---
_id: '14452'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The classical infinitesimal model is a simple and robust model for the inheritance
of quantitative traits. In this model, a quantitative trait is expressed as the
sum of a genetic and an environmental component, and the genetic component of
offspring traits within a family follows a normal distribution around the average
of the parents’ trait values, and has a variance that is independent of the parental
traits. In previous work, we showed that when trait values are determined by the
sum of a large number of additive Mendelian factors, each of small effect, one
can justify the infinitesimal model as a limit of Mendelian inheritance. In this
paper, we show that this result extends to include dominance. We define the model
in terms of classical quantities of quantitative genetics, before justifying it
as a limit of Mendelian inheritance as the number, M, of underlying loci tends
to infinity. As in the additive case, the multivariate normal distribution of
trait values across the pedigree can be expressed in terms of variance components
in an ancestral population and probabilities of identity by descent determined
by the pedigree. Now, with just first-order dominance effects, we require two-,
three-, and four-way identities. We also show that, even if we condition on parental
trait values, the “shared” and “residual” components of trait values within each
family will be asymptotically normally distributed as the number of loci tends
to infinity, with an error of order 1/M−−√. We illustrate our results with some
numerical examples.
acknowledgement: NHB was supported in part by ERC Grants 250152 and 101055327. AV
was partly supported by the chaire Modélisation Mathématique et Biodiversité of
Veolia Environment—Ecole Polytechnique—Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle—Fondation
X.
article_number: iyad133
article_processing_charge: Yes (in subscription journal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
- first_name: Alison M.
full_name: Etheridge, Alison M.
last_name: Etheridge
- first_name: Amandine
full_name: Véber, Amandine
last_name: Véber
citation:
ama: Barton NH, Etheridge AM, Véber A. The infinitesimal model with dominance. Genetics.
2023;225(2). doi:10.1093/genetics/iyad133
apa: Barton, N. H., Etheridge, A. M., & Véber, A. (2023). The infinitesimal
model with dominance. Genetics. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad133
chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, Alison M. Etheridge, and Amandine Véber. “The Infinitesimal
Model with Dominance.” Genetics. Oxford Academic, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad133.
ieee: N. H. Barton, A. M. Etheridge, and A. Véber, “The infinitesimal model with
dominance,” Genetics, vol. 225, no. 2. Oxford Academic, 2023.
ista: Barton NH, Etheridge AM, Véber A. 2023. The infinitesimal model with dominance.
Genetics. 225(2), iyad133.
mla: Barton, Nicholas H., et al. “The Infinitesimal Model with Dominance.” Genetics,
vol. 225, no. 2, iyad133, Oxford Academic, 2023, doi:10.1093/genetics/iyad133.
short: N.H. Barton, A.M. Etheridge, A. Véber, Genetics 225 (2023).
date_created: 2023-10-29T23:01:15Z
date_published: 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-10-30T13:04:11Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: NiBa
doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyad133
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2211.03515'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 3f65b1fbe813e2f4dbb5d2b5e891844a
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2023-10-30T12:57:53Z
date_updated: 2023-10-30T12:57:53Z
file_id: '14469'
file_name: 2023_Genetics_Barton.pdf
file_size: 1439032
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-10-30T12:57:53Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 225'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 25B07788-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FP7
grant_number: '250152'
name: Limits to selection in biology and in evolutionary computation
- _id: bd6958e0-d553-11ed-ba76-86eba6a76c00
grant_number: '101055327'
name: Understanding the evolution of continuous genomes
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1943-2631
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford Academic
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
record:
- id: '12949'
relation: research_data
status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The infinitesimal model with dominance
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 225
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '7400'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Suppressed recombination allows divergence between homologous sex chromosomes
and the functionality of their genes. Here, we reveal patterns of the earliest
stages of sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious herb Mercurialis annua
on the basis of cytological analysis, de novo genome assembly and annotation,
genetic mapping, exome resequencing of natural populations, and transcriptome
analysis. The genome assembly contained 34,105 expressed genes, of which 10,076
were assigned to linkage groups. Genetic mapping and exome resequencing of individuals
across the species range both identified the largest linkage group, LG1, as the
sex chromosome. Although the sex chromosomes of M. annua are karyotypically homomorphic,
we estimate that about one-third of the Y chromosome, containing 568 transcripts
and spanning 22.3 cM in the corresponding female map, has ceased recombining.
