@article{2593, abstract = {In cat and monkey, lamina I cells can be classified into three basic morphological types (fusiform, pyramidal, and multipolar), and recent intracellular labeling evidence in the cat indicates that fusiform and multipolar lamina I cells are two different types of nociceptive cells, whereas pyramidal cells are innocuous thermoreceptive-specific. Because earlier observations indicated that only nociceptive dorsal horn neurons respond to substance P (SP), we examined which morphological types of lamina I neurons express receptors for SP (NK-1r). We categorized NK-1r- immunoreactive (IR) lamina I neurons in serial horizontal sections from the cervical and lumbar enlargements of four monkeys. Consistent results were obtained by two independent teams of observers. Nearly all NK-1r-IR cells were fusiform (42%) or multipolar (43%), but only 6% were pyramidal (with 9% unclassified). We obtained similar findings in three monkeys in which we used double-labeling immunocytochemistry to identify NK-1r-IR and spinothalamic lamina I neurons retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin subunit b from the thalamus; most NK-1r-IR lamina I spinothalamic neurons were fusiform (48%) or multipolar (33%), and only 10% were pyramidal. In contrast, most (~75%) pyramidal and some (~25%) fusiform and multipolar lamina I spinothalamic neurons did not display NK-1r immunoreactivity. These data indicate that most fusiform and multipolar lamina I neurons in the monkey can express NK-1r, consistent with the idea that both types are nociceptive, whereas only a small proportion of lamina I pyramidal cells express this receptor, consistent with the previous finding that they are nonnociceptive. However, these findings also indicate that not all nociceptive lamina I neurons express receptors for SP.}, author = {Yu, Xiao and Zhang, En and Craig, Arthur and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Ribeiro Da Silva, Alfredo and De Koninck, Yves}, issn = {0270-6474}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {9}, pages = {3545 -- 3555}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity in distinct morphological types of lamina I neurons of the primate spinal cord}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-09-03545.1999}, volume = {19}, year = {1999}, } @inproceedings{4487, abstract = {Refinement checking is used to verify implementations against more abstract specifications. Assume-guarantee reasoning is used to decompose refinement proofs in order to avoid state-space explosion. In previous approaches, specifications are forced to operate on the same time scale as the implementation. This may lead to unnatural specifications and inefficiencies in verification. We introduce a novel methodology for decomposing refinement proofs of temporally abstract specifications, which specify implementation requirements only at certain sampling instances in time. Our new assume-guarantee rule allows separate refinement maps for specifying functionality and timing.We present the theory for the correctness of our methodology, and illustrate it using a simple example. Support for sampling and the generalized assume-guarantee rule have been implemented in the model checker Mocha and successfully applied to verify the VGI multiprocessor dataflow chip with 6 million transistors.}, author = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Qadeer, Shaz and Rajamani, Sriram}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, isbn = {9783540662020}, location = {Trento, Italy}, pages = {208 -- 221}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Assume-guarantee refinement between different time scales}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-48683-6_20}, volume = {1633}, year = {1999}, } @article{2583, abstract = {Substance P receptor (SPR)-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) were examined in the rat spinal trigeminal nucleus and spinal cord by a retrograde tracing method combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry. After injection of Fluoro-gold (FG) into the PAG, SPR-immunoreactive neurons labeled with FG were observed mainly in the lateral spinal nucleus and lamina I of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns and additionally in laminae V and X of the spinal cord.}, author = {Li, Jin and Ding, Yu and Xiong, Kang and Li, Ji and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0168-0102}, journal = {Neuroscience Research}, number = {3}, pages = {219 -- 225}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Substance P receptor (NK1)-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the periaqueductal gray: Distribution in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the spinal cord of the rat}}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-0102(97)00132-6}, volume = {30}, year = {1998}, } @proceedings{4430, editor = {Henzinger, Thomas A}, isbn = {978-3-540-64358-6}, location = {Berkeley, CA, United States of America}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{HSCC: Hybrid Systems—Computation and Control}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-64358-3}, volume = {1386}, year = {1998}, } @article{2576, abstract = {Primary afferent neurons containing substance P (SP) are apparently implicated in the transmission of noxious information from the periphery to the central nervous system, and SP released from primary afferent neurons acts on second-order neurons with the SP receptor (SPR). In the rat, nociceptive information reached the hypothalamus not only through indirect pathways but also directly through trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic pathways. Thus, in the present study, the distribution pattern of trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic tract neurons showing SPR-like immunoreactivity (SPR-LI) was examined in the rat by a retrograde tract-tracing method combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry for SPR. A substantial number of trigeminal and spinal neurons with SPR-LI were retrogradely labeled with Fluore-Gold (FG) injected into the hypothalamic regions. These neurons were distributed mainly in lamina I of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns, lateral spinal nucleus, regions around the central canal of the spinal cord, and the lateral aspect of the deep part of the spinal dorsal horn. A number of SPR-LI neurons in the spinal parasympathetic nucleus were labeled with FG injected into the area around the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Some SPR-LI neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus and the lateral aspect of the deep part of the spinal dorsal horn were also labeled with FG injected into the septal region. On the basis of the distribution areas of SPR-LI trigeminal and spinal neurons projecting to the hypothalamic and septal regions, it is likely that these neurons are involved in the transmission of somatic and/or visceral noxious information.}, author = {Li, Jin and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {4}, pages = {508 -- 521}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Distribution of trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic tract neurons displaying substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat}}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970224)378:4<508::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-6}, volume = {378}, year = {1997}, } @article{2578, abstract = {The distribution of immunoreactivity to the neurokinin3 receptor (NK3R) was examined in segments C7, T11-12, L1-2, and L4-6 of the rat spinal cord. NK3R immunoreactivity was visualized by using two antisera generated against sequences of amino acids contained in the C-terminal region of the NK3R. NK3R-immunoreactive cells were numerous in the substantia gelatinosa of all spinal segments examined as well as the dorsal commissural nucleus of spinal segments L1-2. Isolated, immunoreactive cells were scattered throughout other regions of the spinal cord. The relationship of NK3R-immunoreactivity with neurons was demonstrated by colocalization with microtubule associated protein 2-immunoreactivity in individual cells. Within neurons, NK3R- immunoreactivity was associated predominately with the plasma membrane of cell bodies and dendrites. Within the substantia gelatinosa, 86% of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive neurons were also NK3R-immunoreactive. Although NOS-immunoreactive neurons were found throughout all other regions of the spinal cord in the segments examined, these were not NK3R- immunoreactive. When preganglionic sympathetic neurons in spinal segments T11-12 and L1-2 were visualized by intraperitoneal injection of Fluorogold, less than 1% of the Fluorogold-labeled neurons were also immunoreactive for NK3R. The large number of NK3R-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia gelatinosa suggests that some effects of tachykinins an somatosensation may be mediated by NK3R.}, author = {Seybold, Virginia and Grković, Ivica and Portbury, Andrea and Ding, Yu and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Furness, John and Southwell, Bridget}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {4}, pages = {439 -- 448}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Relationship of NK3 receptor-immunoreactivity to subpopulations of neurons in rat spinal cord}}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970519)381:4<439::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-3}, volume = {381}, year = {1997}, } @article{2581, abstract = {It is well known that striatonigral neurons produce substance P (SP); however, no SP receptor (SPR) has so far been found in the substantia nigra. On the other hand, a previous study in the rat striatum indicated that SPR was expressed only in cholinergic or somatostatinergic intrinsic neurons (Kaneko et al. [1993] Brain Res. 631:297-303). Thus, it was assumed that SP produced by striatenigral neurons might be released through their intrastriatal axon collaterals to act upon intrinsic neurons in the striatum. To confirm this assumption, the distribution of axon collaterals of striatonigral neurons was examined in the striatum of the rat. The experiments were performed on brain slices by combining retrograde labeling with tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine, electrophysiological recording, intracellular staining with biocytin, and immunocytochemistry for SPR. The distribution of axons of cholinergic striatal neurons (a group of SP-negative intrinsic striatal neurons) was also examined. It was observed that 16% of varicosities of intrastriatal axon collaterals of striatonigral neurons, as well as 6% of axonal varicosities of cholinergic neurons, were in close apposition to dendrites and cell bodies of SPB-immunoreactive striatal neurons. Since SPR-immunoreactive striatal neurons constituted only 2.7% of the total population of striatal neurons (Kaneko et al. [1993] Brain Res. 631:297-303), it appeared that axonal varicosities of striatonigral neurons were preferentially apposed to SPR-immunoreactive striatal neurons and that the varicosities in close apposition to SPR-immunoreactive neurons were derived more frequently from striatonigral neurons than from cholinergic interneurons. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that axonal varicosities in close apposition to SPR-immunoreactive cells showed synaptophysin immunoreactivity, a marker of synaptic vesicles. In intrastriatal axons of striatonigral neurons, it was further revealed from electron microscopy that axonal varicosities in close apposition to SPR- immunoreactive dendrites, at least a part of them, made synapses of the symmetric type. Striatonigral neurons might release SP preferentially around cholinergic or somatostatinergic intrinsic neurons to regulate them through SP-SPR interactions.}, author = {Lee, Teffy and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nomura, Sakashi and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {2}, pages = {250 -- 264}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Collateral projections from striatonigral neurons to substance P receptor-expressing intrinsic neurons in the striatum of the rat}}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971117)388:2<250::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-0}, volume = {388}, year = {1997}, } @article{3484, abstract = {Glutamatergic transmission at a principal neuroninterneuron synapse was investigated by dual whole-cell patch-clamp recording in rat hippocampal slices combined with morphological analysis. Evoked EPSPs with rapid time course (half duration ≃ 4 ms; 34°C) were generated at multiple synaptic contacts established on the interneuron dendrites close to the soma. The underlying postsynaptic conductance change showed a submillisecond rise and decay, due to the precise timing of glutamate release and the rapid deactivation of the postsynaptic AMPA receptors. Simulations based on a compartmental model of the interneuron indicated that the rapid postsynaptic conductance change determines the shape and the somatodendritic integration of EPSPs, thus enabling interneurons to detect synchronous principal neuron activity.}, author = {Geiger, Jörg and Lubke, Joachim and Roth, Arnd and Frotscher, Michael and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0896-6273}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {6}, pages = {1009 -- 1023}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse}}, doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6}, volume = {18}, year = {1997}, } @article{3485, abstract = {1. GABAergic interneurones differ from glutamatergic principal neurones in their ability to discharge high-frequency trains of action potentials without adaptation. To examine whether Na+ channel gating contributed to these differences, Na+ currents were recorded in nucleated patches from interneurones (dentate gyrus basket cells, BCs) and principal neurones (CA1 pyramidal cells, PCs) of rat hippocampal slices. 2. The voltage dependence of Na+ channel activation in BCs and PCs was similar. The slope factors of the activation curves, fitted with Boltzmann functions raised to the third power, were 11.5 and 11.8 mV, and the mid-point potentials were -25.1 and -23.9 mV, respectively. 3. Whereas the time course of Na+ channel activation (-30 to +40 mV) was similar, the deactivation kinetics (-100 to -40 mV) were faster in BCs than in PCs (tail current decay time constants, 0.13 and 0.20 ms, respectively, at -40 mV). 4. Na+ channels in BCs and PCs differed in the voltage dependence of inactivation. The slope factors of the steady-state inactivation curves fitted with Boltzmann functions were 6.7 and 10.7 mV, and the mid-point potentials were -58.3 and -62.9 mV, respectively. 5. The onset of Na+ channel inactivation at -55 mV was slower in BC's than in PCs; the inactivation time constants were 18.6 and 9.3 ms, respectively. At more positive potentials the differences in inactivation onset were smaller. 6. The time course of recovery of Na+ channels from inactivation induced by a 30 ms pulse was fast and mono-exponential (τ = 2.0 ms at -120 mV) in BCs, whereas it was slower and biexponential in PCs (τ1 = 2.0 ms and τ2 = 133 ms; amplitude contribution of the slow component, 15%). 7. We conclude that Na+ channels of BCs and PCs differ in gating properties that contribute to the characteristic action potential patterns of the two types of neurones.