[{"date_published":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2501.19104"]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2640-3498"]},"type":"conference","page":"67499-67536","month":"07","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Neural Collapse is a phenomenon where the last-layer representations of a well-trained neural network converge to a highly structured geometry. In this paper, we focus on its first (and most basic) property, known as NC1: the within-class variability vanishes. While prior theoretical studies establish the occurrence of NC1 via the data-agnostic unconstrained features model, our work adopts a data-specific perspective, analyzing NC1 in a three-layer neural network, with the first two layers operating in the mean-field regime and followed by a linear layer. In particular, we establish a fundamental connection between NC1 and the loss landscape: we prove that points with small empirical loss and gradient norm (thus, close to being stationary) approximately satisfy NC1, and the closeness to NC1 is controlled by the residual loss and gradient norm. We then show that (i) gradient flow on the mean squared error converges to NC1 solutions with small empirical loss, and (ii) for well-separated data distributions, both NC1 and vanishing test loss are achieved simultaneously. This aligns with the empirical observation that NC1 emerges during training while models attain near-zero test error. Overall, our results demonstrate that NC1 arises from gradient training due to the properties of the loss landscape, and they show the co-occurrence of NC1 and small test error for certain data distributions."}],"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","year":"2025","title":"Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime","status":"public","corr_author":"1","acknowledgement":"This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a CC BY public\r\ncopyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. The authors would like to thank Peter Sukenık for general helpful discussions and for pointing out that all the stationary points are approximately proportional in the case without entropic regularization. ","OA_place":"publisher","conference":{"location":"Vancouver, Canada","start_date":"2025-07-13","end_date":"2025-07-19","name":"ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning"},"_id":"21326","day":"30","alternative_title":["PMLR"],"citation":{"ista":"Wu D, Mondelli M. 2025. Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning. ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR, vol. 267, 67499–67536.","short":"D. Wu, M. Mondelli, in:, Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 67499–67536.","chicago":"Wu, Diyuan, and Marco Mondelli. “Neural Collapse beyond the Unconstrained Features Model: Landscape, Dynamics, and Generalization in the Mean-Field Regime.” In <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, 267:67499–536. ML Research Press, 2025.","mla":"Wu, Diyuan, and Marco Mondelli. “Neural Collapse beyond the Unconstrained Features Model: Landscape, Dynamics, and Generalization in the Mean-Field Regime.” <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, vol. 267, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 67499–536.","apa":"Wu, D., &#38; Mondelli, M. (2025). Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime. In <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i> (Vol. 267, pp. 67499–67536). Vancouver, Canada: ML Research Press.","ama":"Wu D, Mondelli M. Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime. In: <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>. Vol 267. ML Research Press; 2025:67499-67536.","ieee":"D. Wu and M. Mondelli, “Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime,” in <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, Vancouver, Canada, 2025, vol. 267, pp. 67499–67536."},"publication":"Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning","quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"file":[{"file_id":"21337","success":1,"file_name":"2025_ICML_Wu.pdf","checksum":"c5ce8b1c83e33dc3a11122f4910deb67","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2026-02-19T08:28:22Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-02-19T08:28:22Z","file_size":3994385}],"oa":1,"OA_type":"gold","department":[{"_id":"MaMo"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Diyuan","id":"1a5914c2-896a-11ed-bdf8-fb80621a0635","full_name":"Wu, Diyuan","last_name":"Wu"},{"first_name":"Marco","id":"27EB676C-8706-11E9-9510-7717E6697425","orcid":"0000-0002-3242-7020","full_name":"Mondelli, Marco","last_name":"Mondelli"}],"intvolume":"       267","project":[{"grant_number":"COE12","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Mondelli)","_id":"74caaef7-b034-11f1-8f2d-e0e993bb422e"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2026-02-18T12:02:45Z","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:25:42Z","ddc":["000"],"file_date_updated":"2026-02-19T08:28:22Z","volume":267,"oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"ML Research Press"},{"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"0599E47C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","name":"Formal Methods for Stochastic Models: Algorithms and Applications","grant_number":"863818"},{"_id":"4029cfc7-b034-11f1-9e55-88ab2ff3b6ee","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Chatterjee)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"scopus_import":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Chatterjee","full_name":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu","orcid":"0000-0002-4561-241X","id":"2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Krishnendu"},{"first_name":"Laurent","last_name":"Doyen","full_name":"Doyen, Laurent"},{"full_name":"Raskin, Jean-Francois","last_name":"Raskin","first_name":"Jean-Francois"},{"full_name":"Sankur, Ocan","last_name":"Sankur","first_name":"Ocan"}],"OA_type":"gold","department":[{"_id":"KrCh"}],"article_number":"150","file_date_updated":"2026-02-18T07:50:56Z","ddc":["000"],"oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2026-02-17T07:49:17Z","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:23:50Z","type":"conference","ec_funded":1,"month":"07","doi":"10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150","date_published":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2504.15960"]},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783959773720"]},"_id":"21268","publication":"52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming","quality_controlled":"1","alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"citation":{"short":"K. Chatterjee, L. Doyen, J.-F. Raskin, O. Sankur, in:, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025.","ista":"Chatterjee K, Doyen L, Raskin J-F, Sankur O. 2025. The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective. 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming. ICALP: Automata, Languages and Programming, LIPIcs, , 150.","chicago":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu, Laurent Doyen, Jean-Francois Raskin, and Ocan Sankur. “The Value Problem for Multiple-Environment MDPs with Parity Objective.” In <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150</a>.","mla":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu, et al. “The Value Problem for Multiple-Environment MDPs with Parity Objective.” <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>, 150, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150\">10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150</a>.","apa":"Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Raskin, J.-F., &#38; Sankur, O. (2025). The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective. In <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>. Aarhus, Denmark: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150</a>","ieee":"K. Chatterjee, L. Doyen, J.-F. Raskin, and O. Sankur, “The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective,” in <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>, Aarhus, Denmark, 2025.","ama":"Chatterjee K, Doyen L, Raskin J-F, Sankur O. The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective. In: <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150\">10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150</a>"},"day":"30","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2026-02-18T07:50:56Z","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1075724,"date_updated":"2026-02-18T07:50:56Z","success":1,"file_id":"21313","file_name":"2025_LIPIcs_Chatterjee.pdf","relation":"main_file","checksum":"4477a7fd4fbf0ba6c8e9b15683b5a6b8"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"abstract":[{"text":"We consider multiple-environment Markov decision processes (MEMDP), which consist of a finite set of MDPs over the same state space, representing different scenarios of transition structure and probability. The value of a strategy is the probability to satisfy the objective, here a parity objective, in the worst-case scenario, and the value of an MEMDP is the supremum of the values achievable by a strategy.\r\nWe show that deciding whether the value is 1 is a PSPACE-complete problem, and even in P when the number of environments is fixed, along with new insights to the almost-sure winning problem, which is to decide if there exists a strategy with value 1. Pure strategies are sufficient for theses problems, whereas randomization is necessary in general when the value is smaller than 1. We present an algorithm to approximate the value, running in double exponential space. Our results are in contrast to the related model of partially-observable MDPs where all these problems are known to be undecidable.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2025","corr_author":"1","title":"The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective","status":"public","OA_place":"publisher","acknowledgement":"Krishnendu Chatterjee: ERC CoG 863818 (ForM-SMArt) and Austrian Science Fund\r\n(FWF) 10.55776/COE12. Jean-François Raskin: PDR Weave project FORM-LEARN-POMDP funded by FNRS and DFG, and the support of the Fondation ULB. Ocan Sankur: ANR BisoUS (ANR-22-CE48-0012) and ANR EpiRL (ANR-22-CE23-0029).","conference":{"end_date":"2025-07-11","name":"ICALP: Automata, Languages and Programming","location":"Aarhus, Denmark","start_date":"2025-07-08"}},{"volume":356,"file_date_updated":"2026-03-09T11:51:59Z","ddc":["000"],"publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2026-03-08T23:01:46Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:27:09Z","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23","project":[{"_id":"0599E47C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Formal Methods for Stochastic Models: Algorithms and Applications","grant_number":"863818"},{"_id":"4029cfc7-b034-11f1-9e55-88ab2ff3b6ee","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Chatterjee)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"intvolume":"       356","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"full_name":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu","last_name":"Chatterjee","first_name":"Krishnendu","id":"2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-4561-241X"},{"last_name":"Křišťan","full_name":"Křišťan, Jan Matyáš","first_name":"Jan Matyáš"},{"full_name":"Schmid, Stefan","last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Stefan"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-1419-3267","first_name":"Jakub","id":"130759D2-D7DD-11E9-87D2-DE0DE6697425","full_name":"Svoboda, Jakub","last_name":"Svoboda"},{"id":"2D82B818-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Michelle X","orcid":"0009-0001-3676-4809","last_name":"Yeo","full_name":"Yeo, Michelle X"}],"department":[{"_id":"KrCh"}],"OA_type":"gold","scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"article_number":"23","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing","citation":{"mla":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu, et al. “Boosting Payment Channel Network Liquidity with Topology Optimization and Transaction Selection.” <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i>, vol. 356, 23, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23\">10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23</a>.","chicago":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu, Jan Matyáš Křišťan, Stefan Schmid, Jakub Svoboda, and Michelle X Yeo. “Boosting Payment Channel Network Liquidity with Topology Optimization and Transaction Selection.” In <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i>, Vol. 356. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23</a>.","ista":"Chatterjee K, Křišťan JM, Schmid S, Svoboda J, Yeo MX. 2025. Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection. 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing. DISC: Symposium on Distributed Computing, LIPIcs, vol. 356, 23.","short":"K. Chatterjee, J.M. Křišťan, S. Schmid, J. Svoboda, M.X. Yeo, in:, 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025.","ama":"Chatterjee K, Křišťan JM, Schmid S, Svoboda J, Yeo MX. Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection. In: <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i>. Vol 356. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23\">10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23</a>","ieee":"K. Chatterjee, J. M. Křišťan, S. Schmid, J. Svoboda, and M. X. Yeo, “Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection,” in <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i>, Berlin, Germany, 2025, vol. 356.","apa":"Chatterjee, K., Křišťan, J. M., Schmid, S., Svoboda, J., &#38; Yeo, M. X. (2025). Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection. In <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i> (Vol. 356). Berlin, Germany: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23</a>"},"day":"22","alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"_id":"21412","cryptoeprintid":1,"file":[{"file_size":1130069,"date_updated":"2026-03-09T11:51:59Z","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2026-03-09T11:51:59Z","relation":"main_file","checksum":"8e3d1594365df60163d9df22158a37b1","file_name":"2025_DISC_Chatterjee.pdf","success":1,"file_id":"21418"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","status":"public","title":"Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection","abstract":[{"text":"Payment channel networks (PCNs) are a promising technology that alleviates blockchain scalability by shifting the transaction load from the blockchain to the PCN. Nevertheless, the network topology has to be carefully designed to maximise the transaction throughput in PCNs. Additionally, users in PCNs also have to make optimal decisions on which transactions to forward and which to reject to prolong the lifetime of their channels. In this work, we consider an input sequence of transactions over p parties. Each transaction consists of a transaction size, source, and target, and can be either accepted or rejected (entailing a cost). The goal is to design a PCN topology among the p cooperating parties, along with the channel capacities, and then output a decision for each transaction in the sequence to minimise the cost of creating and augmenting channels, as well as the cost of rejecting transactions. Our main contribution is an 𝒪(p) approximation algorithm for the problem with p parties. We further show that with some assumptions on the distribution of transactions, we can reduce the approximation ratio to 𝒪(√p). We complement our theoretical analysis with an empirical study of our assumptions and approach in the context of the Lightning Network.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2025","conference":{"location":"Berlin, Germany","start_date":"2025-10-27","end_date":"2025-10-31","name":"DISC: Symposium on Distributed Computing"},"OA_place":"publisher","acknowledgement":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu: European Research Council CoG 863818 (ForM-SMArt) and Austrian Science Fund 10.55776/COE12.\r\nKřišťan, Jan Matyáš: Czech Science Foundation Grant no. 24-12046S.\r\nSchmid, Stefan: German Research Foundation (DFG) project ReNO (SPP 2378) from 2023-2027.