norte, R.","first_name":"R.","last_name":"Norte"},{"full_name":"Pitanti, A.","first_name":"A.","last_name":"Pitanti"},{"full_name":"Painter, O.","last_name":"Painter","first_name":"O."}],"has_accepted_license":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","article_type":"original","intvolume":"         5","publication_status":"published","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"732894","name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"2622978C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hybrid Semiconductor - Superconductor Quantum Devices"},{"grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:08Z"}]