Nevertheless, we found limited evidence for Y-chromosome degeneration in terms
of gene loss and pseudogenization, and most X- and Y-linked genes appear to have
diverged in the period subsequent to speciation between M. annua and its sister
species M. huetii, which shares the same sex-determining region. Taken together,
our results suggest that the M. annua Y chromosome has at least two evolutionary
strata: a small old stratum shared with M. huetii, and a more recent larger stratum
that is probably unique to M. annua and that stopped recombining ∼1 MYA. Patterns
of gene expression within the nonrecombining region are consistent with the idea
that sexually antagonistic selection may have played a role in favoring suppressed
recombination.'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Paris
full_name: Veltsos, Paris
last_name: Veltsos
- first_name: Kate E.
full_name: Ridout, Kate E.
last_name: Ridout
- first_name: Melissa A
full_name: Toups, Melissa A
id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Toups
orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380
- first_name: Santiago C.
full_name: González-Martínez, Santiago C.
last_name: González-Martínez
- first_name: Aline
full_name: Muyle, Aline
last_name: Muyle
- first_name: Olivier
full_name: Emery, Olivier
last_name: Emery
- first_name: Pasi
full_name: Rastas, Pasi
last_name: Rastas
- first_name: Vojtech
full_name: Hudzieczek, Vojtech
last_name: Hudzieczek
- first_name: Roman
full_name: Hobza, Roman
last_name: Hobza
- first_name: Boris
full_name: Vyskot, Boris
last_name: Vyskot
- first_name: Gabriel A. B.
full_name: Marais, Gabriel A. B.
last_name: Marais
- first_name: Dmitry A.
full_name: Filatov, Dmitry A.
last_name: Filatov
- first_name: John R.
full_name: Pannell, John R.
last_name: Pannell
citation:
ama: Veltsos P, Ridout KE, Toups MA, et al. Early sex-chromosome evolution in the
diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua. Genetics. 2019;212(3):815-835.
doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302045
apa: Veltsos, P., Ridout, K. E., Toups, M. A., González-Martínez, S. C., Muyle,
A., Emery, O., … Pannell, J. R. (2019). Early sex-chromosome evolution in the
diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua. Genetics. Genetics Society of
America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302045
chicago: Veltsos, Paris, Kate E. Ridout, Melissa A Toups, Santiago C. González-Martínez,
Aline Muyle, Olivier Emery, Pasi Rastas, et al. “Early Sex-Chromosome Evolution
in the Diploid Dioecious Plant Mercurialis Annua.” Genetics. Genetics Society
of America, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302045.
ieee: P. Veltsos et al., “Early sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious
plant Mercurialis annua,” Genetics, vol. 212, no. 3. Genetics Society of
America, pp. 815–835, 2019.
ista: Veltsos P, Ridout KE, Toups MA, González-Martínez SC, Muyle A, Emery O, Rastas
P, Hudzieczek V, Hobza R, Vyskot B, Marais GAB, Filatov DA, Pannell JR. 2019.
Early sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua.
Genetics. 212(3), 815–835.
mla: Veltsos, Paris, et al. “Early Sex-Chromosome Evolution in the Diploid Dioecious
Plant Mercurialis Annua.” Genetics, vol. 212, no. 3, Genetics Society of
America, 2019, pp. 815–35, doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302045.
short: P. Veltsos, K.E. Ridout, M.A. Toups, S.C. González-Martínez, A. Muyle, O.
Emery, P. Rastas, V. Hudzieczek, R. Hobza, B. Vyskot, G.A.B. Marais, D.A. Filatov,
J.R. Pannell, Genetics 212 (2019) 815–835.
date_created: 2020-01-29T16:15:44Z
date_published: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-07T14:49:29Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1534/genetics.119.302045
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '000474809300015'
pmid:
- '31113811'
intvolume: ' 212'
isi: 1
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302045
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 815-835
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '715257'
name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1943-2631
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Early sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 212
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '7723'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of loci that
are robustly associated with complex diseases. The use of linear mixed model (LMM)
methodology for GWAS is becoming more prevalent due to its ability to control
for population structure and cryptic relatedness and to increase power. The odds
ratio (OR) is a common measure of the association of a disease with an exposure
(e.g., a genetic variant) and is readably available from logistic regression.