}, author = {Martina, Marco and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0022-3751}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, number = {3}, pages = {593 -- 603}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Functional differences in Na+ channel gating between fast-spiking interneurones and principal neurones in rat hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x}, volume = {505}, year = {1997}, } @article{3541, abstract = {The contribution of the various hippocampal regions to the maintenance of epileptic activity, induced by stimulation of the perforant path or commissural system, was examined in the awake rat. Combination of multiple-site recordings with silicon probes, current source density analysis and unit recordings allowed for a high spatial resolution of the field events. Following perforant path stimulation, seizures began in the dentate gyrus, followed by events in the CA3-CA1 regions. After commissural stimulation, rhythmic bursts in the CA3-CA1 circuitry preceded the activation of the dentate gyrus. Correlation of events in the different subregions indicated that the sustained rhythmic afterdischarge (2-6 Hz) could not be explained by a cycle-by-cycle excitation of principal cell populations in the hippocampal-entorhinal loop. The primary afterdischarge always terminated in the CA1 region, followed by the dentate gyrus, CA3 region and the entorhinal cortex. The duration and pattern of the hippocampal afterdischarge was essentially unaffected by removal of the entorhinal cortex. The emergence of large population spike bursts coincided with a decreased discharge of interneurons in both CAI and hilar regions. The majority of hilar interneurons displayed a strong amplitude decrement prior to the onset of population spike phase of the afterdischarge. These findings suggest that (i) afterdischarges can independently arise in the CA3-CA1 and entorhinal-dentate gyrus circuitries, (ii) reverberation of excitation in the hippocampal-entorhinal loop is not critical for the maintenance of afterdischarges and (iii) decreased activity of the interneuronal network may release population bursting of principal cells. }, author = {Bragin, Anatol and Csicsvari, Jozsef L and Penttonen, Markku and Buzsáki, György}, issn = {0306-4522}, journal = {Neuroscience}, number = {4}, pages = {1187 -- 1203}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Epileptic afterdischarge in the hippocampal-entorhinal system: Current source density and unit studies}}, doi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00446-0}, volume = {76}, year = {1997}, } @article{4289, abstract = {A worldwide survey of polymorphic molecular markers shows that the human population is genetically homogeneous, in close agreement with evidence from quite different genes and traits.}, author = {Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0960-9822}, journal = {Current Biology}, number = {12}, pages = {757 -- 758}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Population genetics: A new apportionment of human diversity}}, doi = {10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6}, volume = {7}, year = {1997}, } @article{17828, abstract = {We quantify the consequences of intergalactic dust produced by the first Type II supernovae in the universe. The fraction of gas converted into stars is calibrated based on the observed C/H ratio in the intergalactic medium at z = 3, assuming a Scalo mass function for the stars. The associated dust absorbs starlight energy and emits it at longer wavelengths. For a uniform mix of metals and dust with the intergalactic gas, we find that the dust distorts the microwave background spectrum by a y-parameter in the range (0.06-6) × 10-5 (MSN/0.3 M☉), where MSN is the average mass of dust produced per supernova. The opacity of intergalactic dust to infrared sources at redshifts of z ≳ 10 is significant, τdust = (0.1-1) × (MSN/0.3 M☉), and could be detected with the Next Generation Space Telescope. Although dust suppresses the Lyα emission from early sources, the redshifts of star clusters at z = 10-35 can be easily inferred from the Lyman limit break in their infrared spectrum between 1 and 3.5 μm.}, author = {Loeb, Abraham and Haiman, Zoltán}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {2}, pages = {571--576}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{Signatures of intergalactic dust from the first supernovae}}, doi = {10.1086/304919}, volume = {490}, year = {1997}, } @article{8528, abstract = {In the present paper, we give a definition of prevalent ("metrically prevalent" ) sets in nonlinear function spaces. A subset of a Euclidean space is said to be metrically prevalent if its complement has measure zero. There is no natural way to generalize the definition of a set of measure zero in a finite-dimensional space to the infinite-dimensional case [6]. Therefore, it is necessary to give a special definition of a metrically prevalent set (set of full measure) in an infinite-dimensional space. There are various ways to do so. We suggest one of the possible ways to define the class of metrically prevalent sets in the space of smooth