\r\nSvoboda, Jakub: European Research Council CoG 863818 (ForM-SMArt) and Austrian Science Fund 10.55776/COE12.\r\nYeo, Michelle: MOE-T2EP20122-0014 (Data-Driven Distributed Algorithms).","ec_funded":1,"type":"conference","month":"10","arxiv":1,"doi":"10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23","date_published":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783959774024"],"issn":["1868-8969"]},"external_id":{"cryptoeprintid":["2025/1484"],"arxiv":["2508.14524"]}},{"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"author":[{"id":"e499926b-f6e0-11ea-865d-9c63db0031e8","first_name":"Jonathan A","last_name":"Scott","full_name":"Scott, Jonathan A"},{"first_name":"Christoph","id":"40C20FD2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8622-7887","full_name":"Lampert, Christoph","last_name":"Lampert"},{"last_name":"Saulpic","full_name":"Saulpic, David","id":"f8e48cf0-b0ff-11ed-b0e9-b4c35598f964","first_name":"David"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChLa"},{"_id":"MoHe"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","OA_type":"gold","scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"project":[{"_id":"d8f03aaa-b035-11f1-8588-d5147fa879e0","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Lampert)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"intvolume":"       267","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-12-14T23:02:05Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:26:12Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"21198"}]},"volume":267,"ddc":["000"],"file_date_updated":"2025-12-16T12:38:29Z","publisher":"ML Research Press","oa_version":"Published Version","arxiv":1,"date_published":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2640-3498"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2506.05408"]},"page":"53757-53790","type":"conference","month":"05","corr_author":"1","title":"Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data","status":"public","year":"2025","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Clustering is a cornerstone of data analysis that is particularly suited to identifying coherent subgroups or substructures in unlabeled data, as are generated continuously in large amounts these days. However, in many cases traditional clustering methods are not applicable, because data are increasingly being produced and stored in a distributed way, e.g. on edge devices, and privacy concerns prevent it from being transferred to a central server. To address this challenge, we present FedDP-KMeans, a new algorithm for \r\n-means clustering that is fully-federated as well as differentially private. Our approach leverages (potentially small and out-of-distribution) server-side data to overcome the primary challenge of differentially private clustering methods: the need for a good initialization. Combining our initialization with a simple federated DP-Lloyds algorithm we obtain an algorithm that achieves excellent results on synthetic and real-world benchmark tasks. We also provide a theoretical analysis of our method that provides bounds on the convergence speed and cluster identification success."}],"conference":{"end_date":"2025-07-19","name":"ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning","start_date":"2025-07-13","location":"Vancouver, Canada"},"OA_place":"publisher","acknowledgement":"This research was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [10.55776/COE12] and supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of ISTA through resources provided by Scientific Computing (SciComp).\r\n","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"42nd International Conference on Machine Learning","citation":{"ista":"Scott JA, Lampert C, Saulpic D. 2025. Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data. 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning. ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR, vol. 267, 53757–53790.","short":"J.A. Scott, C. Lampert, D. Saulpic, in:, 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 53757–53790.","chicago":"Scott, Jonathan A, Christoph Lampert, and David Saulpic. “Differentially Private Federated K-Means Clustering with Server-Side Data.” In <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, 267:53757–90. ML Research Press, 2025.","mla":"Scott, Jonathan A., et al. “Differentially Private Federated K-Means Clustering with Server-Side Data.” <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, vol. 267, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 53757–90.","apa":"Scott, J. A., Lampert, C., &#38; Saulpic, D. (2025). Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data. In <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i> (Vol. 267, pp. 53757–53790). Vancouver, Canada: ML Research Press.","ama":"Scott JA, Lampert C, Saulpic D. Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data. In: <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>. Vol 267. ML Research Press; 2025:53757-53790.","ieee":"J. A. Scott, C. Lampert, and D. Saulpic, “Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data,” in <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, Vancouver, Canada, 2025, vol. 267, pp. 53757–53790."},"day":"01","alternative_title":["PMLR"],"_id":"20819","file":[{"date_updated":"2025-12-16T12:38:29Z","file_size":746612,"date_created":"2025-12-16T12:38:29Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"815b32b463023ca21e569c2158745c15","relation":"main_file","file_id":"20829","success":1,"file_name":"2025_ICML_Scott.pdf"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579","article_number":"2505.15579","oa":1,"department":[{"_id":"ChLa"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Hossein","id":"653bd8b6-f394-11eb-9cf6-c0bbf6cd78d4","orcid":"0009-0007-3977-6462","full_name":"Zakerinia, Hossein","last_name":"Zakerinia"},{"last_name":"Scott","full_name":"Scott, Jonathan A","id":"e499926b-f6e0-11ea-865d-9c63db0031e8","first_name":"Jonathan A"},{"last_name":"Lampert","full_name":"Lampert, Christoph","orcid":"0000-0001-8622-7887","id":"40C20FD2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christoph"}],"OA_type":"green","oa_version":"Preprint","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"21198","status":"public"}]},"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:26:12Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2026-02-10T08:20:59Z","month":"05","type":"preprint","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.15579"}],"doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579","date_published":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","publication_status":"draft","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"_id":"21207","das_tickbox":"1","publication":"arXiv","citation":{"ista":"Zakerinia H, Scott JA, Lampert C. Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions. arXiv, 2505.15579.","short":"H. Zakerinia, J.A. Scott, C. Lampert, ArXiv (n.d.).","chicago":"Zakerinia, Hossein, Jonathan A Scott, and Christoph Lampert. “Federated Learning with Unlabeled Clients: Personalization Can Happen in Low Dimensions.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579</a>.","mla":"Zakerinia, Hossein, et al. “Federated Learning with Unlabeled Clients: Personalization Can Happen in Low Dimensions.” <i>ArXiv</i>, 2505.15579, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579\">10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579</a>.","apa":"Zakerinia, H., Scott, J. A., &#38; Lampert, C. (n.d.). Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579</a>","ieee":"H. Zakerinia, J. A. Scott, and C. Lampert, “Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","ama":"Zakerinia H, Scott JA, Lampert C. Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579\">10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579</a>"},"day":"21","OA_place":"repository","year":"2025","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Personalized federated learning has emerged as a popular approach to training on devices holding statistically heterogeneous data, known as clients. However, most existing approaches require a client to have labeled data for training or finetuning in order to obtain their own personalized model. In this paper we address this by proposing FLowDUP, a novel method that is able to generate a personalized model using only a forward pass with unlabeled data. The generated model parameters reside in a low-dimensional subspace, enabling efficient communication and computation. FLowDUP's learning objective is theoretically motivated by our new transductive multi-task PAC-Bayesian generalization bound, that provides performance guarantees for unlabeled clients. The objective is structured in such a way that it allows both clients with labeled data and clients with only unlabeled data to contribute to the training process. To supplement our theoretical results we carry out a thorough experimental evaluation of FLowDUP, demonstrating strong empirical performance on a range of datasets with differing sorts of statistically heterogeneous clients. Through numerous ablation studies, we test the efficacy of the individual components of the method."}],"corr_author":"1","title":"Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions","status":"public"},{"citation":{"ista":"Kalinin N, Upadhyay J, Lampert C. 2025. Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, 64002–64047.","short":"N. Kalinin, J. Upadhyay, C. Lampert, in:, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 64002–64047.","mla":"Kalinin, Nikita, et al. “Continual Release Moment Estimation with Differential Privacy.” <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 64002–47, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924\">10.52202/085713-1924</a>.","chicago":"Kalinin, Nikita, Jalaj Upadhyay, and Christoph Lampert. “Continual Release Moment Estimation with Differential Privacy.” In <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, 38:64002–47. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924</a>.","apa":"Kalinin, N., Upadhyay, J., &#38; Lampert, C. (2025). Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy. In <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38, pp. 64002–64047). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924</a>","ieee":"N. Kalinin, J. Upadhyay, and C. Lampert, “Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy,” in <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38, pp. 64002–64047.","ama":"Kalinin N, Upadhyay J, Lampert C. Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy. In: <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025:64002-64047. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924\">10.52202/085713-1924</a>"},"alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"day":"02","das_tickbox":"0","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","_id":"22828","publication_status":"published","title":"Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy","status":"public","corr_author":"1","year":"2025","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We propose Joint Moment Estimation (JME), a method for continually and privately estimating both the first and second moments of a data stream with reduced noise compared to naive approaches. JME supports the matrix mechanism and exploits a joint sensitivity analysis to identify a privacy regime in which the second-moment estimation incurs no additional privacy cost, thereby improving accuracy while maintaining privacy. We demonstrate JME’s effectiveness in two applications: estimating the running mean and covariance matrix for Gaussian density estimation and model training with DP-Adam."}],"conference":{"location":"San Diego, CA, United States","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems"},"supplementarymaterial":"no","OA_place":"publisher","acknowledgement":"We thank Monika Henzinger for her valuable feedback and insightful discussions on earlier versions\r\nof this draft. We are also grateful to Mher Safaryan for his contributions to discussions on DP-Adam.\r\nAdditionally, we thank Ryan McKenna for suggesting Joint Clipping as a baseline.\r\nJalaj Upadhyay’s research was funded by the Rutgers Decanal Grant no. 302918, NSF CNS 2433628,\r\nGoogle Research Scholar Award, and Google Seed Fund Grant. A part of this work was done while\r\nvisiting the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA).\r\nNikita Kalinin’s research was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [10.55776/COE12]","page":"64002-64047","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924","open_access":"1"}],"type":"conference","month":"12","doi":"10.52202/085713-1924","date_published":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","researchdata_availability":"no","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"],"isbn":["9798331338275"]},"volume":38,"publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2026-09-06T22:02:00Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:40:56Z","project":[{"_id":"d8f03aaa-b035-11f1-8588-d5147fa879e0","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Lampert)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924","intvolume":"        38","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"ChLa"}],"OA_type":"free access","author":[{"first_name":"Nikita","id":"4b14526e-14d2-11ed-ba64-c14c9553d137","full_name":"Kalinin, Nikita","last_name":"Kalinin"},{"last_name":"Upadhyay","full_name":"Upadhyay, Jalaj","first_name":"Jalaj"},{"last_name":"Lampert","full_name":"Lampert, Christoph","id":"40C20FD2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christoph","orcid":"0000-0001-8622-7887"}],"scopus_import":"1","oa":1},{"publisher":"EDP Sciences","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":698,"file_date_updated":"2025-06-25T08:38:02Z","ddc":["520"],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T09:10:41Z","date_created":"2025-06-15T22:01:29Z","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963","intvolume":"       698","article_number":"A40","OA_type":"diamond","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Britavskiy, N.","last_name":"Britavskiy","first_name":"N."},{"full_name":"Mahy, L.","last_name":"Mahy","first_name":"L."},{"last_name":"Lennon","full_name":"Lennon, D. J.","first_name":"D. J."},{"full_name":"Patrick, L. R.","last_name":"Patrick","first_name":"L. R."},{"first_name":"H.","full_name":"Sana, H.","last_name":"Sana"},{"first_name":"J. I.","full_name":"Villaseñor, J. I.","last_name":"Villaseñor"},{"full_name":"Shenar, T.","last_name":"Shenar","first_name":"T."},{"full_name":"Bodensteiner, J.","last_name":"Bodensteiner","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Bernini-Peron","full_name":"Bernini-Peron, M."},{"first_name":"S. R.","full_name":"Berlanas, S. R.","last_name":"Berlanas"},{"full_name":"Bowman, D. M.","last_name":"Bowman","first_name":"D. M."},{"first_name":"P. A.","last_name":"Crowther","full_name":"Crowther, P. A."},{"first_name":"S. E.","full_name":"De Mink, S. E.","last_name":"De Mink"},{"last_name":"Evans","full_name":"Evans, C. J.","first_name":"C. J."},{"orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911","id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","last_name":"Götberg","full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter"},{"last_name":"Holgado","full_name":"Holgado, G.","first_name":"G."},{"first_name":"C.","last_name":"Johnston","full_name":"Johnston, C."},{"last_name":"Keszthelyi","full_name":"Keszthelyi, Z.","first_name":"Z."},{"first_name":"J.","full_name":"Klencki, J.","last_name":"Klencki"},{"full_name":"Langer, N.","last_name":"Langer","first_name":"N."},{"first_name":"I.","full_name":"Mandel, I.","last_name":"Mandel"},{"full_name":"Menon, A.","last_name":"Menon","first_name":"A."},{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Moe, M.","last_name":"Moe"},{"full_name":"Oskinova, L. M.","last_name":"Oskinova","first_name":"L. M."},{"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Pauli","full_name":"Pauli, D."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Pawlak","full_name":"Pawlak, M."},{"first_name":"V.","last_name":"Ramachandran","full_name":"Ramachandran, V."},{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Renzo, M.","last_name":"Renzo"},{"first_name":"A. A.C.","full_name":"Sander, A. A.C.","last_name":"Sander"},{"last_name":"Schneider","full_name":"Schneider, F. R.N.","first_name":"F. R.N."