[{"alternative_title":["LNCS"],"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2026","publication_status":"published","type":"conference","status":"public","oa":1,"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.10074","open_access":"1"}],"_id":"21042","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783032070234"],"issn":["0302-9743"],"eissn":["1611-3349"]},"publication":"29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security","scopus_import":"1","OA_type":"green","OA_place":"repository","date_created":"2026-01-25T23:01:40Z","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) SFB project SpyCoDe F8502 and the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) project SCALE2 CT22-045.","day":"01","month":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","volume":15751,"intvolume":"     15751","project":[{"grant_number":"F8502","name":"Interface Theory for Security and Privacy","_id":"34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e"},{"_id":"7bdd2f70-9f16-11ee-852c-b7950bc6d277","name":"SeCure, privAte, and interoperabLe layEr 2","grant_number":"ICT22-045"}],"page":"307-323","title":"Anthemius: Efficient and modular block assembly for concurrent execution","conference":{"start_date":"2025-04-14","location":"Miyakojima, Japan","end_date":"2025-04-18","name":"FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},"publisher":"Springer Nature","date_published":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","arxiv":1,"date_updated":"2026-02-12T13:39:07Z","department":[{"_id":"KrPi"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Many blockchains such as Ethereum execute all incoming transactions sequentially significantly limiting the potential throughput. A common approach to scale execution is parallel execution engines that fully utilize modern multi-core architectures. Parallel execution is then either done optimistically, by executing transactions in parallel and detecting conflicts on the fly, or guided, by requiring exhaustive client transaction hints and scheduling transactions accordingly.\r\n\r\nHowever, recent studies have shown that the performance of parallel execution engines depends on the nature of the underlying workload. In fact, in some cases, only a 60% speed-up compared to sequential execution could be obtained. This is the case, as transactions that access the same resources must be executed sequentially. For example, if 10% of the transactions in a block access the same resource, the execution cannot meaningfully scale beyond 10 cores. Therefore, a single popular application can bottleneck the execution and limit the potential throughput.\r\n\r\nIn this paper, we introduce Anthemius, a block construction algorithm that optimizes parallel transaction execution throughput. We evaluate Anthemius exhaustively under a range of workloads, and show that Anthemius enables the underlying parallel execution engine to process over twice as many transactions.","lang":"eng"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2502.10074"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-7227-8309","full_name":"Neiheiser, Ray","last_name":"Neiheiser","first_name":"Ray","id":"f09651b9-fec0-11ec-b5d8-934aff0e52a4"},{"full_name":"Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios","orcid":"0000-0002-8827-3382","id":"f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30","first_name":"Eleftherios","last_name":"Kokoris Kogias"}],"corr_author":"1","citation":{"short":"R. Neiheiser, E. Kokoris Kogias, in:, 29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer Nature, 2026, pp. 307–323.","ama":"Neiheiser R, Kokoris Kogias E. Anthemius: Efficient and modular block assembly for concurrent execution. In: <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>. Vol 15751. Springer Nature; 2026:307-323. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18\">10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18</a>","apa":"Neiheiser, R., &#38; Kokoris Kogias, E. (2026). Anthemius: Efficient and modular block assembly for concurrent execution. In <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i> (Vol. 15751, pp. 307–323). Miyakojima, Japan: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18</a>","mla":"Neiheiser, Ray, and Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias. “Anthemius: Efficient and Modular Block Assembly for Concurrent Execution.” <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, vol. 15751, Springer Nature, 2026, pp. 307–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18\">10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18</a>.","ista":"Neiheiser R, Kokoris Kogias E. 2026. Anthemius: Efficient and modular block assembly for concurrent execution. 29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security, LNCS, vol. 15751, 307–323.","ieee":"R. Neiheiser and E. Kokoris Kogias, “Anthemius: Efficient and modular block assembly for concurrent execution,” in <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, Miyakojima, Japan, 2026, vol. 15751, pp. 307–323.","chicago":"Neiheiser, Ray, and Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias. “Anthemius: Efficient and Modular Block Assembly for Concurrent Execution.” In <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, 15751:307–23. Springer Nature, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18</a>."