maps of one smooth manifold into another. It is shown in this paper that the class of metrically prevalent sets has natural properties; in particular, the intersection of finitely many metrically prevalent sets is metrically prevalent. The main result of the paper is a prevalent version of Thorn's transversality theorem. It is common practice in singularity theory and the theory of dynamical systems to say that a property holds for "almost every" map (or flow) if it holds for a residual set, i.e., a set that contains a countable intersection of open dense sets in the corresponding function space. However, even in finite-dimensional spaces such a set can have arbitrarily small (say, zero) Lebesgue measure. We prove that Thorn's transversality theorem holds for an essentially "thicker" set than a residual set. It seems reasonable to revise from the prevalent point of view the classical results of singularity theory and theory of dynamical systems, including the multijet transversality theorem, Mather's stability theorem, Kupka-Smale's theorem for dynamical systems, etc. We shall do this elsewhere. The notion of prevalence in linear Banach spaces was introduced and investigated in [8]. One of the possible ways to define a class of prevalent sets in the space of smooth maps of manifolds, which essentially differs from that presented in this paper, is given in [7]. Definitions of typicalness based on the Lebesgue measure in a finite-dimensional space were suggested by Kolmogorov [10] and Arnold [11]. These definitions were cited and discussed in [9]. Here we only point out that the finite-dimensional analog of Arnold's definition allows prevalent sets to have arbitrarily small measure, whereas the prevalent sets in the sense of the finite-dimensional analog of the definition given in the present paper are necessarily of full measure. Our definition is a modification of that due to Arnold. I wish to thank Yu. S. Illyashenko for constant attention to this work and useful discussions and R. I. Bogdanov for help in the preparation of this paper. }, author = {Kaloshin, Vadim}, issn = {0016-2663}, journal = {Functional Analysis and Its Applications}, keywords = {Applied Mathematics, Analysis}, number = {2}, pages = {95--99}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Prevalence in the space of finitely smooth maps}}, doi = {10.1007/bf02466014}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, } @article{2562, abstract = {A monoclonal antibody against a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, was produced by using a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein containing an N-terminal sequence of rat mGluR2. Intense mGluR2-like immunoreactivity (mGluR2-LI) was seen mainly in neuropil of the cerebral cortical regions, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, some diencephalic nuclei, dorsal cochlear nucleus and cerebellar cortex. In the cerebellar cortex, mGluR2-LI was seen only in Golgi cells. In Ammon's hem, mGluR2-LI was marked in the stratum lucidum of CA3 and the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA1-CA3, but not detected in the stratum pyramidale. The results indicate that mGluR2 is located not only presynaptically but also postsynaptically.}, author = {Neki, Akio and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0304-3940}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, number = {3}, pages = {197 -- 200}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Pre- and postsynaptic localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical study with a monoclonal antibody}}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(95)12248-6}, volume = {202}, year = {1996}, } @article{2573, abstract = {Developmental changes of the distribution pattern of substance P receptor (SPR) were investigated immunohistochemically in the rat striatum. The SPR immunoreactivity in the striatum first emerged at postnatal day 1 and transiently showed a patchy pattern of distribution until it displayed the adult pattern of homogeneous distribution by the end of the third postnatal week. The SPR-immunoreactive patches were most marked in the medial and dorsolateral parts of the striatum, as well as in the subcallosal streak. They matched tyrosine hydroxylase-enriched areas and, conversely, avoided calbindin-enriched zones. No neurons within the SPR-immunoreactive patches contained either choline acetyltransferase or somatostatin, which is known to be contained in intrinsic neurons in the striatum. The vast majority of SPR-immunoreactive patch neurons also contained DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein that is expressed in striatal projection neurons with D1 dopamine receptor. The results indicate that SPR-immunoreactive patches which appear transiently in the developing striatum are in register with the striatal patch compartment, and that SPR immunoreactivity within these patches may be expressed on projection neurons rather than intrinsic neurons. Such SPR immunoreactivity in projection neurons in striatal patches may fade out in adulthood.