---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '18730'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We present a robust method to derive the duty cycle of QSO activity based
    on the empirical QSO luminosity function and on the present-day linear relation
    between the masses of supermassive black holes and those of their spheroidal host
    stellar systems. It is found that the duty cycle is substantially less than unity,
    with characteristic values in the range 3-6 x 10-3. Finally, we tested the expectation
    that the QSO luminosity evolution and the star formation history should be roughly
    parallel, as a consequence of the above-mentioned relation between BH and galaxy
    masses.
alternative_title:
- ESO Astrophysics Symposia
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Luca
  full_name: Ciotti, Luca
  last_name: Ciotti
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
- first_name: Jeremiah P.
  full_name: Ostriker, Jeremiah P.
  last_name: Ostriker
citation:
  ama: 'Ciotti L, Haiman Z, Ostriker JP. What does the local black hole mass distribution
    tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity function? In: <i>Proceedings
    of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>.
    Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Nature; 2006:106-108. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25">10.1007/10899892_25</a>'
  apa: 'Ciotti, L., Haiman, Z., &#38; Ostriker, J. P. (2006). What does the local
    black hole mass distribution tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity
    function? In <i>Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
    München Workshop</i> (pp. 106–108). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25">https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25</a>'
  chicago: 'Ciotti, Luca, Zoltán Haiman, and Jeremiah P. Ostriker. “What Does the
    Local Black Hole Mass Distribution Tell Us about the Evolution of the Quasar Luminosity
    Function?” In <i>Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
    München Workshop</i>, 106–8. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Nature, 2006. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25">https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25</a>.'
  ieee: L. Ciotti, Z. Haiman, and J. P. Ostriker, “What does the local black hole
    mass distribution tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity function?,”
    in <i>Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
    München Workshop</i>, Venice, Italy, 2006, pp. 106–108.
  ista: Ciotti L, Haiman Z, Ostriker JP. 2006. What does the local black hole mass
    distribution tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity function? Proceedings
    of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop.
    European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop, ESO
    Astrophysics Symposia, , 106–108.
  mla: Ciotti, Luca, et al. “What Does the Local Black Hole Mass Distribution Tell
    Us about the Evolution of the Quasar Luminosity Function?” <i>Proceedings of the
    European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>,
    Springer Nature, 2006, pp. 106–08, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25">10.1007/10899892_25</a>.
  short: L. Ciotti, Z. Haiman, J.P. Ostriker, in:, Proceedings of the European Southern
    Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop, Springer Nature, Berlin/Heidelberg,
    2006, pp. 106–108.
conference:
  end_date: 2001-10-26
  location: Venice, Italy
  name: European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop
  start_date: 2001-10-24
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:24:48Z
date_published: 2006-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T12:21:03Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1007/10899892_25
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/0112131
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0112131
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 106-108
place: Berlin/Heidelberg
publication: Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
  München Workshop
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1611-6143
  isbn:
  - '9783540002055'
  issn:
  - 1431-2433
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: What does the local black hole mass distribution tell us about the evolution
  of the quasar luminosity function?
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2006'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '18731'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The first galaxies formed at high redshifts, and were likely substantially
    less massive than typical galaxies in the local universe. We argue that (1) the
    reionization of a clumpy intergalactic medium by redshift z=6, (2) its enrichment
    by metals by z=3 without disturbing the Lyman alpha forest, and (3) the presence
    of supermassive black holes powering the recently discovered bright quasars at
    z=6, strongly suggest that a population of low-mass galaxies exists beyond redshifts
    z>6. Although the first stars could have been born in dark matter halos with virial
    temperatures as low as Tvir=200K, collapsing as early as z=25, the first galaxies
    likely appeared in significant numbers only in halos with Tvir>10,000K that collapsed
    later (z=15). The gas in these more massive halos initially contracts isothermally
    to high densities by atomic Lyman alpha cooling. H2 molecules can then form efficiently
    via non-equilibrium gas-phase chemistry, allowing the gas to cool further to T=100K,
    and fragment on stellar mass scales. These halos can harbor the first generation
    of ``mini-galaxies'' that reionized the universe. The continuum and line emission
    from these sources, as well as their Lyman alpha cooling radiation, can be detected
    in the future by NGST and other instruments.
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
citation:
  ama: 'Haiman Z. The assembly of the first galaxies. In: <i>Proceedings of the European
    Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>. Springer
    Nature; 2006:316-323. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77">10.1007/10899892_77</a>'
  apa: 'Haiman, Z. (2006). The assembly of the first galaxies. In <i>Proceedings of
    the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>
    (pp. 316–323). Venice, Italy: Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77">https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77</a>'
  chicago: Haiman, Zoltán. “The Assembly of the First Galaxies.” In <i>Proceedings
    of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>,
    316–23. Springer Nature, 2006. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77">https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77</a>.
  ieee: Z. Haiman, “The assembly of the first galaxies,” in <i>Proceedings of the
    European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>,
    Venice, Italy, 2006, pp. 316–323.
  ista: Haiman Z. 2006. The assembly of the first galaxies. Proceedings of the European
    Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop. European Southern
    Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop, 316–323.
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán. “The Assembly of the First Galaxies.” <i>Proceedings of the
    European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>,
    Springer Nature, 2006, pp. 316–23, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77">10.1007/10899892_77</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, in:, Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
    München Workshop, Springer Nature, 2006, pp. 316–323.
conference:
  end_date: 2001-10-26
  location: Venice, Italy
  name: European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop
  start_date: 2001-10-24
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:25:11Z
date_published: 2006-03-10T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T12:28:20Z
day: '10'
doi: 10.1007/10899892_77
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/0201173
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0201173
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 316-323
publication: Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
  München Workshop
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1611-6143
  isbn:
  - '9783540002055'
  issn:
  - 1431-2433
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The assembly of the first galaxies
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2006'
...