[{"author":[{"first_name":"Zeta","last_name":"Avarikioti","full_name":"Avarikioti, Zeta"},{"id":"f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30","full_name":"Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios","last_name":"Kokoris Kogias","first_name":"Eleftherios"},{"full_name":"Wattenhofer, Roger","first_name":"Roger","last_name":"Wattenhofer"},{"full_name":"Zindros, Dionysis","first_name":"Dionysis","last_name":"Zindros"}],"year":"2021","date_updated":"2023-08-14T12:59:58Z","publisher":"Springer Nature","conference":{"start_date":"2021-03-01","end_date":"2021-03-05","name":"FC: Financial Cryptography","location":"Virtual"},"scopus_import":"1","status":"public","publication":"25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security","page":"209-230","citation":{"mla":"Avarikioti, Zeta, et al. “Brick: Asynchronous Incentive-Compatible Payment Channels.” <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, vol. 12675, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 209–30, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11\">10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11</a>.","apa":"Avarikioti, Z., Kokoris Kogias, E., Wattenhofer, R., &#38; Zindros, D. (2021). Brick: Asynchronous incentive-compatible payment channels. In <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i> (Vol. 12675, pp. 209–230). Virtual: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11</a>","ieee":"Z. Avarikioti, E. Kokoris Kogias, R. Wattenhofer, and D. Zindros, “Brick: Asynchronous incentive-compatible payment channels,” in <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, Virtual, 2021, vol. 12675, pp. 209–230.","ama":"Avarikioti Z, Kokoris Kogias E, Wattenhofer R, Zindros D. Brick: Asynchronous incentive-compatible payment channels. In: <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>. Vol 12675. Springer Nature; 2021:209-230. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11\">10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11</a>","ista":"Avarikioti Z, Kokoris Kogias E, Wattenhofer R, Zindros D. 2021. Brick: Asynchronous incentive-compatible payment channels. 25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC: Financial Cryptography, LNCS, vol. 12675, 209–230.","short":"Z. Avarikioti, E. Kokoris Kogias, R. Wattenhofer, D. Zindros, in:, 25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 209–230.","chicago":"Avarikioti, Zeta, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Roger Wattenhofer, and Dionysis Zindros. “Brick: Asynchronous Incentive-Compatible Payment Channels.” In <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, 12675:209–30. Springer Nature, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11</a>."},"day":"23","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","volume":"12675 ","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"_id":"10324","isi":1,"date_published":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"ElKo"}],"title":"Brick: Asynchronous incentive-compatible payment channels","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_11","oa_version":"Preprint","date_created":"2021-11-21T23:01:29Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11360"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","arxiv":1,"month":"10","type":"conference","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Off-chain protocols (channels) are a promising solution to the scalability and privacy challenges of blockchain payments. Current proposals, however, require synchrony assumptions to preserve the safety of a channel, leaking to an adversary the exact amount of time needed to control the network for a successful attack. In this paper, we introduce Brick, the first payment channel that remains secure under network asynchrony and concurrently provides correct incentives. The core idea is to incorporate the conflict resolution process within the channel by introducing a rational committee of external parties, called wardens. Hence, if a party wants to close a channel unilaterally, it can only get the committee’s approval for the last valid state. Additionally, Brick provides sub-second latency because it does not employ heavy-weight consensus. Instead, Brick uses consistent broadcast to announce updates and close the channel, a light-weight abstraction that is powerful enough to preserve safety and liveness to any rational parties. We formally define and prove for Brick the properties a payment channel construction should fulfill. We also design incentives for Brick such that honest and rational behavior aligns. Finally, we provide a reference implementation of the smart contracts in Solidity."}],"external_id":{"isi":["000712016200011"],"arxiv":["1905.11360"]},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9-783-6626-4330-3"],"eisbn":["978-3-662-64331-0"],"issn":["0302-9743"],"eissn":["1611-3349"]},"acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Kaoutar Elkhiyaoui for her valuable feedback as well as Jakub Sliwinski for his impactful contribution to this work."},{"quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"alternative_title":["LNCS"],"day":"23","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","volume":"12675 ","scopus_import":"1","publisher":"Springer Nature","conference":{"location":"Virtual","name":"FC: Financial Cryptography","end_date":"2021-03-05","start_date":"2021-03-01"},"status":"public","publication":"25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security","page":"3-36","citation":{"ama":"Zamyatin A, Al-Bassam M, Zindros D, et al. SoK: Communication across distributed ledgers. In: <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>. Vol 12675. Springer Nature; 2021:3-36. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1\">10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1</a>","ieee":"A. Zamyatin <i>et al.</i>, “SoK: Communication across distributed ledgers,” in <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, Virtual, 2021, vol. 12675, pp. 3–36.","apa":"Zamyatin, A., Al-Bassam, M., Zindros, D., Kokoris Kogias, E., Moreno-Sanchez, P., Kiayias, A., &#38; Knottenbelt, W. J. (2021). SoK: Communication across distributed ledgers. In <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i> (Vol. 12675, pp. 3–36). Virtual: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1</a>","mla":"Zamyatin, Alexei, et al. “SoK: Communication across Distributed Ledgers.” <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, vol. 12675, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 3–36, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1\">10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1</a>.","ista":"Zamyatin A, Al-Bassam M, Zindros D, Kokoris Kogias E, Moreno-Sanchez P, Kiayias A, Knottenbelt WJ. 2021. SoK: Communication across distributed ledgers. 25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC: Financial Cryptography, LNCS, vol. 12675, 3–36.","short":"A. Zamyatin, M. Al-Bassam, D. Zindros, E. Kokoris Kogias, P. Moreno-Sanchez, A. Kiayias, W.J. Knottenbelt, in:, 25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 3–36.","chicago":"Zamyatin, Alexei, Mustafa Al-Bassam, Dionysis Zindros, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Pedro Moreno-Sanchez, Aggelos Kiayias, and William J. Knottenbelt. “SoK: Communication across Distributed Ledgers.” In <i>25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, 12675:3–36. Springer Nature, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1</a>."},"year":"2021","author":[{"last_name":"Zamyatin","first_name":"Alexei","full_name":"Zamyatin, Alexei"},{"full_name":"Al-Bassam, Mustafa","last_name":"Al-Bassam","first_name":"Mustafa"},{"last_name":"Zindros","first_name":"Dionysis","full_name":"Zindros, Dionysis"},{"id":"f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30","first_name":"Eleftherios","last_name":"Kokoris Kogias","full_name":"Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios"},{"last_name":"Moreno-Sanchez","first_name":"Pedro","full_name":"Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro"},{"first_name":"Aggelos","last_name":"Kiayias","full_name":"Kiayias, Aggelos"},{"last_name":"Knottenbelt","first_name":"William J.","full_name":"Knottenbelt, William J."}],"date_updated":"2023-08-14T12:59:26Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Since the inception of Bitcoin, a plethora of distributed ledgers differing in design and purpose has been created. While by design, blockchains provide no means to securely communicate with external systems, numerous attempts towards trustless cross-chain communication have been proposed over the years. Today, cross-chain communication (CCC) plays a fundamental role in cryptocurrency exchanges, scalability efforts via sharding, extension of existing systems through sidechains, and bootstrapping of new blockchains. Unfortunately, existing proposals are designed ad-hoc for specific use-cases, making it hard to gain confidence in their correctness and composability. We provide the first systematic exposition of cross-chain communication protocols. We formalize the underlying research problem and show that CCC is impossible without a trusted third party, contrary to common beliefs in the blockchain community. With this result in mind, we develop a framework to design new and evaluate existing CCC protocols, focusing on the inherent trust assumptions thereof, and derive a classification covering the field of cross-chain communication to date. We conclude by discussing open challenges for CCC research and the implications of interoperability on the security and privacy of blockchains."}],"type":"conference","month":"10","external_id":{"isi":["000712016200001"]},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0302-9743"],"eissn":["1611-3349"],"isbn":["9-783-6626-4330-3"],"eisbn":["978-3-662-64331-0"]},"acknowledgement":"We would like express our gratitude to Georgia Avarikioti, Daniel Perez and Dominik Harz for helpful comments and feedback on earlier versions of this manuscript. We also thank Nicholas Stifter, Aljosha Judmayer, Philipp Schindler, Edgar Weippl, and Alistair Stewart for insightful discussions during the early stages of this research. We also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that helped improve the presentation of our results. This research was funded by Bridge 1 858561 SESC; Bridge 1 864738 PR4DLT (all FFG); the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Security and Quality Improvement in the Production System Lifecycle (CDL-SQI); the competence center SBA-K1 funded by COMET; Chaincode Labs through the project SLN: Scalability for the Lightning Network; and by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through the Meitner program (project M-2608). Mustafa Al-Bassam is funded by a scholarship from the Alan Turing Institute. Alexei Zamyatin conducted the early stages of this work during his time at SBA Research, and was supported by a Binance Research Fellowship.","department":[{"_id":"ElKo"}],"title":"SoK: Communication across distributed ledgers","article_processing_charge":"No","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1128"}],"date_created":"2021-11-21T23:01:29Z","oa_version":"Preprint","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","isi":1,"_id":"10325","date_published":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z"}]