However, when the LMM is applied to all-or-none traits it provides estimates of
genetic effects on the observed 0–1 scale, a different scale to that in logistic
regression. This limits the comparability of results across studies, for example
in a meta-analysis, and makes the interpretation of the magnitude of an effect
from an LMM GWAS difficult. In this study, we derived transformations from the
genetic effects estimated under the LMM to the OR that only rely on summary statistics.
To test the proposed transformations, we used real genotypes from two large, publicly
available data sets to simulate all-or-none phenotypes for a set of scenarios
that differ in underlying model, disease prevalence, and heritability. Furthermore,
we applied these transformations to GWAS summary statistics for type 2 diabetes
generated from 108,042 individuals in the UK Biobank. In both simulation and real-data
application, we observed very high concordance between the transformed OR from
the LMM and either the simulated truth or estimates from logistic regression.
The transformations derived and validated in this study improve the comparability
of results from prospective and already performed LMM GWAS on complex diseases
by providing a reliable transformation to a common comparative scale for the genetic
effects.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Luke R.
full_name: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R.
last_name: Lloyd-Jones
- first_name: Matthew Richard
full_name: Robinson, Matthew Richard
id: E5D42276-F5DA-11E9-8E24-6303E6697425
last_name: Robinson
orcid: 0000-0001-8982-8813
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Yang, Jian
last_name: Yang
- first_name: Peter M.
full_name: Visscher, Peter M.
last_name: Visscher
citation:
ama: Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Yang J, Visscher PM. Transformation of summary
statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none traits to odds ratio.
Genetics. 2018;208(4):1397-1408. doi:10.1534/genetics.117.300360
apa: Lloyd-Jones, L. R., Robinson, M. R., Yang, J., & Visscher, P. M. (2018).
Transformation of summary statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none
traits to odds ratio. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.300360
chicago: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., Matthew Richard Robinson, Jian Yang, and Peter M.
Visscher. “Transformation of Summary Statistics from Linear Mixed Model Association
on All-or-None Traits to Odds Ratio.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America,
2018. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.300360.
ieee: L. R. Lloyd-Jones, M. R. Robinson, J. Yang, and P. M. Visscher, “Transformation
of summary statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none traits
to odds ratio,” Genetics, vol. 208, no. 4. Genetics Society of America,
pp. 1397–1408, 2018.
ista: Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Yang J, Visscher PM. 2018. Transformation of
summary statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none traits to
odds ratio. Genetics. 208(4), 1397–1408.
mla: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., et al. “Transformation of Summary Statistics from Linear
Mixed Model Association on All-or-None Traits to Odds Ratio.” Genetics,
vol. 208, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 2018, pp. 1397–408, doi:10.1534/genetics.117.300360.
short: L.R. Lloyd-Jones, M.R. Robinson, J. Yang, P.M. Visscher, Genetics 208 (2018)
1397–1408.
date_created: 2020-04-30T10:45:19Z
date_published: 2018-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:15:06Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1534/genetics.117.300360
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 208'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa_version: None
page: 1397-1408
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
- 1943-2631
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Transformation of summary statistics from linear mixed model association on
all-or-none traits to odds ratio
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 208
year: '2018'
...
---
_id: '7731'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Genetic association studies in admixed populations are underrepresented in
the genomics literature, with a key concern for researchers being the adequate
control of spurious associations due to population structure. Linear mixed models
(LMMs) are well suited for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) because they
account for both population stratification and cryptic relatedness and achieve
increased statistical power by jointly modeling all genotyped markers. Additionally,
Bayesian LMMs allow for more flexible assumptions about the underlying distribution
of genetic effects, and can concurrently estimate the proportion of phenotypic
variance explained by genetic markers. Using three recently published Bayesian
LMMs, Bayes R, BSLMM, and BOLT-LMM, we investigate an existing data set on eye
(n = 625) and skin (n = 684) color from Cape Verde, an island nation off West
Africa that is home to individuals with a broad range of phenotypic values for
eye and skin color due to the mix of West African and European ancestry. We use
simulations to demonstrate the utility of Bayesian LMMs for mapping loci and studying
the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in admixed populations. The Bayesian
LMMs provide evidence for two new pigmentation loci: one for eye color (AHRR)
and one for skin color (DDB1).'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Luke R.
full_name: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R.