},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"Schootemeijer, A.","last_name":"Schootemeijer"},{"last_name":"Sen","full_name":"Sen, K.","first_name":"K."},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Simón-Díaz","full_name":"Simón-Díaz, S."},{"first_name":"J. T.","last_name":"Van Loon","full_name":"Van Loon, J. T."},{"full_name":"Vink, J. S.","last_name":"Vink","first_name":"J. S."}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","oa":1,"scopus_import":"1","file":[{"checksum":"53a9f290cb1f468895e0d4446e0020f0","relation":"main_file","file_id":"19901","success":1,"file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Britavskiy.pdf","date_updated":"2025-06-25T08:38:02Z","file_size":7106568,"date_created":"2025-06-25T08:38:02Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","quality_controlled":"1","das_tickbox":"1","publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","citation":{"chicago":"Britavskiy, N., L. Mahy, D. J. Lennon, L. R. Patrick, H. Sana, J. I. Villaseñor, T. Shenar, et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of Early B-Type Supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>.","mla":"Britavskiy, N., et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of Early B-Type Supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698, A40, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>.","ista":"Britavskiy N, Mahy L, Lennon DJ, Patrick LR, Sana H, Villaseñor JI, Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Bernini-Peron M, Berlanas SR, Bowman DM, Crowther PA, De Mink SE, Evans CJ, Götberg YLL, Holgado G, Johnston C, Keszthelyi Z, Klencki J, Langer N, Mandel I, Menon A, Moe M, Oskinova LM, Pauli D, Pawlak M, Ramachandran V, Renzo M, Sander AAC, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Sen K, Simón-Díaz S, Van Loon JT, Vink JS. 2025. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 698, A40.","short":"N. Britavskiy, L. Mahy, D.J. Lennon, L.R. Patrick, H. Sana, J.I. Villaseñor, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, M. Bernini-Peron, S.R. Berlanas, D.M. Bowman, P.A. Crowther, S.E. De Mink, C.J. Evans, Y.L.L. Götberg, G. Holgado, C. Johnston, Z. Keszthelyi, J. Klencki, N. Langer, I. Mandel, A. Menon, M. Moe, L.M. Oskinova, D. Pauli, M. Pawlak, V. Ramachandran, M. Renzo, A.A.C. Sander, F.R.N. Schneider, A. Schootemeijer, K. Sen, S. Simón-Díaz, J.T. Van Loon, J.S. Vink, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 698 (2025).","ama":"Britavskiy N, Mahy L, Lennon DJ, et al. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;698. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>","ieee":"N. Britavskiy <i>et al.</i>, “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698. EDP Sciences, 2025.","apa":"Britavskiy, N., Mahy, L., Lennon, D. J., Patrick, L. R., Sana, H., Villaseñor, J. I., … Vink, J. S. (2025). Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>"},"day":"01","_id":"19841","supplementarymaterial":"no","acknowledgement":"We thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments that have improved the manuscript. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 101164755/METAL) and was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 2434/24. NB acknowledges support from the Belgian federal government grant for Ukrainian postdoctoral researchers (contract UF/2022/10). TS acknowledges support by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 0603225041. DP acknowledges financial support from the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grant FKZ 50OR2005 and the FWO junior postdoctoral fellowship No. 1256225N. DMB gratefully acknowledges UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in the form of a Frontier Research grant under the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (SYMPHONY; PI Bowman; grant number: EP/Y031059/1), and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (PI Bowman; grant number: URF\\R1\\231631). KS is funded by the National Science Center (NCN), Poland, under grant number OPUS 2021/41/B/ST9/00757. IM acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGav), through project number CE230100016. JIV acknowledges support from the European Research Council through ERC Advanced Grant No. 101054731. SS-D, and GH acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities (MICIU) through the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through grants PID2021-122397NB-C21, and the Severo Ochoa Program 2020-2023 (CEX2019-000920-S).","OA_place":"publisher","status":"public","title":"Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud","abstract":[{"text":"Context. The blue supergiant (BSG) domain contains a large variety of stars whose past and future evolutionary paths are still highly uncertain. Since binary interaction plays a crucial role in the fate of massive stars, investigating the multiplicity among BSGs helps shed light on the fate of such objects.\r\nAims. We aim to estimate the binary fraction of a large sample of BSGs in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) within the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) survey. In total, we selected 262 targets with spectral types B0-B3 and luminosity classes I-II.\r\n\r\nMethods. This work is based on spectroscopic data collected by the FLAMES instrument, mounted on the Very Large Telescope, which gathered nine epochs over three months. Our spectroscopic analysis for each target includes the individual and peak-to-peak radial velocity measurements, an investigation of the line profile variability, and a periodogram analysis to search for possible short- and long-period binaries.\r\n\r\nResults. By applying a 20 km s−1 threshold on the peak-to-peak radial velocities above which we would consider the star to be binary, the resulting observed spectroscopic binary fraction for our BSG sample is 23 ± 3%. An independent analysis of line profile variability reveals 11 (plus 5 candidates) double-lined spectroscopic binaries and 32 (plus 41 candidates) single-lined spectroscopic binaries. Based on these results, we estimated the overall observed binary fraction in this sample to be 34 ± 3%, which is close to the computed intrinsic binary fraction of 40 ± 4%. In addition, we derived reliable orbital periods for 41 spectroscopic binaries and potential binary candidates, among which there are 17 eclipsing binaries, including 20 SB1 and SB2 systems with periods of less than 10 days. We reported a significant drop in the binary fraction of BSGs with spectral types later than B2 and effective temperatures less than 18 kK, which could indicate the end of the main sequence phase in this temperature regime. We found no metallicity dependence in the binary fraction of BSGs, compared to existing spectroscopic surveys of the Galaxy and Large Magellanic Cloud.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2025","month":"06","isi":1,"type":"journal_article","researchdata_availability":"no","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2502.12239"],"isi":["001497903100019"]},"arxiv":1,"date_published":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202452963"},{"month":"05","isi":1,"type":"journal_article","researchdata_availability":"no","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0004-6361"],"eissn":["1432-0746"]},"external_id":{"isi":["001494033100007"],"arxiv":["2412.05356"]},"arxiv":1,"doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202453185","date_published":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-06-10T07:00:38Z","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","file_size":6378030,"date_updated":"2025-06-10T07:00:38Z","success":1,"file_id":"19799","file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_HovisAfflerbach.pdf","relation":"main_file","checksum":"caa92beb22ab3146a75c5b03e926de1f"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","quality_controlled":"1","das_tickbox":"0","day":"01","citation":{"mla":"Hovis-Afflerbach, B., et al. “The Mass Distribution of Stars Stripped in Binaries: The Effect of Metallicity.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 697, A239, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185\">10.1051/0004-6361/202453185</a>.","chicago":"Hovis-Afflerbach, B., Ylva Louise Linsdotter Götberg, A. Schootemeijer, J. Klencki, A. L. Strom, B. A. Ludwig, and M. R. Drout. “The Mass Distribution of Stars Stripped in Binaries: The Effect of Metallicity.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185</a>.","ista":"Hovis-Afflerbach B, Götberg YLL, Schootemeijer A, Klencki J, Strom AL, Ludwig BA, Drout MR. 2025. The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 697, A239.","short":"B. Hovis-Afflerbach, Y.L.L. Götberg, A. Schootemeijer, J. Klencki, A.L. Strom, B.A. Ludwig, M.R. Drout, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 697 (2025).","ieee":"B. Hovis-Afflerbach <i>et al.</i>, “The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 697. EDP Sciences, 2025.","ama":"Hovis-Afflerbach B, Götberg YLL, Schootemeijer A, et al. The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;697. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185\">10.1051/0004-6361/202453185</a>","apa":"Hovis-Afflerbach, B., Götberg, Y. L. L., Schootemeijer, A., Klencki, J., Strom, A. L., Ludwig, B. A., &#38; Drout, M. R. (2025). The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185</a>"},"_id":"19797","supplementarymaterial":"no","acknowledgement":"We thank the anonymous referee for providing a constructive report. We thank Tomer Shenar and Selma de Mink for the interesting discussions that helped us improve the content of Sect. 4. Thank you to Jorick Vink and Andreas Sander for helpful discussions about wind driving. BHA thanks the Caltech Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program and Peter Adams for supporting this project in memory of Alain Porter and Arthur R. Adams. BHA thanks Gwen Rudie for organizing the Carnegie Astrophysics Summer Student Internship (CASSI) program and all the staff at Carnegie Observatories who help to support this program. BHA also thanks Laura Jaliff, Sal Wanying Fu, Ivanna Escala, Johanna Teske, Tony Piro, Brian Lorenz, and Peter Senchyna for their mentorship during this project. Computing resources used for this work were made possible by a grant from the Ahmanson Foundation. We thank the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science for support, including Chris Burns for help with computations. This work used computing resources provided by Northwestern University and the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA). This research was supported in part through the computational resources and staff contributions provided for the Quest high performance computing facility at Northwestern University which is jointly supported by the Office of the Provost, the Office for Research, and Northwestern University Information Technology. MRD acknowledges support from the NSERC through grant RGPIN-2019-06186, the Canada Research Chairs Program, and the Dunlap Institute at the University of Toronto. BHA is supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-2234667.","OA_place":"publisher","corr_author":"1","title":"The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity","status":"public","year":"2025","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Stars stripped of their hydrogen-rich envelopes through binary interaction are thought to be responsible for both hydrogen-poor supernovae and the hard ionizing radiation observed in low-Z galaxies. A population of these stars was recently observed for the first time, but their prevalence remains unknown. In preparation for such measurements, we estimate the mass distribution of hot, stripped stars using a population synthesis code that interpolates over detailed single and binary stellar evolution tracks. We predict that for a constant star formation rate of 1 M⊙/yr and regardless of metallicity, a scalable model population contains ∼30 000 stripped stars with mass Mstrip > 1 M⊙ and ∼4000 stripped stars that are sufficiently massive to explode (Mstrip > 2.6 M⊙). Below Mstrip = 5 M⊙, the distribution is metallicity-independent and can be described by a power law with the exponent α ∼ −2. At higher masses and lower metallicity (Z ≲ 0.002), the mass distribution exhibits a drop. This originates from the prediction, frequently seen in evolutionary models, that massive low-metallicity stars do not expand substantially until central helium burning or later and therefore cannot form long-lived stripped stars. With weaker line-driven winds at low metallicity, this suggests that neither binary interaction nor wind mass loss can efficiently strip massive stars at low metallicity. As a result, a “helium-star desert” emerges around Mstrip = 15 M⊙ at Z = 0.002, covering an increasingly large mass range with decreasing metallicity. We note that these high-mass stars are those that potentially boost a galaxy’s He+-ionizing radiation and that participate in the formation of merging black holes. This “helium-star desert” therefore merits further study."}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185","intvolume":"       697","article_number":"A239","OA_type":"diamond","author":[{"first_name":"B.","last_name":"Hovis-Afflerbach","full_name":"Hovis-Afflerbach, B."},{"full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter","last_name":"Götberg","first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911"},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"Schootemeijer, A.","last_name":"Schootemeijer"},{"last_name":"Klencki","full_name":"Klencki, J.","first_name":"J."},{"last_name":"Strom","full_name":"Strom, A. L.","first_name":"A. L."},{"full_name":"Ludwig, B. A.","last_name":"Ludwig","first_name":"B. A."},{"full_name":"Drout, M. R.","last_name":"Drout","first_name":"M. R."}],"department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","oa":1,"scopus_import":"1","publisher":"EDP Sciences","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":697,"file_date_updated":"2025-06-10T07:00:38Z","ddc":["520"],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T09:06:06Z","date_created":"2025-06-08T22:01:22Z","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345"},{"ddc":["520"],"_id":"22933","day":"05","citation":{"ista":"Mueller-Horn J. 2025. MWC656 Analysis, Repository, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>.","short":"J. Mueller-Horn, (2025).","mla":"Mueller-Horn, Johanna. <i>MWC656 Analysis</i>. Repository, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>.","chicago":"Mueller-Horn, Johanna. “MWC656 Analysis.” Repository, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>.","apa":"Mueller-Horn, J. (2025). MWC656 Analysis. Repository. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>","ieee":"J. Mueller-Horn, “MWC656 Analysis.” Repository, 2025.","ama":"Mueller-Horn J. MWC656 Analysis. 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>"},"oa_version":"None","publisher":"Repository","abstract":[{"text":"The HST spectra obtained for MWC656 and spectral data used for comparison in the publication.\r\nThis DOI is provided by the MAST archive at Space Telescope Science Institute","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2025","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","title":"MWC656 Analysis","status":"public","date_created":"2026-09-16T08:51:40Z","OA_place":"repository","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"22816","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"date_updated":"2026-09-16T08:56:13Z","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96","open_access":"1"}],"type":"research_data_reference","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96","month":"07","doi":"10.17909/cfms-dg96","oa":1,"date_published":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"OA_type":"green","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"full_name":"Mueller-Horn, Johanna","last_name":"Mueller-Horn","first_name":"Johanna"}]},{"date_created":"2025-06-15T22:01:30Z","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","date_updated":"2026-09-16T09:14:49Z","volume":698,"ddc":["520"],"file_date_updated":"2025-06-23T07:54:57Z","publisher":"EDP Sciences","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"Yes","author":[{"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Bodensteiner","full_name":"Bodensteiner, J."