---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21896'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Redox-mediated flow batteries boost energy density by utilizing dissolved
    redox species as charge carriers for solid charge-storage materials. This strategy
    strongly depends on the thermodynamics and kinetics between the solid booster
    and dissolved redox species. Conventional electrochemical methods often convolute
    intrinsic reactivity with mass transport effects, introducing complexity in determining
    limiting steps. We propose a strategy that confines solid boosters within recessed
    microelectrodes and employs scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to estimate
    reaction kinetics between booster and dissolved active redox species. Confining
    the solid booster in the recessed microelectrode overcomes mass transport limitations
    of dissolved redox species and enables controlled polarization of the booster
    material, allowing deconvolution of key rate-determining factors. As an initial
    model system, Prussian blue-ferricyanide/ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− was used
    as solid booster and dissolved redox active species, respectively. The methodology
    was further explored for copper hexacyanoferrate with N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl
    oxy-4-ammonium chloride and nickel hydroxide with [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− and extended
    to Mn-based Prussian blue analogues in combination with organic redox species.
    Our results demonstrate that SECM coupled with the proposed recessed microelectrode
    strategy provides a powerful platform to disentangle interfacial kinetics and
    guide the rational design of solid booster-dissolved redox species and electrolytes
    for high-performance redox-mediated flow batteries.
acknowledgement: "The authors acknowledge funding from the European Union's Horizon
  Europe research and innovation programme— European Innovation Council (EIC) under
  the grant agreement No 101046742 (MeBattery). P.P. acknowledges the funding from
  the European Research Council through a Starting Grant (agreement no. 950038). Dr.
  Mahdi Moghaddam, University of Turku, is acknowledged for providing the CuHCF, and
  Prof. Hubert Girault, EPFL, is acknowledged for providing the TEMPTMA.\r\nOpen Access
  funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL."
article_number: e70303
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Carla
  full_name: Santana Santos, Carla
  last_name: Santana Santos
- first_name: Nomnotho
  full_name: Jiyane, Nomnotho
  last_name: Jiyane
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Quast, Thomas
  last_name: Quast
- first_name: Maria
  full_name: Ibáñez, Maria
  id: 43C61214-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Ibáñez
  orcid: 0000-0001-5013-2843
- first_name: Rubén
  full_name: Rubio‐Presa, Rubén
  last_name: Rubio‐Presa
- first_name: Pekka
  full_name: Peljo, Pekka
  last_name: Peljo
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Schuhmann, Wolfgang
  last_name: Schuhmann
citation:
  ama: Santana Santos C, Jiyane N, Quast T, et al. Evaluating reaction kinetics between
    solid booster and dissolved active species in redox‐mediated flow batteries using
    scanning electrochemical microscopy. <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>. 2026;9(5).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.70303">10.1002/batt.70303</a>
  apa: Santana Santos, C., Jiyane, N., Quast, T., Ibáñez, M., Rubio‐Presa, R., Peljo,
    P., &#38; Schuhmann, W. (2026). Evaluating reaction kinetics between solid booster
    and dissolved active species in redox‐mediated flow batteries using scanning electrochemical
    microscopy. <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.70303">https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.70303</a>
  chicago: Santana Santos, Carla, Nomnotho Jiyane, Thomas Quast, Maria Ibáñez, Rubén
    Rubio‐Presa, Pekka Peljo, and Wolfgang Schuhmann. “Evaluating Reaction Kinetics
    between Solid Booster and Dissolved Active Species in Redox‐mediated Flow Batteries
    Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy.” <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>.
    Wiley, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.70303">https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.70303</a>.
  ieee: C. Santana Santos <i>et al.</i>, “Evaluating reaction kinetics between solid
    booster and dissolved active species in redox‐mediated flow batteries using scanning
    electrochemical microscopy,” <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>, vol. 9, no. 5.
    Wiley, 2026.
  ista: Santana Santos C, Jiyane N, Quast T, Ibáñez M, Rubio‐Presa R, Peljo P, Schuhmann
    W. 2026. Evaluating reaction kinetics between solid booster and dissolved active
    species in redox‐mediated flow batteries using scanning electrochemical microscopy.