last_name: Lloyd-Jones
- first_name: Matthew Richard
full_name: Robinson, Matthew Richard
id: E5D42276-F5DA-11E9-8E24-6303E6697425
last_name: Robinson
orcid: 0000-0001-8982-8813
- first_name: Gerhard
full_name: Moser, Gerhard
last_name: Moser
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Zeng, Jian
last_name: Zeng
- first_name: Sandra
full_name: Beleza, Sandra
last_name: Beleza
- first_name: Gregory S.
full_name: Barsh, Gregory S.
last_name: Barsh
- first_name: Hua
full_name: Tang, Hua
last_name: Tang
- first_name: Peter M.
full_name: Visscher, Peter M.
last_name: Visscher
citation:
ama: Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Moser G, et al. Inference on the genetic basis
of eye and skin color in an admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models.
Genetics. 2017;206(2):1113-1126. doi:10.1534/genetics.116.193383
apa: Lloyd-Jones, L. R., Robinson, M. R., Moser, G., Zeng, J., Beleza, S., Barsh,
G. S., … Visscher, P. M. (2017). Inference on the genetic basis of eye and skin
color in an admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models. Genetics.
Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.193383
chicago: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., Matthew Richard Robinson, Gerhard Moser, Jian Zeng,
Sandra Beleza, Gregory S. Barsh, Hua Tang, and Peter M. Visscher. “Inference on
the Genetic Basis of Eye and Skin Color in an Admixed Population via Bayesian
Linear Mixed Models.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.193383.
ieee: L. R. Lloyd-Jones et al., “Inference on the genetic basis of eye and
skin color in an admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models,” Genetics,
vol. 206, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1113–1126, 2017.
ista: Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Moser G, Zeng J, Beleza S, Barsh GS, Tang H,
Visscher PM. 2017. Inference on the genetic basis of eye and skin color in an
admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models. Genetics. 206(2), 1113–1126.
mla: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., et al. “Inference on the Genetic Basis of Eye and Skin
Color in an Admixed Population via Bayesian Linear Mixed Models.” Genetics,
vol. 206, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 2017, pp. 1113–26, doi:10.1534/genetics.116.193383.
short: L.R. Lloyd-Jones, M.R. Robinson, G. Moser, J. Zeng, S. Beleza, G.S. Barsh,
H. Tang, P.M. Visscher, Genetics 206 (2017) 1113–1126.
date_created: 2020-04-30T10:47:50Z
date_published: 2017-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:15:10Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.193383
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 206'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa_version: None
page: 1113-1126
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
- 1943-2631
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Inference on the genetic basis of eye and skin color in an admixed population
via Bayesian linear mixed models
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 206
year: '2017'
...
---
_id: '7751'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "This work demonstrates that environmental conditions experienced by individuals
can shape their development and affect the stability of genetic associations.
The implication of this observation is that the environmental response may influence
the evolution of traits in the wild. Here, we examined how the genetic architecture
of a suite of sexually dimorphic traits changed as a function of environmental
conditions in an unmanaged population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island
of Hirta, St. Kilda, northwest Scotland. We examined the stability of phenotypic,
genetic, and environmental (residual) covariance in males during the first year
of life between horn length, body weight, and parasite load in environments of
different quality. We then examined the same covariance structures across environments
within and between the adult sexes. We found significant genotype-by-environment
interactions for lamb male body weight and parasite load, leading to a change
in the genetic correlation among environments. Horn length was genetically correlated
with body weight in males but not females and the genetic correlation among traits
within and between the sexes was dependent upon the environmental conditions experienced
during adulthood. Genetic correlations were smaller in more favorable environmental
conditions, suggesting that in good environments, loci are expressed that have
sex-specific effects. The reduction in genetic correlation between the sexes may
allow independent evolutionary trajectories for each sex. This study demonstrates
that the genetic architecture of traits is not stable under temporally varying
environments and highlights the fact that evolutionary processes may depend largely
upon ecological conditions.\r\nENVIRONMENTAL heterogeneity has long been recognized
as an important factor influencing the evolution of fitness-related traits in
the wild (Roff 2002). The evolution of a trait depends upon the selection upon
it, underlying genetic variation, and to a large degree the genetic relationships
with other traits (Lynch and Walsh 1998). There is evidence that selection can