},{"last_name":"Shenar","full_name":"Shenar, T.","first_name":"T."},{"first_name":"H.","full_name":"Sana, H.","last_name":"Sana"},{"full_name":"Britavskiy, N.","last_name":"Britavskiy","first_name":"N."},{"last_name":"Crowther","full_name":"Crowther, P. A.","first_name":"P. A."},{"last_name":"Langer","full_name":"Langer, N.","first_name":"N."},{"first_name":"D. J.","full_name":"Lennon, D. J.","last_name":"Lennon"},{"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Mahy","full_name":"Mahy, L."},{"first_name":"L. R.","last_name":"Patrick","full_name":"Patrick, L. R."},{"full_name":"Villaseñor, J. I.","last_name":"Villaseñor","first_name":"J. I."},{"full_name":"Abdul-Masih, M.","last_name":"Abdul-Masih","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Bowman","full_name":"Bowman, D. M.","first_name":"D. M."},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"De Koter, A.","last_name":"De Koter"},{"last_name":"De Mink","full_name":"De Mink, S. E.","first_name":"S. E."},{"last_name":"Deshmukh","full_name":"Deshmukh, K.","first_name":"K."},{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Fabry, M.","last_name":"Fabry"},{"full_name":"Gilkis, A.","last_name":"Gilkis","first_name":"A."},{"id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911","last_name":"Götberg","full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter"},{"first_name":"G.","full_name":"Holgado, G.","last_name":"Holgado"},{"first_name":"R. G.","full_name":"Izzard, R. G.","last_name":"Izzard"},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Janssens","full_name":"Janssens, S."},{"first_name":"V. M.","last_name":"Kalari","full_name":"Kalari, V. M."},{"first_name":"Z.","full_name":"Keszthelyi, Z.","last_name":"Keszthelyi"},{"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Kubát","full_name":"Kubát, J."},{"first_name":"I.","last_name":"Mandel","full_name":"Mandel, I."},{"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Maravelias","full_name":"Maravelias, G."},{"first_name":"L. M.","last_name":"Oskinova","full_name":"Oskinova, L. M."},{"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Pauli","full_name":"Pauli, D."},{"first_name":"V.","last_name":"Ramachandran","full_name":"Ramachandran, V."},{"first_name":"D. F.","last_name":"Rocha","full_name":"Rocha, D. F."},{"last_name":"Renzo","full_name":"Renzo, M.","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"A. A.C.","last_name":"Sander","full_name":"Sander, A. A.C."},{"full_name":"Schneider, F. R.N.","last_name":"Schneider","first_name":"F. R.N."},{"full_name":"Schootemeijer, A.","last_name":"Schootemeijer","first_name":"A."},{"first_name":"K.","last_name":"Sen","full_name":"Sen, K."},{"last_name":"Stoop","full_name":"Stoop, M.","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Toonen, S.","last_name":"Toonen","first_name":"S."},{"full_name":"Van Loon, J. T.","last_name":"Van Loon","first_name":"J. T."},{"full_name":"Valli, R.","last_name":"Valli","first_name":"R."},{"full_name":"Vigna-Gómez, A.","last_name":"Vigna-Gómez","first_name":"A."},{"first_name":"J. S.","full_name":"Vink, J. S.","last_name":"Vink"},{"full_name":"Wang, C.","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"C."},{"first_name":"X. T.","last_name":"Xu","full_name":"Xu, X. T."}],"OA_type":"diamond","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"oa":1,"scopus_import":"1","article_number":"A38","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623","intvolume":"       698","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"title":"Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars","status":"public","year":"2025","abstract":[{"text":"Context. Rapidly rotating classical OBe stars have been proposed as the products of binary interactions, and the fraction of Be stars with compact companions implies that at least some are. However, to constrain the interaction physics spinning up the OBe stars, a large sample of homogeneously analyzed OBe stars with well-determined binary characteristics and orbital parameters are required.\r\n\r\nAims. We investigated the multiplicity properties of a sample of 18 Oe, 62 Be, and two Of?p stars observed within the BLOeM survey in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We analyzed the first nine epochs of spectroscopic observations obtained over approximately three months in 2023.\r\n\r\nMethods. Radial velocities (RVs) of all stars were measured using cross-correlation based on different sets of absorption and emission lines. Applying commonly used binarity criteria, we classified objects as binaries, binary candidates, and apparently single (RV stable) objects. We further inspected the spectra for double-lined spectroscopic binaries and cross-matched with catalogs of X-ray sources and photometric binaries.\r\n\r\nResults. We classify 14 OBe stars as binaries, and an additional 11 as binary candidates. The two Of?p stars are apparently single. We find two more objects that are most likely currently interacting binaries. Without those, the observed binary fraction for the remaining OBe sample of 78 stars is fobs+candOBe = 0.18 ± 0.04 (fobs+candOBe = 0.32±0.05 including candidates). This binary fraction is less than half of that measured for OB stars in BLOeM. Combined with the lower fraction of SB2s, this suggests that OBe stars do indeed have fundamentally different present-day binary properties than OB stars. We find no evidence for OBe binaries with massive compact companions, in contrast to expectations from binary population synthesis.\r\n\r\nConclusions. Our results support the binary scenario as an important formation channel for OBe stars, as post-interaction binaries may have been disrupted or the stripped companions of OBe stars are harder to detect. Further observations are required to characterize the detected binaries, their orbital parameters, and the nature of their companions.","lang":"eng"}],"supplementarymaterial":"yes","OA_place":"publisher","acknowledgement":"The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (grant agreement numbers 772225: MULTIPLES, and 945806) and is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1-390900948 (the Heidelberg STRUCTURES Excellence Cluster). DMB gratefully acknowledges funding from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in the form of a Frontier Research grant under the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (SYMPHONY; grant number: EP/Y031059/1), and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF; grant number: URF\\R1\\231631). RGI is funded by STFC grant ST/Y002350/1 as part of the BRIDGCE UK network, and thanks IReNA colleagues for stimulating discussions. Z.K. acknowledges support from JSPS Kakenhi Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (23K19071). IM acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for GravitationalWave Discovery (OzGrav), through project number CE230100016. DP acknowledges financial support by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grant FKZ 50OR2005. DFR is thankful for the support of CAPES-Br and FAPERJ/DSC-10 (SEI-260003/001630/2023). AACS and VR are supported by the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Project-ID 445674056 (Emmy Noether Research Group SA4064/1-1, PI Sander). AACS and VR are further supported by funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science as part of the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments. JIV acknowledges support from the European Research Council for the ERC Advanced Grant 101054731. LRP acknowledges support from grant PID2022-140483NB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. GH acknowledges support from grants PID2021-122397NB-C21/PID2022-136640NB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/FEDER/10.13039/501100011033. J.K. thanks for the support of a grant GA CR 22-34467S. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 101164755/METAL) and was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 2434/24.","das_tickbox":"1","publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","quality_controlled":"1","day":"01","citation":{"ieee":"J. Bodensteiner <i>et al.</i>, “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698. EDP Sciences, 2025.","ama":"Bodensteiner J, Shenar T, Sana H, et al. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;698. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452623</a>","apa":"Bodensteiner, J., Shenar, T., Sana, H., Britavskiy, N., Crowther, P. A., Langer, N., … Xu, X. T. (2025). Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623</a>","mla":"Bodensteiner, J., et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity Properties of Oe and Be Stars.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698, A38, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452623</a>.","chicago":"Bodensteiner, J., T. Shenar, H. Sana, N. Britavskiy, P. A. Crowther, N. Langer, D. J. Lennon, et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity Properties of Oe and Be Stars.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623</a>.","short":"J. Bodensteiner, T. Shenar, H. Sana, N. Britavskiy, P.A. Crowther, N. Langer, D.J. Lennon, L. Mahy, L.R. Patrick, J.I. Villaseñor, M. Abdul-Masih, D.M. Bowman, A. De Koter, S.E. De Mink, K. Deshmukh, M. Fabry, A. Gilkis, Y.L.L. Götberg, G. Holgado, R.G. Izzard, S. Janssens, V.M. Kalari, Z. Keszthelyi, J. Kubát, I. Mandel, G. Maravelias, L.M. Oskinova, D. Pauli, V. Ramachandran, D.F. Rocha, M. Renzo, A.A.C. Sander, F.R.N. Schneider, A. Schootemeijer, K. Sen, M. Stoop, S. Toonen, J.T. Van Loon, R. Valli, A. Vigna-Gómez, J.S. Vink, C. Wang, X.T. Xu, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 698 (2025).","ista":"Bodensteiner J, Shenar T, Sana H, Britavskiy N, Crowther PA, Langer N, Lennon DJ, Mahy L, Patrick LR, Villaseñor JI, Abdul-Masih M, Bowman DM, De Koter A, De Mink SE, Deshmukh K, Fabry M, Gilkis A, Götberg YLL, Holgado G, Izzard RG, Janssens S, Kalari VM, Keszthelyi Z, Kubát J, Mandel I, Maravelias G, Oskinova LM, Pauli D, Ramachandran V, Rocha DF, Renzo M, Sander AAC, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Sen K, Stoop M, Toonen S, Van Loon JT, Valli R, Vigna-Gómez A, Vink JS, Wang C, Xu XT. 2025. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 698, A38."},"_id":"19844","file":[{"file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Bodensteiner.pdf","file_id":"19866","success":1,"checksum":"51d79c82f6030180fb7c5d7ba01b2da8","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2025-06-23T07:54:57Z","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2025-06-23T07:54:57Z","file_size":2404827}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","arxiv":1,"doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202452623","date_published":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","researchdata_availability":"no","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2502.02641"],"isi":["001497903100011"]},"type":"journal_article","month":"06","isi":1},{"day":"01","citation":{"short":"L.R. Patrick, D.J. Lennon, F. Najarro, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, H. Sana, P.A. Crowther, N. Britavskiy, N. Langer, A. Schootemeijer, C.J. Evans, L. Mahy, Y.L.L. Götberg, S.E. De Mink, F.R.N. Schneider, A.J.G. O’Grady, J.I. Villaseñor, M. Bernini-Peron, D.M. Bowman, A. De Koter, K. Deshmukh, A. Gilkis, G. González-Torà, V.M. Kalari, Z. K̃Eszthelyi, I. Mandel, A. Menon, M. Moe, L.M. Oskinova, D. Pauli, M. Renzo, A.A.C. Sander, K. Sen, M. Stoop, J.T. Van Loon, S. Toonen, F. Tramper, J.S. Vink, C. Wang, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 698 (2025).","ista":"Patrick LR, Lennon DJ, Najarro F, Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Sana H, Crowther PA, Britavskiy N, Langer N, Schootemeijer A, Evans CJ, Mahy L, Götberg YLL, De Mink SE, Schneider FRN, O’Grady AJG, Villaseñor JI, Bernini-Peron M, Bowman DM, De Koter A, Deshmukh K, Gilkis A, González-Torà G, Kalari VM, K̃Eszthelyi Z, Mandel I, Menon A, Moe M, Oskinova LM, Pauli D, Renzo M, Sander AAC, Sen K, Stoop M, Van Loon JT, Toonen S, Tramper F, Vink JS, Wang C. 2025. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 698, A39.","mla":"Patrick, L. R., et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The Multiplicity Properties and Evolution of BAF-Type Supergiants.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698, A39, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452949</a>.","chicago":"Patrick, L. R., D. J. Lennon, F. Najarro, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, H. Sana, P. A. Crowther, et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The Multiplicity Properties and Evolution of BAF-Type Supergiants.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949</a>.","apa":"Patrick, L. R., Lennon, D. J., Najarro, F., Shenar, T., Bodensteiner, J., Sana, H., … Wang, C. (2025). Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949</a>","ieee":"L. R. Patrick <i>et al.</i>, “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698. EDP Sciences, 2025.","ama":"Patrick LR, Lennon DJ, Najarro F, et al. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;698. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452949</a>"},"publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","das_tickbox":"1","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"19842","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-06-23T07:09:38Z","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":2130448,"date_updated":"2025-06-23T07:09:38Z","success":1,"file_id":"19863","file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Patrick.pdf","relation":"main_file","checksum":"93a907bf48da7e2ba7d75b53ea6011f5"}],"publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","title":"Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Given the uncertain evolutionary status of blue supergiant stars, their multiplicity properties hold vital clues to better understand their origin and evolution. As part of The Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign in the Small Magellanic Cloud, we present a multi-epoch spectroscopic survey of 128 supergiant stars of spectral type B5–F5, which roughly correspond to initial masses in the 6–30 M⊙ range. The observed binary fraction for the B5–9 supergiants is 25 ± 6% (10 ± 4%) and 5 ± 2% (0%) for the A–F stars, which were found using a radial-velocity (RV) variability threshold of 5 km s−1 (10 km s−1) as a criterion for binarity. Accounting for observational biases, we find an intrinsic multiplicity fraction of less than 18% for the B5–9 stars and 8−7+9% for the AF stars, for the orbital periods up to 103.5 days and mass ratios (q) in the 0.1 < q < 1 range. The large stellar radii of these supergiant stars prevent short orbital periods, but we demonstrate that this effect alone cannot explain our results. We assessed the spectra and RV time series of the detected binary systems and find that only a small fraction display convincing solutions. We conclude that the multiplicity fractions are compromised by intrinsic stellar variability, such that the true multiplicity fraction may be significantly smaller. Our main conclusions from comparing the multiplicity properties of the B5–9- and AF-type supergiants to that of their less evolved counterparts is that such stars cannot be explained by a direct evolution from the main sequence. Furthermore, by comparing their multiplicity properties to red supergiant stars, we conclude that the AF supergiant stars are neither progenitors nor descendants of red supergiants."}],"year":"2025","supplementarymaterial":"no","acknowledgement":"We thank Sipra Hota for kindly sharing the SMC UVIT catalogue prior to publication. LRP, FN. and FT acknowledge support by grants PID2019-105552RB-C41 and PID2022-137779OB-C41 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. LRP acknowledges support from grant PID2022-140483NB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. TS acknowledges support by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 0603225041. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement numbers 772225: MULTIPLES). DMB gratefully acknowledges support from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in the form of a Frontier Research grant under the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (SYMPHONY; grant number: EP/Y031059/1), and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (grant number: URF\\R1\\231631). GGT is supported by the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Project-ID 496854903 (SA4064/2-1, PI Sander). AACS is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) in the form of an Emmy Noether Research Group – Project-ID 445674056 (SA4064/1-1, PI Sander). GGT and AACS further acknowledges support from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science as part of the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments. This paper benefited from discussions at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern through ISSI International Team project 512 (Multiwavelength View on Massive Stars in the Era of Multimessenger Astronomy). DP acknowledges financial support by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grant FKZ 50OR2005. JIV acknowledges support from the European Research Council for the ERC Advanced Grant 101054731. PAC is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council research grant ST/V000853/1 (PI. V. Dhillon). JSV is supported by Science and Technology Facilities Council funding under grant number ST/V000233/1. DFR is thankful for the support of the CAPES-Br and FAPERJ/DSC-10 (SEI-260003/001630/2023). This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 945806) and is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1-390900948 (the Heidelberg STRUCTURES Excellence Cluster).","OA_place":"publisher","type":"journal_article","isi":1,"month":"06","arxiv":1,"date_published":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202452949","researchdata_availability":"no","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"external_id":{"isi":["001497903100028"],"arxiv":["2502.02644"]},"volume":698,"file_date_updated":"2025-06-23T07:09:38Z","ddc":["520"],"publisher":"EDP Sciences","oa_version":"Published Version","article_type":"original","date_created":"2025-06-15T22:01:29Z","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","date_updated":"2026-09-16T09:11:14Z","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949","intvolume":"       698","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"OA_type":"diamond","author":[{"first_name":"L. 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J."},{"last_name":"Mahy","full_name":"Mahy, L.","first_name":"L."},{"full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter","last_name":"Götberg","orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911","first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d"},{"full_name":"De Mink, S. E.","last_name":"De Mink","first_name":"S. E."},{"first_name":"F. R.N.","full_name":"Schneider, F. R.N.","last_name":"Schneider"},{"last_name":"O’Grady","full_name":"O’Grady, A. J.G.","first_name":"A. J.G."},{"full_name":"Villaseñor, J. I.","last_name":"Villaseñor","first_name":"J. I."},{"full_name":"Bernini-Peron, M.","last_name":"Bernini-Peron","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"D. M.","last_name":"Bowman","full_name":"Bowman, D. M."},{"last_name":"De Koter","full_name":"De Koter, A.","first_name":"A."},{"first_name":"K.","last_name":"Deshmukh","full_name":"Deshmukh, K."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Gilkis","full_name":"Gilkis, A."},{"first_name":"G.","full_name":"González-Torà, G.","last_name":"González-Torà"},{"full_name":"Kalari, V. M.","last_name":"Kalari","first_name":"V. M."},{"first_name":"Z.","full_name":"K̃Eszthelyi, Z.","last_name":"K̃Eszthelyi"},{"last_name":"Mandel","full_name":"Mandel, I.","first_name":"I."},{"last_name":"Menon","full_name":"Menon, A.","first_name":"A."},{"full_name":"Moe, M.","last_name":"Moe","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Oskinova","full_name":"Oskinova, L. M.","first_name":"L. M."},{"last_name":"Pauli","full_name":"Pauli, D.","first_name":"D."},{"last_name":"Renzo","full_name":"Renzo, M.","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"A. A.C.","full_name":"Sander, A. A.C.","last_name":"Sander"},{"last_name":"Sen","full_name":"Sen, K.","first_name":"K."},{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Stoop, M.","last_name":"Stoop"},{"first_name":"J. T.","full_name":"Van Loon, J. T.","last_name":"Van Loon"},{"full_name":"Toonen, S.","last_name":"Toonen","first_name":"S."},{"full_name":"Tramper, F.","last_name":"Tramper","first_name":"F."},{"full_name":"Vink, J. S.","last_name":"Vink","first_name":"J. S."},{"first_name":"C.","full_name":"Wang, C.","last_name":"Wang"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"article_number":"A39"},{"date_updated":"2026-09-16T10:03:32Z","date_created":"2025-09-14T22:01:32Z","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","publisher":"Springer Nature","oa_version":"Preprint","article_type":"original","volume":9,"article_processing_charge":"No","OA_type":"green","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Sana","full_name":"Sana, H.","first_name":"H."},{"full_name":"Shenar, T.","last_name":"Shenar","first_name":"T."},{"last_name":"Bodensteiner","full_name":"Bodensteiner, J.","first_name":"J."},{"full_name":"Britavskiy, N.","last_name":"Britavskiy","first_name":"N."},{"last_name":"Langer","full_name":"Langer, N.","first_name":"N."},{"full_name":"Lennon, D. J.","last_name":"Lennon","first_name":"D. J."},{"first_name":"L.","full_name":"Mahy, L.","last_name":"Mahy"},{"first_name":"I.","full_name":"Mandel, I.","last_name":"Mandel"},{"first_name":"S. E.","last_name":"De Mink","full_name":"De Mink, S. E."},{"last_name":"Patrick","full_name":"Patrick, L. R.","first_name":"L. R."},{"last_name":"Villaseñor","full_name":"Villaseñor, J. I.","first_name":"J. I."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Dirickx","full_name":"Dirickx, M."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Abdul-Masih","full_name":"Abdul-Masih, M."},{"last_name":"Almeida","full_name":"Almeida, L. A.","first_name":"L. A."},{"full_name":"Backs, F.","last_name":"Backs","first_name":"F."},{"full_name":"Berlanas, S. R.","last_name":"Berlanas","first_name":"S. R."},{"full_name":"Bernini-Peron, M.","last_name":"Bernini-Peron","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Bowman","full_name":"Bowman, D. M.","first_name":"D. M."},{"first_name":"V. A.","last_name":"Bronner","full_name":"Bronner, V. A."},{"last_name":"Crowther","full_name":"Crowther, P. A.","first_name":"P. A."},{"first_name":"K.","last_name":"Deshmukh","full_name":"Deshmukh, K."},{"last_name":"Evans","full_name":"Evans, C. J.","first_name":"C. J."},{"full_name":"Fabry, M.","last_name":"Fabry","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Gieles, M.","last_name":"Gieles","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Gilkis","full_name":"Gilkis, A.","first_name":"A."},{"full_name":"González-Torà, G.","last_name":"González-Torà","first_name":"G."},{"full_name":"Gräfener, G.","last_name":"Gräfener","first_name":"G."},{"orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911","first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter","last_name":"Götberg"},{"first_name":"C.","last_name":"Hawcroft","full_name":"Hawcroft, C."},{"last_name":"Hénault-Brunet","full_name":"Hénault-Brunet, V.","first_name":"V."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Herrero","full_name":"Herrero, A."},{"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Holgado","full_name":"Holgado, G."},{"last_name":"Izzard","full_name":"Izzard, R. G.","first_name":"R. G."},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"De Koter, A.","last_name":"De Koter"},{"first_name":"S.","full_name":"Janssens, S.","last_name":"Janssens"},{"full_name":"Johnston, C.","last_name":"Johnston","first_name":"C."},{"first_name":"J.","full_name":"Josiek, J.","last_name":"Josiek"},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Justham","full_name":"Justham, S."},{"last_name":"Kalari","full_name":"Kalari, V. M.","first_name":"V. M."},{"last_name":"Klencki","full_name":"Klencki, J.","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Kubát","full_name":"Kubát, J."},{"first_name":"B.","full_name":"Kubátová, B.","last_name":"Kubátová"},{"first_name":"R. R.","full_name":"Lefever, R. R.","last_name":"Lefever"},{"last_name":"Van Loon","full_name":"Van Loon, J. Th","first_name":"J. Th"},{"last_name":"Ludwig","full_name":"Ludwig, B.","first_name":"B."},{"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Mackey","full_name":"Mackey, J."},{"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Maíz Apellániz","full_name":"Maíz Apellániz, J."},{"first_name":"G.","full_name":"Maravelias, G.","last_name":"Maravelias"},{"last_name":"Marchant","full_name":"Marchant, P.","first_name":"P."},{"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Mazeh","full_name":"Mazeh, T."},{"last_name":"Menon","full_name":"Menon, A.","first_name":"A."},{"last_name":"Moe","full_name":"Moe, M.","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Najarro","full_name":"Najarro, F.","first_name":"F."},{"full_name":"Oskinova, L. M.","last_name":"Oskinova","first_name":"L. M."},{"full_name":"Ovadia, R.","last_name":"Ovadia","first_name":"R."},{"full_name":"Pauli, D.","last_name":"Pauli","first_name":"D."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Pawlak","full_name":"Pawlak, M."},{"last_name":"Ramachandran","full_name":"Ramachandran, V.","first_name":"V."},{"last_name":"Renzo","full_name":"Renzo, M.","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"D. F.","full_name":"Rocha, D. F.","last_name":"Rocha"},{"first_name":"A. A.C.","last_name":"Sander","full_name":"Sander, A. A.C."},{"first_name":"F. R.N.","last_name":"Schneider","full_name":"Schneider, F. R.N."},{"full_name":"Schootemeijer, A.","last_name":"Schootemeijer","first_name":"A."},{"full_name":"Schösser, E. C.","last_name":"Schösser","first_name":"E. C."},{"first_name":"C.","last_name":"Schürmann","full_name":"Schürmann, C."},{"last_name":"Sen","full_name":"Sen, K.","first_name":"K."},{"first_name":"S.","full_name":"Shahaf, S.","last_name":"Shahaf"},{"full_name":"Simón-Díaz, S.","last_name":"Simón-Díaz","first_name":"S."},{"last_name":"Van Son","full_name":"Van Son, L. A.C.","first_name":"L. A.C."},{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Stoop, M.","last_name":"Stoop"},{"last_name":"Toonen","full_name":"Toonen, S.","first_name":"S."},{"last_name":"Tramper","full_name":"Tramper, F.","first_name":"F."},{"first_name":"R.","full_name":"Valli, R.","last_name":"Valli"},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"Vigna-Gómez, A.","last_name":"Vigna-Gómez"},{"full_name":"Vink, J. S.","last_name":"Vink","first_name":"J. S."},{"full_name":"Wang, C.","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"C."},{"first_name":"R.","last_name":"Willcox","full_name":"Willcox, R."}],"scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x","intvolume":"         9","supplementarymaterial":"no","OA_place":"repository","acknowledgement":"Based on data collected at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) under programme ID 112.25R7. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (grant agreement numbers 772225: MULTIPLES, 772086: ASSESS and 945806: TEL-STARS, ADG101054731: Stellar-BHs-SDSS-V, and 101164755: METAL). This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 0603225041. We acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (research grant ST/V000853/1 and ST/V000233/1), UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (grant number EP/Y031059/1), a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (grant number URF\\R1\\231631), a Royal Society–Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship, the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Project-ID 496854903, 445674056 and 443790621, Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1-390900948), the Klaus Tschira Foundation, the JSPS Kakenhi Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (23K19071) and international fellowships (at the Graduate school of Science, Tokyo University), the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav; project number CE230100016), the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grants FKZ 50OR2005 and 50OR2306, Agencia Española de Investigación (AEI) of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades (MICIU) and the European Regional Development Fund, FEDER and Severo Ochoa Programme (grants PID2021-122397NB-C21 and CEX2019-000920-S), the NextGeneration EU/PRTR and MIU (UNI/551/2021) trough grant Margarita Salas-UL, the CAPES-Br and FAPERJ/DSC-10 (SEI-260003/001630/2023), MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by ‘ERDF A way of making Europe’ (grants PID2019-105552RB-C41 and PID2022-137779OB-C41, PID2021-125485NB-C22, CEX2019-000918-M) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) and SGR-2021-01069 (AGAUR), the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (10.13 039/501 100 011 033; grant PID2022-136 640 NB-C22), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC; grant 2022-AEP 005), the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (BEKKER fellowship BPN/BEK/2022/1/00106) and National Science Center (NCN, Poland; grant number OPUS 2021/41/B/ST9/00757), the ‘La Caixa’ Foundation (ID 100010434) under the fellowship code LCF/BQ/PI23/11970035, the Research foundation Flanders (FWO) PhD fellowship under project 11E1721N and senior postdoctoral fellowship under number 12ZY523N, and the Netherlands Research Council NWO (VIDI 203.061 grant).","status":"public","title":"A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity","abstract":[{"text":"At high metallicity, a majority of massive stars have at least one close stellar companion. The evolution of such binaries is subject to strong interaction processes, which heavily impact the characteristics of their life-ending supernova and compact remnants. For the low-metallicity environments of high-redshift galaxies, constraints on the multiplicity properties of massive stars over the separation range leading to binary interaction are crucially missing. Here we show that the presence of massive stars in close binaries is ubiquitous, even at low metallicity. Using the Very Large Telescope, we obtained multi-epoch radial velocity measurements of a representative sample of 139 massive O-type stars across the Small Magellanic Cloud, which has a metal content of about one-fifth of the solar value. We find that 45% of them show radial velocity variations that demonstrate that they are members of close binary systems, and predominantly have orbital periods shorter than 1 year. Correcting for observational biases indicates that at least 70+11−6 %  of the O stars in our sample are in close binaries, and that at least 68+7\r\n−8% of all O stars interact with a companion star during their lifetime. We found no evidence supporting a statistically significant trend of the multiplicity properties with metallicity. Our results indicate that multiplicity and binary interactions govern the evolution of massive stars and determine their cosmic feedback and explosive fates.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2025","publication_status":"published","day":"02","citation":{"ieee":"H. Sana <i>et al.</i>, “A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity,” <i>Nature Astronomy</i>, vol. 9. Springer Nature, pp. 1337–1346, 2025.","ama":"Sana H, Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, et al. A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity. <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. 2025;9:1337-1346. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x\">10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x</a>","apa":"Sana, H., Shenar, T., Bodensteiner, J., Britavskiy, N., Langer, N., Lennon, D. J., … Willcox, R. (2025). A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity. <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x</a>","chicago":"Sana, H., T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, N. Britavskiy, N. Langer, D. J. Lennon, L. Mahy, et al. “A High Fraction of Close Massive Binary Stars at Low Metallicity.” <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x</a>.","mla":"Sana, H., et al. “A High Fraction of Close Massive Binary Stars at Low Metallicity.” <i>Nature Astronomy</i>, vol. 9, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1337–46, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x\">10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x</a>.","short":"H. Sana, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, N. Britavskiy, N. Langer, D.J. Lennon, L. Mahy, I. Mandel, S.E. De Mink, L.R. Patrick, J.I. Villaseñor, M. Dirickx, M. Abdul-Masih, L.A. Almeida, F. Backs, S.R. Berlanas, M. Bernini-Peron, D.M. Bowman, V.A. Bronner, P.A. Crowther, K. Deshmukh, C.J. Evans, M. Fabry, M. Gieles, A. Gilkis, G. González-Torà, G. Gräfener, Y.L.L. Götberg, C. Hawcroft, V. Hénault-Brunet, A. Herrero, G. Holgado, R.G. Izzard, A. De Koter, S. Janssens, C. Johnston, J. Josiek, S. Justham, V.M. Kalari, J. Klencki, J. Kubát, B. Kubátová, R.R. Lefever, J.T. Van Loon, B. Ludwig, J. Mackey, J. Maíz Apellániz, G. Maravelias, P. Marchant, T. Mazeh, A. Menon, M. Moe, F. Najarro, L.M. Oskinova, R. Ovadia, D. Pauli, M. Pawlak, V. Ramachandran, M. Renzo, D.F. Rocha, A.A.C. Sander, F.R.N. Schneider, A. Schootemeijer, E.C. Schösser, C. Schürmann, K. Sen, S. Shahaf, S. Simón-Díaz, L.A.C. Van Son, M. Stoop, S. Toonen, F. Tramper, R. Valli, A. Vigna-Gómez, J.S. Vink, C. Wang, R. Willcox, Nature Astronomy 9 (2025) 1337–1346.","ista":"Sana H, Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Britavskiy N, Langer N, Lennon DJ, Mahy L, Mandel I, De Mink SE, Patrick LR, Villaseñor JI, Dirickx M, Abdul-Masih M, Almeida LA, Backs F, Berlanas SR, Bernini-Peron M, Bowman DM, Bronner VA, Crowther PA, Deshmukh K, Evans CJ, Fabry M, Gieles M, Gilkis A, González-Torà G, Gräfener G, Götberg YLL, Hawcroft C, Hénault-Brunet V, Herrero A, Holgado G, Izzard RG, De Koter A, Janssens S, Johnston C, Josiek J, Justham S, Kalari VM, Klencki J, Kubát J, Kubátová B, Lefever RR, Van Loon JT, Ludwig B, Mackey J, Maíz Apellániz J, Maravelias G, Marchant P, Mazeh T, Menon A, Moe M, Najarro F, Oskinova LM, Ovadia R, Pauli D, Pawlak M, Ramachandran V, Renzo M, Rocha DF, Sander AAC, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Schösser EC, Schürmann C, Sen K, Shahaf S, Simón-Díaz S, Van Son LAC, Stoop M, Toonen S, Tramper F, Valli R, Vigna-Gómez A, Vink JS, Wang C, Willcox R. 2025. A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity. Nature Astronomy. 9, 1337–1346."},"quality_controlled":"1","das_tickbox":"1","publication":"Nature Astronomy","_id":"20352","researchdata_availability":"no","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2397-3366"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2509.12488"],"isi":["001568077900001"]},"arxiv":1,"doi":"10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x","date_published":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","isi":1,"month":"09","page":"1337-1346","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.12488"}],"type":"journal_article"},{"oa_version":"Preprint","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","date_created":"2025-04-11T08:34:49Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"19540","relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"22923","relation":"later_version"}]},"date_updated":"2026-09-16T10:00:54Z","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718","project":[{"name":"Random matrices beyond Wigner-Dyson-Mehta","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"62796744-2b32-11ec-9570-940b20777f1d","grant_number":"101020331"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Cipolloni","full_name":"Cipolloni, Giorgio","id":"42198EFA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Giorgio","orcid":"0000-0002-4901-7992"},{"last_name":"Erdös","full_name":"Erdös, László","id":"4DBD5372-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"László","orcid":"0000-0001-5366-9603"},{"full_name":"Henheik, Sven Joscha","last_name":"Henheik","first_name":"Sven Joscha","id":"31d731d7-d235-11ea-ad11-b50331c8d7fb","orcid":"0000-0003-1106-327X"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-1491-4623","first_name":"Oleksii","id":"149b70d4-896a-11ed-bdf8-8c63fd44ca61","full_name":"Kolupaiev, Oleksii","last_name":"Kolupaiev"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"LaEr"}],"_id":"19546","publication":"arXiv","citation":{"mla":"Cipolloni, Giorgio, et al. “Eigenvector Decorrelation for Random Matrices.” <i>ArXiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718\">10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718</a>.","chicago":"Cipolloni, Giorgio, László Erdös, Sven Joscha Henheik, and Oleksii Kolupaiev. “Eigenvector Decorrelation for Random Matrices.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718</a>.","short":"G. Cipolloni, L. Erdös, S.J. Henheik, O. Kolupaiev, ArXiv (n.d.).","ista":"Cipolloni G, Erdös L, Henheik SJ, Kolupaiev O. Eigenvector decorrelation for random matrices. arXiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718\">10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718</a>.","ama":"Cipolloni G, Erdös L, Henheik SJ, Kolupaiev O. Eigenvector decorrelation for random matrices. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718\">10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718</a>","ieee":"G. Cipolloni, L. Erdös, S. J. Henheik, and O. Kolupaiev, “Eigenvector decorrelation for random matrices,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","apa":"Cipolloni, G., Erdös, L., Henheik, S. J., &#38; Kolupaiev, O. (n.d.). Eigenvector decorrelation for random matrices. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718</a>"},"day":"30","publication_status":"draft","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"year":"2025","abstract":[{"text":"We study the sensitivity of the eigenvectors of random matrices, showing that\r\neven small perturbations make the eigenvectors almost orthogonal. More\r\nprecisely, we consider two deformed Wigner matrices $W+D_1$, $W+D_2$ and show\r\nthat their bulk eigenvectors become asymptotically orthogonal as soon as\r\n$\\mathrm{Tr}(D_1-D_2)^2\\gg 1$, or their respective energies are separated on a\r\nscale much bigger than the local eigenvalue spacing. Furthermore, we show that\r\nquadratic forms of eigenvectors of $W+D_1$, $W+D_2$ with any deterministic\r\nmatrix $A\\in\\mathbf{C}^{N\\times N}$ in a specific subspace of codimension one\r\nare of size $N^{-1/2}$. This proves a generalization of the Eigenstate\r\nThermalization Hypothesis to eigenvectors belonging to two different spectral\r\nfamilies.","lang":"eng"}],"corr_author":"1","status":"public","title":"Eigenvector decorrelation for random matrices","acknowledgement":"Supported by the ERC Advanced Grant “RMTBeyond” No. 101020331.","OA_place":"repository","type":"preprint","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718"}],"ec_funded":1,"month":"01","date_published":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2410.10718"]}},{"date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.52202/085713-3966","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2501.02625"]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1049-5258"],"isbn":["9798331338275"]},"researchdata_availability":"no","type":"conference","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.02625","open_access":"1"}],"page":"131755-131780","month":"12","year":"2025","abstract":[{"text":"Quantized training of Large Language Models (LLMs) remains an open challenge, as maintaining accuracy while performing all matrix multiplications in low precision has proven difficult. This is particularly the case when fine-tuning pre-trained models, which can have large weight, activation, and error (output gradient) outlier values that make lower-precision optimization difficult. To address this, we present HALO, a new quantization-aware training approach for Transformers that enables accurate and efficient low-precision training by combining 1) strategic placement of Hadamard rotations in both forward and backward passes, which mitigate outliers, 2) high-performance kernel support, and 3) FSDP integration for low-precision communication. Our approach ensures that all large matrix multiplications during the forward and backward passes are executed in lower precision. Applied to LLaMa models, HALO achieves near-full-precision-equivalent results during fine-tuning on various tasks, while delivering up to 1.41x end-to-end speedup for full fine-tuning on RTX 4090 GPUs. HALO efficiently supports both standard and parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). Our results demonstrate the first practical approach to fully quantized LLM fine-tuning that maintains accuracy in INT8 and FP6 precision, while delivering performance benefits.","lang":"eng"}],"title":"HALO: Hadamard-assisted lower-precision optimization for LLMs","status":"public","acknowledgement":"This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European\r\nUnion’s Horizon 2020 program (grant agreement PSAP, No. 101002047. This research also obtained\r\nfunding from the “UrbanTwin: An urban digital twin for climate action: Assessing policies and\r\nsolutions for energy, water and infrastructure” project, funded by the ETH-Domain Joint Initiative\r\nprogram in the Strategic Area Energy, Climate and Sustainable Environment.","OA_place":"repository","conference":{"name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems","end_date":"2025-12-07","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","start_date":"2025-12-02"},"supplementarymaterial":"no","_id":"22827","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","das_tickbox":"0","day":"01","citation":{"ista":"Ashkboos S, Nikdan M, Tabesh S, Lopez Castro R, Hoefler T, Alistarh D-A. 2025. HALO: Hadamard-assisted lower-precision optimization for LLMs. 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, 131755–131780.","short":"S. Ashkboos, M. Nikdan, S. Tabesh, R. Lopez Castro, T. Hoefler, D.-A. Alistarh, in:, 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 131755–131780.","mla":"Ashkboos, Saleh, et al. “HALO: Hadamard-Assisted Lower-Precision Optimization for LLMs.” <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 131755–80, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3966\">10.52202/085713-3966</a>.","chicago":"Ashkboos, Saleh, Mahdi Nikdan, Soroush Tabesh, Roberto Lopez Castro, Torsten Hoefler, and Dan-Adrian Alistarh. “HALO: Hadamard-Assisted Lower-Precision Optimization for LLMs.” In <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, 38:131755–80. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3966\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3966</a>.","apa":"Ashkboos, S., Nikdan, M., Tabesh, S., Lopez Castro, R., Hoefler, T., &#38; Alistarh, D.-A. (2025). HALO: Hadamard-assisted lower-precision optimization for LLMs. In <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38, pp. 131755–131780). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3966\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3966</a>","ieee":"S. Ashkboos, M. Nikdan, S. Tabesh, R. Lopez Castro, T. Hoefler, and D.-A. Alistarh, “HALO: Hadamard-assisted lower-precision optimization for LLMs,” in <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38, pp. 131755–131780.","ama":"Ashkboos S, Nikdan M, Tabesh S, Lopez Castro R, Hoefler T, Alistarh D-A. HALO: Hadamard-assisted lower-precision optimization for LLMs. In: <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025:131755-131780. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3966\">10.52202/085713-3966</a>"},"alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"publication_status":"published","scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Ashkboos","full_name":"Ashkboos, Saleh","first_name":"Saleh"},{"id":"66374281-f394-11eb-9cf6-869147deecc0","first_name":"Mahdi","last_name":"Nikdan","full_name":"Nikdan, Mahdi"},{"orcid":"0009-0003-4119-6281","id":"06000900-6068-11ef-8d61-c2472ef2e752","first_name":"Soroush","last_name":"Tabesh","full_name":"Tabesh, Soroush"},{"last_name":"Lopez Castro","full_name":"Lopez Castro, Roberto","id":"18495c31-fb57-11ef-ba0d-c290e10e394e","first_name":"Roberto"},{"first_name":"Torsten","full_name":"Hoefler, Torsten","last_name":"Hoefler"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-3650-940X","id":"4A899BFC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Dan-Adrian","last_name":"Alistarh","full_name":"Alistarh, Dan-Adrian"}],"department":[{"_id":"DaAl"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","OA_type":"green","intvolume":"        38","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3966","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2026-09-06T22:02:00Z","date_updated":"2026-09-17T06:39:18Z","volume":38,"oa_version":"Preprint","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation"},{"author":[{"id":"0fa8b76f-72f0-11ef-b75a-a5da96e5ad6b","first_name":"Riccardo","last_name":"Cadei","full_name":"Cadei, Riccardo"},{"first_name":"Ilker","full_name":"Demirel, Ilker","last_name":"Demirel"},{"full_name":"De Bartolomeis, Piersilvio","last_name":"De Bartolomeis","first_name":"Piersilvio"},{"id":"85f0e6d3-06b3-11ec-8982-8c5049fa4455","first_name":"Lukas","last_name":"Lindorfer","full_name":"Lindorfer, Lukas"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868"},{"first_name":"Cordelia","full_name":"Schmid, Cordelia","last_name":"Schmid"},{"full_name":"Locatello, Francesco","last_name":"Locatello","first_name":"Francesco","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683"}],"department":[{"_id":"FrLo"},{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"SyCr"}],"OA_type":"green","article_processing_charge":"No","oa":1,"scopus_import":"1","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-2479","project":[{"_id":"a392d8f0-b034-11f1-b88e-d3025c6734f6","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Locatello)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"intvolume":"        38","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2026-09-06T22:02:01Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_updated":"2026-09-17T06:56:40Z","volume":38,"publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","oa_version":"Preprint","arxiv":1,"date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.52202/085713-2479","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"],"isbn":["9798331338275"]},"researchdata_availability":"yes","external_id":{"arxiv":["2502.06343"]},"page":"82200-82229","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.06343","open_access":"1"}],"type":"conference","month":"12","status":"public","title":"Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences","corr_author":"1","dataavailabilitystatement":"We share all the code implementation in the supplementary material.\r\nOur new experimental ecology dataset preview is anonymously shared on Figshare at\r\nhttps://figshare.com/s/9a490b6f6eeebd73350b. We further rely on ISTAnt dataset publicly\r\navailable at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26484934.v2. The synthetic experiments\r\non CausalMNIST relies on MNIST dataset LeCun [1998], publicly available. Additional\r\nexperimental details are reported in Section 5 and Appendices B-C.","year":"2025","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In many scientific experiments, the data annotating cost constraints the pace\r\nfor testing novel hypotheses. Yet, modern machine learning pipelines offer a\r\npromising solution—provided their predictions yield correct conclusions. We\r\nfocus on Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences (PPCI), i.e., estimating the\r\ntreatment effect in an unlabeled target experiment, relying on training data with\r\nthe same outcome annotated but potentially different treatment or effect modifiers.\r\nWe first show that conditional calibration guarantees valid PPCI at population\r\nlevel. Then, we introduce a sufficient representation constraint transferring validity\r\nacross experiments, which we propose to enforce in practice in Deconfounded\r\nEmpirical Risk Minimization, our new model-agnostic training objective. We\r\nvalidate our method on synthetic and real-world scientific data, solving impossible\r\nproblem instances for Empirical Risk Minimization even with standard invariance\r\nconstraints. In particular, for the first time, we achieve valid causal inference\r\non a scientific experiment with complex recording and no human annotations,\r\nfine-tuning a foundational model on our similar annotated experiment."