    Batteries &#38; Supercaps. 9(5), e70303.
  mla: Santana Santos, Carla, et al. “Evaluating Reaction Kinetics between Solid Booster
    and Dissolved Active Species in Redox‐mediated Flow Batteries Using Scanning Electrochemical
    Microscopy.” <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>, vol. 9, no. 5, e70303, Wiley, 2026,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.70303">10.1002/batt.70303</a>.
  short: C. Santana Santos, N. Jiyane, T. Quast, M. Ibáñez, R. Rubio‐Presa, P. Peljo,
    W. Schuhmann, Batteries &#38; Supercaps 9 (2026).
das_tickbox: '1'
date_created: 2026-05-20T14:32:37Z
date_published: 2026-05-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-08T06:48:01Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: MaIb
doi: 10.1002/batt.70303
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 292d65503a63cc7df92b960627634dad
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  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-05-21T06:54:57Z
  date_updated: 2026-05-21T06:54:57Z
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  file_size: 756344
  relation: main_file
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file_date_updated: 2026-05-21T06:54:57Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         9'
issue: '5'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Batteries & Supercaps
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2566-6223
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Evaluating reaction kinetics between solid booster and dissolved active species
  in redox‐mediated flow batteries using scanning electrochemical microscopy
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 9
year: '2026'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
_id: '18881'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The determination of the intrinsic properties of solid active material candidates
    is essential for their performance optimization. However, macroscopic electrodes
    and related analytical techniques show challenges concerning the number of additional
    influencing parameters. We explore recessed microelectrodes (rME) as a platform
    that allows for a binder-free investigation of Prussian Blue analogues (PBA),
    a family of promising battery materials. The enhanced diffusion using microelectrochemical
    tools is indispensable to assess the intrinsic material performance, overcoming
    the limitation of cation diffusion from the electrolyte to the solid interface
    during (dis)charging cycles and allowing the investigation of limiting steps in
    the coupled ion-electron transfer process. The intrinsic electrochemical performance
    of PBAs was studied in a three-electrode configuration by means of cyclic voltammetry
    and galvanostatic (dis)charging in aqueous Na+-containing electrolyte. We extended
    the evaluation to the role of the electrolyte on the performance of cathodic and
    anodic processes of a Mn-based PBA. Ex-situ and operando chemical characterization
    were coupled to support the microelectrochemical results.
acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge funding from the European Union's Horizon
  Europe research and innovation programme – European Innovation Council (EIC) under
  the grant agreement 101046742 (MeBattery), the European Research Council (ERC) under
  the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (CasCat [833408]),
  and the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Grants PID2021-124974OB-C22).
  The authors thank Martin Trautmann (RUB) and Prof. Dr. Daniel Grasseschi (Federal
  University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ) for support concerning ICP-MS and Raman measurements,
  respectively. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
article_number: e202400743
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nomnotho
  full_name: Jiyane, Nomnotho
  last_name: Jiyane
- first_name: Carla
  full_name: Santana Santos, Carla
  last_name: Santana Santos
- first_name: Igor
  full_name: Echevarria Poza, Igor
  id: fbae1d3b-8142-11ed-8927-a8cf34feb495
  last_name: Echevarria Poza
- first_name: Mario
  full_name: Palacios Corella, Mario
  id: 452e82c6-803f-11ed-ab7e-ca0439e73a5d
  last_name: Palacios Corella
- first_name: Muhammad Adib
  full_name: Abdillah Mahbub, Muhammad Adib
  last_name: Abdillah Mahbub
- first_name: Gimena
  full_name: Marin-Tajadura, Gimena
  last_name: Marin-Tajadura
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Quast, Thomas
  last_name: Quast
- first_name: Maria
  full_name: Ibáñez, Maria
  id: 43C61214-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Ibáñez
  orcid: 0000-0001-5013-2843
- first_name: Edgar
  full_name: Ventosa, Edgar
  last_name: Ventosa
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Schuhmann, Wolfgang
  last_name: Schuhmann
citation:
  ama: Jiyane N, Santana Santos C, Echevarria Poza I, et al. Recessed microelectrodes
    as a platform to investigate the intrinsic redox process of Prussian blue analogs
    for energy storage application. <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>. 2025;8(3). doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400743">10.1002/batt.202400743</a>
  apa: Jiyane, N., Santana Santos, C., Echevarria Poza, I., Palacios Corella, M.,
    Abdillah Mahbub, M. A., Marin-Tajadura, G., … Schuhmann, W. (2025). Recessed microelectrodes
    as a platform to investigate the intrinsic redox process of Prussian blue analogs
    for energy storage application. <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400743">https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400743</a>
  chicago: Jiyane, Nomnotho, Carla Santana Santos, Igor Echevarria Poza, Mario Palacios
    Corella, Muhammad Adib Abdillah Mahbub, Gimena Marin-Tajadura, Thomas Quast, Maria
    Ibáñez, Edgar Ventosa, and Wolfgang Schuhmann. “Recessed Microelectrodes as a
    Platform to Investigate the Intrinsic Redox Process of Prussian Blue Analogs for
    Energy Storage Application.” <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>. Wiley, 2025. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400743">https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400743</a>.