vary considerably from year to year (Price et al. 1984; Robinson et al. 2008)
and genetic variability in quantitative traits can change in response to environmental
conditions (Hoffmann and Merilä 1999; Charmantier and Garant 2005). However, we
know surprisingly little about the influence of environmental conditions on genetic
correlations between traits in wild populations. Laboratory evidence suggests
that the environment may influence genetic relationships between traits (Sgrò
and Hoffmann 2004), but estimates obtained in a controlled or in an arbitrary
range of conditions show a lack of concordance with those obtained in wild habitats
(Conner et al. 2003). As a result, laboratory and environment-specific estimates
of genetic correlations can make predictions for a trait's evolution, but these
are valid only for the environment in which they were measured. Therefore, at
present, it is difficult to generalize about the evolution of a trait that is
expressed in populations that experience variable environmental conditions (Steppan
et al. 2002).\r\nThe influence of changing environmental conditions on the G matrix
(the matrix of additive genetic variance and covariances corresponding to a set
of traits) has been the focus of theoretical quantitative genetic studies (e.g.,
Jones et al. 2003). There is evidence of genotype-by-environment interaction for
many traits expressed in wild populations (Charmantier and Garant 2005) and thus
we may also expect that associations between traits may depend upon the environmental
conditions encountered by an individual. Genetic correlations among traits may
arise from pleiotropy, where a given locus affects more than one trait (Cheverud
1988; Lynch and Walsh 1998), which may limit the potential for those traits to
evolve independently. There has recently been much interest in assessing genetic
correlations between the sexes (Rice and Chippindale 2001; Foerster et al. 2007;
Poissant et al. 2008), but all of these predictions have also been made in average
environmental conditions. For sexually dimorphic traits, expectations of between-sex
genetic correlations are unclear (Lande 1980; Badyaev 2002). We might expect that
the genetic determination of a trait and the patterns of genetic covariance between
traits may differ both within and between the sexes, producing the differences
in trait growth that are commonly observed (Lande 1980; Badyaev 2002; Roff 2002),
but so far evidence suggests that genetic expression in both sexes is influenced
by the same developmental pathway (Roff 2002; Jensen et al. 2003; Parker and Garant
2005). However, to our knowledge, no study has yet determined whether genetic
correlations, both within and between the sexes, vary across gradients of the
environmental conditions encountered by individuals in the wild (Garant et al.
2008).\r\nThis study aims to assess the stability of phenotypic, genetic, and
environmental (residual) associations between traits, within and between the sexes,
across a range of environmental conditions experienced by a wild population. We
focus on the traits of horn length, body weight, and parasite load in a feral
population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) from the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, United
Kingdom. Weather conditions, population density, and consequently resource availability
fluctuate from year to year, providing substantial differences between individuals
in the environments they experience and thus their survival rates (Clutton-Brock
and Pemberton 2004). These varying conditions, combined with a large pedigree
and extensive repeated morphological measures, provide an excellent opportunity
to assess the potential effects of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture
of traits. Previous studies on this population have shown additive genetic variance
for many morphological traits (Milner et al. 2000; Coltman et al. 2001; Wilson
et al. 2005), genetic correlations between traits (Coltman et al. 2001), and genotype-by-environment
interactions for birth weight (Wilson et al. 2006). Here we apply a random regression
animal model approach to assess the extent to which quantitative genetic parameters
of a range of morphological traits measured during life vary as a function of
environmental conditions. We then extend this methodology to the multivariate
case, testing whether the phenotypic covariance structure, and the underlying
G matrix, depends on the environmental conditions experienced. Since the traits
considered here are known to be sexually dimorphic and there are differences in
trait growth and survival across ages, we look at sex-specific traits in lambs
and then across all ages."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Matthew Richard
full_name: Robinson, Matthew Richard
id: E5D42276-F5DA-11E9-8E24-6303E6697425
last_name: Robinson
orcid: 0000-0001-8982-8813
- first_name: Alastair J.
full_name: Wilson, Alastair J.
last_name: Wilson
- first_name: Jill G.
full_name: Pilkington, Jill G.
last_name: Pilkington
- first_name: Tim H.
full_name: Clutton-Brock, Tim H.
last_name: Clutton-Brock
- first_name: Josephine M.
full_name: Pemberton, Josephine M.
last_name: Pemberton
- first_name: Loeske E. B.