}],"supplementarymaterial":"yes","conference":{"start_date":"2025-12-02","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems","end_date":"2025-12-07"},"acknowledgement":"We thank the Causal Learning and Artificial Intelligence group at ISTA for the continuous feedback\r\non the project and valuable discussions. We thank the Social Immunity group at ISTA, particularly\r\nJinook Oh, for the annotation program and Michaela Hoenigsberger for supporting our ecological\r\nexperiment. Riccardo Cadei is supported by a Google Research Scholar Award and a Google Initiated\r\nGift to Francesco Locatello. This research was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)\r\n10.55776/COE12). It was further partially supported by the ISTA Interdisciplinary Project Committee\r\nfor the collaborative project “ALED” between Francesco Locatello and Sylvia Cremer. For open\r\naccess purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any author accepted\r\nmanuscript version arising from this submission.\r\n","OA_place":"repository","day":"01","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"citation":{"mla":"Cadei, Riccardo, et al. “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences.” <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 82200–29, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-2479\">10.52202/085713-2479</a>.","chicago":"Cadei, Riccardo, Ilker Demirel, Piersilvio De Bartolomeis, Lukas Lindorfer, Sylvia Cremer, Cordelia Schmid, and Francesco Locatello. “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences.” In <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, 38:82200–229. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-2479\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-2479</a>.","short":"R. Cadei, I. Demirel, P. De Bartolomeis, L. Lindorfer, S. Cremer, C. Schmid, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 82200–82229.","ista":"Cadei R, Demirel I, De Bartolomeis P, Lindorfer L, Cremer S, Schmid C, Locatello F. 2025. Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences. 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, 82200–82229.","ieee":"R. Cadei <i>et al.</i>, “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences,” in <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38, pp. 82200–82229.","ama":"Cadei R, Demirel I, De Bartolomeis P, et al. Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences. In: <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025:82200-82229. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-2479\">10.52202/085713-2479</a>","apa":"Cadei, R., Demirel, I., De Bartolomeis, P., Lindorfer, L., Cremer, S., Schmid, C., &#38; Locatello, F. (2025). Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences. In <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38, pp. 82200–82229). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-2479\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-2479</a>"},"quality_controlled":"1","das_tickbox":"1","publication":"39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","_id":"22832","publication_status":"published"},{"date_updated":"2026-09-17T07:09:28Z","related_material":{"link":[{"url":" https://github.com/marc0git/RelativeGeodesics","relation":"software"}]},"date_created":"2026-09-06T22:02:01Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","oa_version":"None","volume":38,"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Hanlin","full_name":"Yu, Hanlin","last_name":"Yu"},{"full_name":"Inal, Berfin","last_name":"Inal","first_name":"Berfin"},{"last_name":"Arvanitidis","full_name":"Arvanitidis, Georgios","first_name":"Georgios"},{"first_name":"Søren","last_name":"Hauberg","full_name":"Hauberg, Søren"},{"full_name":"Locatello, Francesco","last_name":"Locatello","first_name":"Francesco","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683"},{"first_name":"Marco","id":"1c1593eb-393f-11ef-bb8e-ab4f1e979650","full_name":"Fumero, Marco","last_name":"Fumero"}],"department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"project":[{"name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c","grant_number":"101034413"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3769","intvolume":"        38","supplementarymaterial":"yes","conference":{"end_date":"2025-12-07","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","start_date":"2025-12-02"},"acknowledgement":"We thank Gregor Krzmanc, German Magai, Vital Fernandez for insightful discussions in the early\r\nstages of the project. HY was supported by the Research Council of Finland Flagship programme:\r\nFinnish Center for Artificial Intelligence FCAI. HY wishes to acknowledge CSC - IT Center for\r\nScience, Finland, for computational resources. GA was supported by the DFF Sapere Aude Starting\r\nGrant “GADL”. SH was supported by a research grant (42062) from VILLUM FONDEN and partly\r\nfunded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation through the Center for Basic Research in Life Science\r\n(NNF20OC0062606). SH received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the\r\nEuropean Union’s Horizon Programme (grant agreement 101125003). MF is supported by the MSCA\r\nIST-Bridge fellowship which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research\r\nand innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101034413.","corr_author":"1","title":"Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations","status":"public","year":"2025","abstract":[{"text":"Neural models learn representations of high-dimensional data on low-dimensional\r\nmanifolds. Multiple factors, including stochasticities in the training process, model\r\narchitectures, and additional inductive biases, may induce different representations,\r\neven when learning the same task on the same data. However, it has recently been\r\nshown that when a latent structure is shared between distinct latent spaces, relative\r\ndistances between representations can be preserved, up to distortions. Building\r\non this idea, we demonstrate that exploiting the differential-geometric structure of\r\nlatent spaces of neural models, it is possible to capture precisely the transformations\r\nbetween representational spaces trained on similar data distributions. Specifically,\r\nwe assume that distinct neural models parametrize approximately the same underlying manifold, and introduce a representation based on the pullback metric\r\nthat captures the intrinsic structure of the latent space, while scaling efficiently\r\nto large models. We validate experimentally our method on model stitching and\r\nretrieval tasks, covering autoencoders and vision foundation discriminative models,\r\nacross diverse architectures, datasets, pretraining schemes and modalities. Code is\r\navailable at https://github.com/marc0git/RelativeGeodesics.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","publication":"39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","das_tickbox":"0","quality_controlled":"1","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"citation":{"ista":"Yu H, Inal B, Arvanitidis G, Hauberg S, Locatello F, Fumero M. 2025. Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, 125316–125360.","short":"H. Yu, B. Inal, G. Arvanitidis, S. Hauberg, F. Locatello, M. Fumero, in:, 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 125316–125360.","mla":"Yu, Hanlin, et al. “Connecting Neural Models Latent Geometries with Relative Geodesic Representations.” <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 125316–60, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3769\">10.52202/085713-3769</a>.","chicago":"Yu, Hanlin, Berfin Inal, Georgios Arvanitidis, Søren Hauberg, Francesco Locatello, and Marco Fumero. “Connecting Neural Models Latent Geometries with Relative Geodesic Representations.” In <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, 38:125316–60. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3769\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3769</a>.","apa":"Yu, H., Inal, B., Arvanitidis, G., Hauberg, S., Locatello, F., &#38; Fumero, M. (2025). Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. In <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38, pp. 125316–125360). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3769\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3769</a>","ama":"Yu H, Inal B, Arvanitidis G, Hauberg S, Locatello F, Fumero M. Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. In: <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025:125316-125360. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-3769\">10.52202/085713-3769</a>","ieee":"H. Yu, B. Inal, G. Arvanitidis, S. Hauberg, F. Locatello, and M. Fumero, “Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations,” in <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38, pp. 125316–125360."},"day":"01","_id":"22831","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1049-5258"],"isbn":["9798331338275"]},"researchdata_availability":"yes","external_id":{"arxiv":["2506.01599"]},"arxiv":1,"doi":"10.52202/085713-3769","date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","month":"12","page":"125316-125360","ec_funded":1,"type":"conference"},{"volume":58,"article_type":"original","oa_version":"Preprint","publisher":"Société Mathématique de France","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2026-09-13T22:01:57Z","date_updated":"2026-09-17T08:22:39Z","issue":"5","intvolume":"        58","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"05A4F6F0-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","name":"A motivic circle method","grant_number":"893012"},{"grant_number":"P36278","name":"Rational curves via function field analytic number theory","_id":"bd8a4fdc-d553-11ed-ba76-80a0167441a3"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.2628","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"scopus_import":"1","OA_type":"green","author":[{"id":"98C47862-10D5-11EA-BEDD-0F6F3DDC885E","first_name":"Margaret","last_name":"Bilu","full_name":"Bilu, Margaret"},{"full_name":"Browning, Timothy D","last_name":"Browning","first_name":"Timothy D","id":"35827D50-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8314-0177"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"TiBr"}],"_id":"22929","publication":"Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure","das_tickbox":"0","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"mla":"Bilu, Margaret, and Timothy D. Browning. “A Motivic Circle Method.” <i>Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure</i>, vol. 58, no. 5, Société Mathématique de France, 2025, pp. 1179–242, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.2628\">10.24033/asens.2628</a>.","chicago":"Bilu, Margaret, and Timothy D Browning. “A Motivic Circle Method.” <i>Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure</i>. Société Mathématique de France, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.2628\">https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.2628</a>.","short":"M. Bilu, T.D. Browning, Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure 58 (2025) 1179–1242.","ista":"Bilu M, Browning TD. 2025. A motivic circle method. Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. 58(5), 1179–1242.","ieee":"M. Bilu and T. D. Browning, “A motivic circle method,” <i>Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure</i>, vol. 58, no. 5. Société Mathématique de France, pp. 1179–1242, 2025.","ama":"Bilu M, Browning TD. A motivic circle method. <i>Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure</i>. 2025;58(5):1179-1242. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.2628\">10.24033/asens.2628</a>","apa":"Bilu, M., &#38; Browning, T. D. (2025). A motivic circle method. <i>Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure</i>. Société Mathématique de France. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.2628\">https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.2628</a>"},"day":"01","publication_status":"published","year":"2025","abstract":[{"text":"The circle method has been successfully used over the last century to study rational points on hypersurfaces. More recently, a version of the method over function fields, combined with spreading out techniques, has led to a range of results about moduli spaces of rational curves on hypersurfaces. In this paper a version of the circle method is implemented in the setting of the Grothendieck ring of varieties. This allows us to approximate the classes of these moduli spaces directly, without relying on point counting, and leads to a deeper understanding of their geometry.","lang":"eng"},{"lang":"fre","text":"La méthode du cercle a été utilisée avec succès au cours du siècle dernier pour l’étude\r\ndes points rationnels sur les hypersurfaces. Plus récemment, une version fonctionnelle de cette méthode,\r\ncombinée à des techniques d’étalement, a mené à une série de résultats sur les espaces de modules de\r\ncourbes sur les hypersurfaces. Dans cet article on implémente une version de la méthode du cercle dans\r\nle cadre de l’anneau de Grothendieck des variétés. Cela permet d’approximer les classes de ces espaces\r\nde modules directement, sans recours au comptage de points, ce qui donne accès à une compréhension\r\nplus profonde de leur géométrie."}],"corr_author":"1","title":"A motivic circle method","status":"public","OA_place":"repository","acknowledgement":"The authors are grateful to Yohan Brunebarbe, Tom Burel, Antoine\r\nChambert-Loir, Loïs Faisant, Mirko Mauri and Will Sawin for useful comments. Thanks are\r\nalso due to the anonymous referees for numerous helpful remarks. M.B. received funding\r\nfrom the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the\r\nMarie Skłodowska-Curie Grant agreement No. 893012. T.B. was supported by a FWF grant\r\n(DOI 10.55776/P36278) and by a grant from the Institute for Advanced Study School of\r\nMathematics.","supplementarymaterial":"yes","type":"journal_article","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.09645","open_access":"1"}],"page":"1179-1242","ec_funded":1,"month":"05","date_published":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.24033/asens.2628","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2304.09645"]},"keyword":["Circle method","moduli spaces of curves","hypersurfaces","Grothendieck ring of varieties","motivic integration"],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1873-2151"],"issn":["0012-9593"]},"researchdata_availability":"no"},{"department":[{"_id":"PreCl"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","author":[{"full_name":"Schober, Sophie","last_name":"Schober","first_name":"Sophie","id":"80b0a0ef-4b9f-11ec-b119-8d9d94c4a1d8"},{"first_name":"Sascha","last_name":"Klee","full_name":"Klee, Sascha"},{"first_name":"Franz","full_name":"Trautinger, Franz","last_name":"Trautinger"}],"OA_type":"hybrid","scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x","intvolume":"       137","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2024-10-20T22:02:07Z","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","date_updated":"2026-09-17T10:27:37Z","PlanS_conform":"1","volume":137,"file_date_updated":"2025-12-30T06:54:03Z","ddc":["570"],"publisher":"Springer Nature","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","doi":"10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x","date_published":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","researchdata_availability":"no","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0043-5325"],"eissn":["1613-7671"]},"external_id":{"isi":["001329812000001"]},"page":"432-437","type":"journal_article","month":"07","isi":1,"corr_author":"1","status":"public","title":"The role of institutional ethics committees in Austria: Report of the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity of the Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences 2018–2023","year":"2025","abstract":[{"text":"Research involving human subjects or identifiable human material and data must be assessed by an ethics committee. The Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences has established a Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity to evaluate medical research conducted by its faculty and students and at its affiliated hospitals.