  ieee: N. Jiyane <i>et al.</i>, “Recessed microelectrodes as a platform to investigate
    the intrinsic redox process of Prussian blue analogs for energy storage application,”
    <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>, vol. 8, no. 3. Wiley, 2025.
  ista: Jiyane N, Santana Santos C, Echevarria Poza I, Palacios Corella M, Abdillah
    Mahbub MA, Marin-Tajadura G, Quast T, Ibáñez M, Ventosa E, Schuhmann W. 2025.
    Recessed microelectrodes as a platform to investigate the intrinsic redox process
    of Prussian blue analogs for energy storage application. Batteries &#38; Supercaps.
    8(3), e202400743.
  mla: Jiyane, Nomnotho, et al. “Recessed Microelectrodes as a Platform to Investigate
    the Intrinsic Redox Process of Prussian Blue Analogs for Energy Storage Application.”
    <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>, vol. 8, no. 3, e202400743, Wiley, 2025, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400743">10.1002/batt.202400743</a>.
  short: N. Jiyane, C. Santana Santos, I. Echevarria Poza, M. Palacios Corella, M.A.
    Abdillah Mahbub, G. Marin-Tajadura, T. Quast, M. Ibáñez, E. Ventosa, W. Schuhmann,
    Batteries &#38; Supercaps 8 (2025).
date_created: 2025-01-26T23:01:50Z
date_published: 2025-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T12:15:59Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '540'
department:
- _id: MaIb
doi: 10.1002/batt.202400743
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001402369200001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: a9ebdb25c43dc2823cc8a1ba9154d914
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-04-16T06:47:09Z
  date_updated: 2025-04-16T06:47:09Z
  file_id: '19568'
  file_name: 2025_Batteries_Jiyane.pdf
  file_size: 1251786
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-04-16T06:47:09Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         8'
isi: 1
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Batteries & Supercaps
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2566-6223
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Recessed microelectrodes as a platform to investigate the intrinsic redox process
  of Prussian blue analogs for energy storage application
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 8
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: free access
_id: '20042'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The Cover Feature shows how recessed microelectrodes were employed as a versatile
    binder-free platform to investigate the electrochemical performance of Prussian
    Blue analogues (PBA), a class of promising battery materials, concerning capacity
    in varying aqueous electrolytes. To corroborate the micro-electrochemical findings,
    both ex-situ and operando chemical characterizations were conducted, offering
    complementary insights into the structural and chemical evolution of the PBA material
    during electrochemical cycling. More information can be found in the Research
    Article by W. Schuhmann and co-workers (DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400743).'
