@article{10281,
  abstract     = {Mutations affecting mTOR or RAS signaling underlie defined syndromes (the so-called mTORopathies and RASopathies) with high risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These syndromes show a broad variety of somatic phenotypes including cancers, skin abnormalities, heart disease and facial dysmorphisms. Less well studied are the neuropsychiatric symptoms such as ASD. Here, we assess the relevance of these signalopathies in ASD reviewing genetic, human cell model, rodent studies and clinical trials. We conclude that signalopathies have an increased liability for ASD and that, in particular, ASD individuals with dysmorphic features and intellectual disability (ID) have a higher chance for disruptive mutations in RAS- and mTOR-related genes. Studies on rodent and human cell models confirm aberrant neuronal development as the underlying pathology. Human studies further suggest that multiple hits are necessary to induce the respective phenotypes. Recent clinical trials do only report improvements for comorbid conditions such as epilepsy or cancer but not for behavioral aspects. Animal models show that treatment during early development can rescue behavioral phenotypes. Taken together, we suggest investigating the differential roles of mTOR and RAS signaling in both human and rodent models, and to test drug treatment both during and after neuronal development in the available model systems},
  author       = {Vasic, Verica and Jones, Mattson S.O. and Haslinger, Denise and Knaus, Lisa and Schmeisser, Michael J. and Novarino, Gaia and Chiocchetti, Andreas G.},
  issn         = {2073-4425},
  journal      = {Genes},
  number       = {11},
  publisher    = {MDPI},
  title        = {{Translating the role of mtor-and ras-associated signalopathies in autism spectrum disorder: Models, mechanisms and treatment}},
  doi          = {10.3390/genes12111746},
  volume       = {12},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{9908,
  abstract     = {About eight million animal species are estimated to live on Earth, and all except those belonging to one subphylum are invertebrates. Invertebrates are incredibly diverse in their morphologies, life histories, and in the range of the ecological niches that they occupy. A great variety of modes of reproduction and sex determination systems is also observed among them, and their mosaic-distribution across the phylogeny shows that transitions between them occur frequently and rapidly. Genetic conflict in its various forms is a long-standing theory to explain what drives those evolutionary transitions. Here, we review (1) the different modes of reproduction among invertebrate species, highlighting sexual reproduction as the probable ancestral state; (2) the paradoxical diversity of sex determination systems; (3) the different types of genetic conflicts that could drive the evolution of such different systems.},
  author       = {Picard, Marion A L and Vicoso, Beatriz and Bertrand, Stéphanie and Escriva, Hector},
  issn         = {2073-4425},
  journal      = {Genes},
  number       = {8},
  publisher    = {MDPI},
  title        = {{Diversity of modes of reproduction and sex determination systems in invertebrates, and the putative contribution of genetic conflict}},
  doi          = {10.3390/genes12081136},
  volume       = {12},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{9909,
  abstract     = {Roots are composed of different root types and, in the dicotyledonous Arabidopsis, typically consist of a primary root that branches into lateral roots. Adventitious roots emerge from non-root tissue and are formed upon wounding or other types of abiotic stress. Here, we investigated adventitious root (AR) formation in Arabidopsis hypocotyls under conditions of altered abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Exogenously applied ABA suppressed AR formation at 0.25 µM or higher doses. AR formation was less sensitive to the synthetic ABA analog pyrabactin (PB). However, PB was a more potent inhibitor at concentrations above 1 µM, suggesting that it was more selective in triggering a root inhibition response. Analysis of a series of phosphonamide and phosphonate pyrabactin analogs suggested that adventitious root formation and lateral root branching are differentially regulated by ABA signaling. ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants affirmed a general inhibitory role of ABA and point to PYL1 and PYL2 as candidate ABA receptors that regulate AR inhibition.},
  author       = {Zeng, Yinwei and Verstraeten, Inge and Trinh, Hoang Khai and Heugebaert, Thomas and Stevens, Christian V. and Garcia-Maquilon, Irene and Rodriguez, Pedro L. and Vanneste, Steffen and Geelen, Danny},
  issn         = {2073-4425},
  journal      = {Genes},
  number       = {8},
  publisher    = {MDPI},
  title        = {{Arabidopsis hypocotyl adventitious root formation is suppressed by ABA signaling}},
  doi          = {10.3390/genes12081141},
  volume       = {12},
  year         = {2021},
}