\r\nAll projects submitted to the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity between 2018 and 2023 were analyzed regarding their major characteristics, the duration of the evaluation process, and votes issued.\r\nA total of 520 applications were electronically submitted during the observation period. Most of the studies were retrospective data analyses in the field of oncology, psychology and surgery. Most studies included less than 100 volunteers. Of the applications 50% received a final vote within 5 months, during which several revision rounds took place. Overall, about 77% of votes issued during the observation period were positive and 2% were rejections. In 11% files were closed due to withdrawal. In 11% final votes were pending at the end of the observation period due to requests for revisions.\r\nOur results emphasize the importance of institutional ethics committees using the example of the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity at the Karl Landsteiner University. Such committees fill a gap in evaluating research not covered by Austrian legal regulations. Continuous development of standards, operating procedures, and national and international collaborations are required to assess and minimize risks to trial subjects and to provide a safe and productive environment for research in human medicine and related fields.","lang":"eng"}],"supplementarymaterial":"no","acknowledgement":"Open access funding provided by Karl Landsteiner University.","OA_place":"publisher","quality_controlled":"1","das_tickbox":"0","publication":"Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift","day":"01","citation":{"apa":"Schober, S., Klee, S., &#38; Trautinger, F. (2025). The role of institutional ethics committees in Austria: Report of the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity of the Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences 2018–2023. <i>Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x</a>","ieee":"S. Schober, S. Klee, and F. Trautinger, “The role of institutional ethics committees in Austria: Report of the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity of the Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences 2018–2023,” <i>Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift</i>, vol. 137. Springer Nature, pp. 432–437, 2025.","ama":"Schober S, Klee S, Trautinger F. The role of institutional ethics committees in Austria: Report of the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity of the Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences 2018–2023. <i>Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift</i>. 2025;137:432-437. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x\">10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x</a>","ista":"Schober S, Klee S, Trautinger F. 2025. The role of institutional ethics committees in Austria: Report of the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity of the Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences 2018–2023. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 137, 432–437.","short":"S. Schober, S. Klee, F. Trautinger, Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 137 (2025) 432–437.","chicago":"Schober, Sophie, Sascha Klee, and Franz Trautinger. “The Role of Institutional Ethics Committees in Austria: Report of the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity of the Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences 2018–2023.” <i>Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x</a>.","mla":"Schober, Sophie, et al. “The Role of Institutional Ethics Committees in Austria: Report of the Commission on Ethics and Scientific Integrity of the Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences 2018–2023.” <i>Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift</i>, vol. 137, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 432–37, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x\">10.1007/s00508-024-02462-x</a>."},"_id":"18449","file":[{"date_updated":"2025-12-30T06:54:03Z","file_size":580791,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2025-12-30T06:54:03Z","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"321be8a584117feaea9f3feaa28caabd","relation":"main_file","file_name":"2025_WrKlinischeWochenschrift_Schober.pdf","file_id":"20880","success":1}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published"},{"author":[{"last_name":"Fialova","full_name":"Fialova, Marie","id":"e9c9844d-9e21-11ec-b482-f96fc09f7c4d","first_name":"Marie"}],"OA_type":"hybrid","department":[{"_id":"RoSe"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","oa":1,"scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"project":[{"_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","grant_number":"101034413"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7","intvolume":"        26","date_updated":"2026-09-17T11:06:35Z","PlanS_conform":"1","date_created":"2024-09-15T22:01:42Z","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","publisher":"Springer Nature","oa_version":"Published Version","article_type":"original","volume":26,"file_date_updated":"2025-08-05T11:24:25Z","ddc":["510"],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1424-0637"]},"researchdata_availability":"no","external_id":{"arxiv":["2304.13373"],"isi":["001304370000001"]},"arxiv":1,"doi":"10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7","date_published":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","isi":1,"month":"08","ec_funded":1,"page":"2859-2900","type":"journal_article","supplementarymaterial":"yes","acknowledgement":"First and foremost I am grateful to Jan Philip Solovej for fruitful meetings during (and after) my PhD programme, when this work was done. Further I would like to thank Joshua Hunt, Anna Sisak, Jakub Löwit, Błażej Ruba, Volodymir Riabov, Lukas Schimmer and Georgios Koutentakis for valuable discussions. Many thanks belong to Rafael Benguria for hosting my visit, during which some of the work has been done. I am also grateful to Marina Prokhorova who first initiated the discussion of this project topic and to Annemarie Luger for her valuable comments during my PhD defence and in particular pointing out the qualitative difference in our two main results. I would like to acknowledge support for research on this paper from VILLUM FONDEN through the QMATH Centre of Excellence grant. nr. 10059. This project also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101034413. I am grateful to the two reviewers for reading carefully my manuscript and pointing out several issues contributing thus significantly to the readability and clarity of this paper.\r\nOpen access funding provided by Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria).","OA_place":"publisher","title":"Aharonov–Casher theorems for Dirac operators on manifolds with boundary and APS boundary condition","status":"public","corr_author":"1","year":"2025","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The Aharonov–Casher theorem is a result on the number of the so-called zero modes of a system described by the magnetic Pauli operator in R2. In this paper we address the same question for the Dirac operator on a flat two-dimensional manifold with boundary and Atiyah–Patodi–Singer boundary condition. More concretely we are interested in the plane and a disc with a finite number of circular holes cut out. We consider a smooth compactly supported magnetic field on the manifold and an arbitrary magnetic field inside the holes."}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"file":[{"file_size":728124,"date_updated":"2025-08-05T11:24:25Z","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-08-05T11:24:25Z","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","checksum":"d8d2d6dbce293c9ee6eaa9262e597147","success":1,"file_id":"20124","file_name":"2025_AnnalesHenriPoincare_Fialova.pdf"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","citation":{"ama":"Fialova M. Aharonov–Casher theorems for Dirac operators on manifolds with boundary and APS boundary condition. <i>Annales Henri Poincare</i>. 2025;26:2859-2900. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7\">10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7</a>","ieee":"M. Fialova, “Aharonov–Casher theorems for Dirac operators on manifolds with boundary and APS boundary condition,” <i>Annales Henri Poincare</i>, vol. 26. Springer Nature, pp. 2859–2900, 2025.","apa":"Fialova, M. (2025). Aharonov–Casher theorems for Dirac operators on manifolds with boundary and APS boundary condition. <i>Annales Henri Poincare</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7</a>","chicago":"Fialova, Marie. “Aharonov–Casher Theorems for Dirac Operators on Manifolds with Boundary and APS Boundary Condition.” <i>Annales Henri Poincare</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7</a>.","mla":"Fialova, Marie. “Aharonov–Casher Theorems for Dirac Operators on Manifolds with Boundary and APS Boundary Condition.” <i>Annales Henri Poincare</i>, vol. 26, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 2859–900, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7\">10.1007/s00023-024-01482-7</a>.","ista":"Fialova M. 2025. Aharonov–Casher theorems for Dirac operators on manifolds with boundary and APS boundary condition. Annales Henri Poincare. 26, 2859–2900.","short":"M. Fialova, Annales Henri Poincare 26 (2025) 2859–2900."},"day":"01","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Annales Henri Poincare","das_tickbox":"0","_id":"18074"},{"date_updated":"2026-09-18T07:41:29Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"22808","relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public"}],"link":[{"url":"https://github.com/ariez-xyz/clemont","relation":"software"}]},"date_created":"2025-09-07T22:01:33Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":2,"file_date_updated":"2025-09-08T08:46:31Z","ddc":["000"],"department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"id":"335E5684-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Ashutosh","last_name":"Gupta","full_name":"Gupta, Ashutosh"},{"full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724"},{"full_name":"Kueffner, Konstantin","last_name":"Kueffner","orcid":"0000-0001-8974-2542","first_name":"Konstantin","id":"8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9864-7475","id":"0834ff3c-6d72-11ec-94e0-b5b0a4fb8598","first_name":"Kaushik","last_name":"Mallik","full_name":"Mallik, Kaushik"},{"first_name":"David","last_name":"Pape","full_name":"Pape, David"}],"scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"project":[{"_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","grant_number":"101020093"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711896.3737054","intvolume":"         2","conference":{"name":"KDD: Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","end_date":"2025-08-07","start_date":"2025-08-03","location":"Toronto, Canada"},"OA_place":"publisher","acknowledgement":"This work was supported in part by the ERC project ERC-2020-AdG 101020093 and the SBI Foundation Hub for Data Science &Analytics, IIT Bombay.","title":"Monitoring robustness and individual fairness","status":"public","corr_author":"1","year":"2025","abstract":[{"text":"In automated decision-making, it is desirable that outputs of decision-makers be robust to slight perturbations in their inputs, a property that may be called input-output robustness. Input-output robustness appears in various different forms in the literature, such as robustness of AI models to adversarial or semantic perturbations and individual fairness of AI models that make decisions about humans. We propose runtime monitoring of input-output robustness of deployed, black-box AI models, where the goal is to design monitors that would observe one long execution sequence of the model, and would raise an alarm whenever it is detected that two similar inputs from the past led to dissimilar outputs. This way, monitoring will complement existing offline ''robustification'' approaches to increase the trustworthiness of AI decision-makers. We show that the monitoring problem can be cast as the fixed-radius nearest neighbor (FRNN) search problem, which, despite being well-studied, lacks suitable online solutions. We present our tool Clemont, which offers a number of lightweight monitors, some of which use upgraded online variants of existing FRNN algorithms, and one uses a novel algorithm based on binary decision diagrams--a data-structure commonly used in software and hardware verification. We have also developed an efficient parallelization technique that can substantially cut down the computation time of monitors for which the distance between input-output pairs is measured using the L∞norm. Using standard benchmarks from the literature of adversarial and semantic robustness and individual fairness, we perform a comparative study of different monitors in Clemont, and demonstrate their effectiveness in correctly detecting robustness violations at runtime.","lang":"eng"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"file":[{"success":1,"file_id":"20310","file_name":"2025_KDD_Gupta.pdf","relation":"main_file","checksum":"81e18cdf9ca5f6dfa79425b326ea9725","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-09-08T08:46:31Z","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","file_size":7745940,"date_updated":"2025-09-08T08:46:31Z"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","day":"03","citation":{"mla":"Gupta, Ashutosh, et al. “Monitoring Robustness and Individual Fairness.” <i>Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining</i>, vol. 2, Association for Computing Machinery, 2025, pp. 790–801, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711896.3737054\">10.1145/3711896.3737054</a>.","chicago":"Gupta, Ashutosh, Thomas A Henzinger, Konstantin Kueffner, Kaushik Mallik, and David Pape. “Monitoring Robustness and Individual Fairness.” In <i>Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining</i>, 2:790–801. Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711896.3737054\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3711896.3737054</a>.","short":"A. Gupta, T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, K. Mallik, D. Pape, in:, Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Association for Computing Machinery, 2025, pp. 790–801.","ista":"Gupta A, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Mallik K, Pape D. 2025. Monitoring robustness and individual fairness. Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. KDD: Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining vol. 2, 790–801.","ama":"Gupta A, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Mallik K, Pape D. Monitoring robustness and individual fairness. In: <i>Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining</i>. Vol 2. Association for Computing Machinery; 2025:790-801. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711896.3737054\">10.1145/3711896.3737054</a>","ieee":"A. Gupta, T. A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, K. Mallik, and D. Pape, “Monitoring robustness and individual fairness,” in <i>Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining</i>, Toronto, Canada, 2025, vol. 2, pp. 790–801.","apa":"Gupta, A., Henzinger, T. A., Kueffner, K., Mallik, K., &#38; Pape, D. (2025). Monitoring robustness and individual fairness. In <i>Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining</i> (Vol. 2, pp. 790–801). Toronto, Canada: Association for Computing Machinery. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711896.3737054\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3711896.3737054</a>"},"publication":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"20292","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2154-817X"],"isbn":["9798400714542"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2506.00496"]},"arxiv":1,"doi":"10.1145/3711896.3737054","date_published":"2025-08-03T00:00:00Z","month":"08","ec_funded":1,"page":"790-801","type":"conference"}]