}, author = {Tokuno, Hironobu and Takada, Masahiko and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0165-3806}, journal = {Developmental Brain Research}, number = {1}, pages = {107 -- 117}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Patchy distribution of substance P receptor immunoreactivity in the developing rat striatum}}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(96)00080-6}, volume = {95}, year = {1996}, } @article{4025, abstract = {Questions of chemical reactivity can often be cast as questions of molecular geometry. Common geometric models for proteins and other molecules are the space-filling diagram, the solvent accessible surface and the molecular surface. In this paper we present a new approach to triangulating the surface of a molecule under the three models, which is fast, robust, and results in topologically correct triangulations. Our computations are based on a simplicial complex dual to the molecule models. All proposed algorithms are parallelizable.}, author = {Akkiraju, Nataraj and Edelsbrunner, Herbert}, issn = {0166-218X}, journal = {Discrete Applied Mathematics}, number = {1-3}, pages = {5 -- 22}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Triangulating the surface of a molecule}}, doi = {10.1016/S0166-218X(96)00054-6}, volume = {71}, year = {1996}, } @article{4151, abstract = {Jaws and branchial arches together are a basic, segmented feature of the vertebrate head, Seven arches develop in the zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio), derived largely from neural crest cells that form the cartilaginous skeleton, In this and the following paper we describe the phenotypes of 109 arch mutants, focusing here on three classes that affect the posterior pharyngeal arches, including the hyoid and five gill-bearing arches, In lockjaw, the hyoid arch is strongly reduced and subsets of branchial arches do not develop, Mutants of a large second class, designated the flathead group, lack several adjacent branchial arches and their associated cartilages. Five alleles at the flathead locus all lead to larvae that lack arches 4-6, Among 34 other flathead group members complementation tests are incomplete, but at least six unique phenotypes can be distinguished, These all delete continuous stretches of adjacent branchial arches and unpaired cartilages in the ventral midline, Many show cell death in the midbrain, from which some neural crest precursors of the arches originate, lockjaw and a few mutants in the flathead group, including pistachio, affect both jaw cartilage and pigmentation, reflecting essential functions of these genes in at least two neural crest lineages, Mutants of a third class, including boxer, dackel and pincher, affect pectoral fins and axonal trajectories in the brain, as well as the arches. Their skeletal phenotypes suggest that they disrupt cartilage morphogenesis in all arches, Our results suggest that there are sets of genes that: (1) specify neural crest cells in groups of adjacent head segments, and (2) function in common genetic pathways in a variety of tissues including the brain, pectoral fins and pigment cells as well as pharyngeal arches.}, author = {Schilling, Thomas and Piotrowski, Tatjana and Grandel, Heiner and Brand, Michael and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Jiang, Yunjin and Beuchle, Dirk and Hammerschmidt, Matthias and Kane, Donald and Mullins, Mary and Van Eeden, Fredericus and Kelsh, Robert and Furutani Seiki, Makoto and Granato, Michael and Haffter, Pascal and Odenthal, Jörg and Warga, Rachel and Trowe, Torsten and Nüsslein Volhard, Christiane}, issn = {0950-1991}, journal = {Development}, number = {1}, pages = {329 -- 344}, publisher = {Company of Biologists}, title = {{Jaw and branchial arch mutants in zebrafish I: Branchial arches}}, doi = {10.1242/dev.123.1.329}, volume = {123}, year = {1996}, } @article{4170, abstract = {We identified 6 genes that are essential for specifying ventral regions of the early zebrafish embryo, Mutations in these genes cause an expansion of structures normally derived from dorsal-lateral regions of the blastula at the expense of ventrally derived structures, A series of phenotypes of varied strengths is observed with different alleles of these mutants, The weakest phenotype is a reduction in the ventral tail fin, observed as a dominant phenotype of swirl, piggytail, and somitabun and a recessive phenotype of min fin, lost-a-fin and some piggytail alleles, With increasing phenotypic strength, the blood and pronephric anlagen are also reduced or absent, while the paraxial mesoderm and anterior neuroectoderm is progressively expanded, In the strong phenotypes, displayed by homozygous embryos of snailhouse, swirl and somitabun, the somites circle around the embryo and the midbrain region is expanded laterally, Several mutations in this group of genes are semidominant as well as recessive indicating a strong dosage sensitivity of the processes involved, Mutations in the piggytail gene display an unusual dominance that depends on both a maternal and zygotic heterozygous genotype, while somitabun is a fully penetrant dominant maternal-effect mutation, The similar and overlapping phenotypes of mutants of the 6 genes identified suggest that they function in a common pathway, which begins in oogenesis, but also depends on factors provided after the onset of zygotic transcription, presumably during blastula stages, This pathway provides ventral positional information, counteracting the dorsalizing instructions of the organizer, which is localized in the dorsal shield.