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Preprint"},{"publication":"29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security","OA_place":"repository","date_created":"2026-01-25T23:01:41Z","OA_type":"green","scopus_import":"1","day":"01","month":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","volume":15751,"intvolume":"     15751","page":"287-306","title":"Pilotfish: Distributed execution for scalable blockchains","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"quality_controlled":"1","type":"conference","status":"public","publication_status":"published","year":"2026","oa":1,"doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0302-9743"],"eissn":["1611-3349"],"isbn":["9783032070234"]},"_id":"21044","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.16292"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"full_name":"Kniep, Quentin","last_name":"Kniep","first_name":"Quentin"},{"last_name":"Kokoris Kogias","first_name":"Eleftherios","id":"f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30","full_name":"Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios","orcid":"0000-0002-8827-3382"},{"full_name":"Sonnino, Alberto","first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Sonnino"},{"first_name":"Igor","last_name":"Zablotchi","full_name":"Zablotchi, Igor"},{"first_name":"Nuda","last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, Nuda"}],"citation":{"short":"Q. Kniep, E. Kokoris Kogias, A. Sonnino, I. Zablotchi, N. Zhang, in:, 29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer Nature, 2026, pp. 287–306.","ama":"Kniep Q, Kokoris Kogias E, Sonnino A, Zablotchi I, Zhang N. Pilotfish: Distributed execution for scalable blockchains. In: <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>. Vol 15751. Springer Nature; 2026:287-306. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17\">10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17</a>","apa":"Kniep, Q., Kokoris Kogias, E., Sonnino, A., Zablotchi, I., &#38; Zhang, N. (2026). Pilotfish: Distributed execution for scalable blockchains. In <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i> (Vol. 15751, pp. 287–306). Miyakojima, Japan: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17</a>","mla":"Kniep, Quentin, et al. “Pilotfish: Distributed Execution for Scalable Blockchains.” <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, vol. 15751, Springer Nature, 2026, pp. 287–306, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17\">10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17</a>.","ista":"Kniep Q, Kokoris Kogias E, Sonnino A, Zablotchi I, Zhang N. 2026. Pilotfish: Distributed execution for scalable blockchains. 29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security, LNCS, vol. 15751, 287–306.","ieee":"Q. Kniep, E. Kokoris Kogias, A. Sonnino, I. Zablotchi, and N. Zhang, “Pilotfish: Distributed execution for scalable blockchains,” in <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, Miyakojima, Japan, 2026, vol. 15751, pp. 287–306.","chicago":"Kniep, Quentin, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Alberto Sonnino, Igor Zablotchi, and Nuda Zhang. “Pilotfish: Distributed Execution for Scalable Blockchains.” In <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, 15751:287–306. Springer Nature, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_17</a>."},"oa_version":"Preprint","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"conference":{"location":"Miyakojima, Japan","start_date":"2025-04-14","end_date":"2025-04-18","name":"FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},"publisher":"Springer Nature","date_published":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","arxiv":1,"date_updated":"2026-02-16T07:56:09Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Scalability is a crucial requirement for modern large-scale systems, enabling elasticity and ensuring responsiveness under varying load. While cloud systems have achieved scalable architectures, blockchain systems remain constrained by the need to over-provision validator machines to handle peak load. This leads to resource inefficiency, poor cost scaling, and limits on performance. To address these challenges, we introduce Pilotfish, the first scale-out transaction execution engine for blockchains. Pilotfish enables validators to scale horizontally by distributing transaction execution across multiple worker machines, allowing elasticity without compromising consistency or determinism. It integrates seamlessly with the lazy blockchain architecture, completing the missing piece of execution elasticity. To achieve this, Pilotfish tackles several key challenges: ensuring scalable and strongly consistent distributed transactions, handling partial crash recovery with lightweight replication, and maintaining concurrency with a novel versioned-queue scheduling algorithm. Our evaluation shows that Pilotfish scales linearly up to at least eight workers per validator for compute-bound workloads, while maintaining low latency. By solving scalable execution, Pilotfish brings blockchains closer to achieving end-to-end elasticity, unlocking new possibilities for efficient and adaptable blockchain systems."}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2401.16292"]}}]