article_number: e202580302
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Nomnotho
  full_name: Jiyane, Nomnotho
  last_name: Jiyane
- first_name: Carla
  full_name: Santana Santos, Carla
  last_name: Santana Santos
- first_name: Igor
  full_name: Echevarria Poza, Igor
  id: fbae1d3b-8142-11ed-8927-a8cf34feb495
  last_name: Echevarria Poza
- first_name: Mario
  full_name: Palacios Corella, Mario
  id: 452e82c6-803f-11ed-ab7e-ca0439e73a5d
  last_name: Palacios Corella
- first_name: Muhammad Adib
  full_name: Abdillah Mahbub, Muhammad Adib
  last_name: Abdillah Mahbub
- first_name: Gimena
  full_name: Marin‐Tajadura, Gimena
  last_name: Marin‐Tajadura
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Quast, Thomas
  last_name: Quast
- first_name: Maria
  full_name: Ibáñez, Maria
  id: 43C61214-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Ibáñez
  orcid: 0000-0001-5013-2843
- first_name: Edgar
  full_name: Ventosa, Edgar
  last_name: Ventosa
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Schuhmann, Wolfgang
  last_name: Schuhmann
citation:
  ama: 'Jiyane N, Santana Santos C, Echevarria Poza I, et al. <i>Cover Feature: Recessed
    Microelectrodes as a Platform to Investigate the Intrinsic Redox Process of Prussian
    Blue Analogs for Energy Storage Application</i>. Vol 8. Wiley; 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202580302">10.1002/batt.202580302</a>'
  apa: 'Jiyane, N., Santana Santos, C., Echevarria Poza, I., Palacios Corella, M.,
    Abdillah Mahbub, M. A., Marin‐Tajadura, G., … Schuhmann, W. (2025). <i>Cover Feature:
    Recessed microelectrodes as a platform to investigate the intrinsic redox process
    of Prussian blue analogs for energy storage application</i>. <i>Batteries &#38;
    Supercaps</i> (Vol. 8). Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202580302">https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202580302</a>'
  chicago: 'Jiyane, Nomnotho, Carla Santana Santos, Igor Echevarria Poza, Mario Palacios
    Corella, Muhammad Adib Abdillah Mahbub, Gimena Marin‐Tajadura, Thomas Quast, Maria
    Ibáñez, Edgar Ventosa, and Wolfgang Schuhmann. <i>Cover Feature: Recessed Microelectrodes
    as a Platform to Investigate the Intrinsic Redox Process of Prussian Blue Analogs
    for Energy Storage Application</i>. <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>. Vol. 8.
    Wiley, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202580302">https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202580302</a>.'
  ieee: 'N. Jiyane <i>et al.</i>, <i>Cover Feature: Recessed microelectrodes as a
    platform to investigate the intrinsic redox process of Prussian blue analogs for
    energy storage application</i>, vol. 8, no. 3. Wiley, 2025.'
  ista: 'Jiyane N, Santana Santos C, Echevarria Poza I, Palacios Corella M, Abdillah
    Mahbub MA, Marin‐Tajadura G, Quast T, Ibáñez M, Ventosa E, Schuhmann W. 2025.
    Cover Feature: Recessed microelectrodes as a platform to investigate the intrinsic
    redox process of Prussian blue analogs for energy storage application, Wiley,p.'
  mla: 'Jiyane, Nomnotho, et al. “Cover Feature: Recessed Microelectrodes as a Platform
    to Investigate the Intrinsic Redox Process of Prussian Blue Analogs for Energy
    Storage Application.” <i>Batteries &#38; Supercaps</i>, vol. 8, no. 3, e202580302,
    Wiley, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202580302">10.1002/batt.202580302</a>.'
  short: 'N. Jiyane, C. Santana Santos, I. Echevarria Poza, M. Palacios Corella, M.A.
    Abdillah Mahbub, G. Marin‐Tajadura, T. Quast, M. Ibáñez, E. Ventosa, W. Schuhmann,
    Cover Feature: Recessed Microelectrodes as a Platform to Investigate the Intrinsic
    Redox Process of Prussian Blue Analogs for Energy Storage Application, Wiley,
    2025.'
date_created: 2025-07-21T07:52:59Z
date_published: 2025-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-18T18:18:57Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: MaIb
doi: 10.1002/batt.202580302
intvolume: '         8'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202580302
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Batteries & Supercaps
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2566-6223
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Cover Feature: Recessed microelectrodes as a platform to investigate the intrinsic
  redox process of Prussian blue analogs for energy storage application'
type: other_academic_publication
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 8
year: '2025'
...