}, author = {Mullins, Mary and Hammerschmidt, Matthias and Kane, Donald and Odenthal, Jörg and Brand, Michael and Van Eeden, Fredericus and Furutani Seiki, Makoto and Granato, Michael and Haffter, Pascal and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Jiang, Yunjin and Kelsh, Robert and Nüsslein Volhard, Christiane}, issn = {0950-1991}, journal = {Development}, number = {1}, pages = {81 -- 93}, publisher = {Company of Biologists}, title = {{Genes establishing dorsoventral pattern formation in the zebrafish embryo: The ventral specifying genes}}, doi = {10.1242/dev.123.1.81}, volume = {123}, year = {1996}, } @article{4189, abstract = {This report describes mutants of the zebrafish having phenotypes causing a general arrest in early morphogenesis. These mutants identify a group of loci making up about 20% of the loci identified by mutants with visible morphological phenotypes within the first day of development. There are 12 Class I mutants, which fall into 5 complementation groups and have cells that lyse before morphological defects are observed. Mutants at three loci, speed bump, ogre and zombie, display abnormal nuclei. The 8 Class II mutants, which fall into 6 complementation groups, arrest development before cell lysis is observed. These mutants seemingly stop development in the late segmentation stages, and maintain a body shape similar to a 20 hour embryo. Mutations in speed bump, ogre, zombie, specter, poltergeist and troll were tested for cell lethality by transplanting mutant cells into wild-type hosts. With poltergeist, transplanted mutant cells all survive. The remainder of the mutants tested were autonomously but conditionally lethal: mutant cells, most of which lyse, sometimes survive to become notochord, muscles, or, in rare cases, large neurons, all cell types which become postmitotic in the gastrula. Some of the genes of the early arrest group may be necessary for progression though the cell cycle; if so, the survival of early differentiating cells may be based on having their terminal mitosis before the zygotic requirement for these genes.}, author = {Kane, Donald and Maischein, Hans and Brand, Michael and Van Eeden, Fredericus and Furutani Seiki, Makoto and Granato, Michael and Haffter, Pascal and Hammerschmidt, Matthias and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Jiang, Yunjin and Kelsh, Robert and Mullins, Mary and Odenthal, Jörg and Warga, Rachel and Nüsslein Volhard, Christiane}, issn = {0950-1991}, journal = {Development}, number = {1}, pages = {57 -- 66}, publisher = {Company of Biologists}, title = {{The zebrafish early arrest mutants}}, doi = {10.1242/dev.123.1.57 }, volume = {123}, year = {1996}, } @article{4191, abstract = {In a screen for embryonic mutants in the zebrafish a large number of mutants were isolated with abnormal brain morphology, We describe here 26 mutants in 13 complementation groups that show abnormal development of large regions of the brain, Early neurogenesis is affected in white tail (wit), During segmentation stages, homozygous wit embryos display an irregularly formed neural keel, particularly in the hindbrain, Using a variety of molecular markers, a severe increase in the number of various early differentiating neurons can be demonstrated, In contrast, late differentiating neurons, radial glial cells and some nonneural cell types, such as the neural crest-derived melanoblasts, are much reduced, Somitogenesis appears delayed, In addition, very reduced numbers of melanophores are present posterior to the mid-trunk, The wit phenotype is reminiscent of neurogenic mutants in Drosophila, such as Notch or Delta, In mutant parachute (pac) embryos the general organization of the hindbrain is disturbed and many rounded cells accumulate loosely in the hindbrain and midbrain ventricles, Mutants in a group of 6 genes, snakehead(snk), natter (nat), otter (ott) fullbrain (ful) viper (vip) and white snake (wis) develop collapsed brain ventricles, before showing signs of general degeneration, atlantis (atl), big head (bid), wicked brain (win), scabland (sbd) and eisspalte (ele) mutants have different malformation of the brain folds, Some of them have transient phenotypes, and mutant individuals may grow up to adults.}, author = {Jiang, Yunjin and Brand, Michael and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Beuchle, Dirk and Furutani Seiki, Makoto and Kelsh, Robert and Warga, Rachel and Granato, Michael and Haffter, Pascal and Hammerschmidt, Matthias and Kane, Donald and Mullins, Mary and Odenthal, Jörg and Van Eeden, Fredericus and Nüsslein Volhard, Christiane}, issn = {0950-1991}, journal = {Development}, number = {1}, pages = {205 -- 216}, publisher = {Company of Biologists}, title = {{Mutations affecting neurogenesis and brain morphology in the zebrafish, Danio rerio}}, doi = {10.1242/dev.123.1.205}, volume = {123}, year = {1996}, }