full_name: Kruuk, Loeske E. B.
last_name: Kruuk
citation:
ama: Robinson MR, Wilson AJ, Pilkington JG, Clutton-Brock TH, Pemberton JM, Kruuk
LEB. The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild
population of soay sheep. Genetics. 2009;181(4):1639-1648. doi:10.1534/genetics.108.086801
apa: Robinson, M. R., Wilson, A. J., Pilkington, J. G., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Pemberton,
J. M., & Kruuk, L. E. B. (2009). The impact of environmental heterogeneity
on genetic architecture in a wild population of soay sheep. Genetics. Genetics
Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.086801
chicago: Robinson, Matthew Richard, Alastair J. Wilson, Jill G. Pilkington, Tim
H. Clutton-Brock, Josephine M. Pemberton, and Loeske E. B. Kruuk. “The Impact
of Environmental Heterogeneity on Genetic Architecture in a Wild Population of
Soay Sheep.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.086801.
ieee: M. R. Robinson, A. J. Wilson, J. G. Pilkington, T. H. Clutton-Brock, J. M.
Pemberton, and L. E. B. Kruuk, “The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic
architecture in a wild population of soay sheep,” Genetics, vol. 181, no.
4. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1639–1648, 2009.
ista: Robinson MR, Wilson AJ, Pilkington JG, Clutton-Brock TH, Pemberton JM, Kruuk
LEB. 2009. The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in
a wild population of soay sheep. Genetics. 181(4), 1639–1648.
mla: Robinson, Matthew Richard, et al. “The Impact of Environmental Heterogeneity
on Genetic Architecture in a Wild Population of Soay Sheep.” Genetics,
vol. 181, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 2009, pp. 1639–48, doi:10.1534/genetics.108.086801.
short: M.R. Robinson, A.J. Wilson, J.G. Pilkington, T.H. Clutton-Brock, J.M. Pemberton,
L.E.B. Kruuk, Genetics 181 (2009) 1639–1648.
date_created: 2020-04-30T11:01:57Z
date_published: 2009-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:15:17Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1534/genetics.108.086801
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 181'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa_version: None
page: 1639-1648
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
- 1943-2631
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild
population of soay sheep
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 181
year: '2009'
...
---
_id: '4260'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'We calculate the fixation probability of a beneficial allele that arises
as the result of a unique mutation in an asexual population that is subject to
recurrent deleterious mutation at rate U. Our analysis is an extension of previous
works, which make a biologically restrictive assumption that selection against
deleterious alleles is stronger than that on the beneficial allele of interest.
We show that when selection against deleterious alleles is weak, beneficial alleles
that confer a selective advantage that is small relative to U have greatly reduced
probabilities of fixation. We discuss the consequences of this effect for the
distribution of effects of alleles fixed during adaptation. We show that a selective
sweep will increase the fixation probabilities of other beneficial mutations arising
during some short interval afterward. We use the calculated fixation probabilities
to estimate the expected rate of fitness improvement in an asexual population
when beneficial alleles arise continually at some low rate proportional to U.
We estimate the rate of mutation that is optimal in the sense that it maximizes
this rate of fitness improvement. Again, this analysis relaxes the assumption
made previously that selection against deleterious alleles is stronger than on
beneficial alleles. '
acknowledgement: "We thank Brian Charlesworth, Arcadi Navarro, Allen Orr, Sally Otto,
Mario Pineda-Krch, Rosie Redfield, Olivier Tenaillon, and two anonymous reviewers
for discussions and/or helpful comments on the\r\nmanuscript. T.J. is supported
by Wellcome Trust International Prize Travelling Research Fellowship no. 061530.
N.B. is supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
and by the Natural Environment Research Council."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Toby
full_name: Johnson, Toby
last_name: Johnson
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Johnson T, Barton NH. The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation in asexual
populations. Genetics. 2002;162(1):395-411. doi:10.1093/genetics/162.1.395
apa: Johnson, T., & Barton, N. H. (2002). The effect of deleterious alleles
on adaptation in asexual populations. Genetics. Genetics Society of America.
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.395
chicago: Johnson, Toby, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Effect of Deleterious Alleles
on Adaptation in Asexual Populations.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America,
2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.395.
ieee: T. Johnson and N. H. Barton, “The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation
in asexual populations,” Genetics, vol. 162, no. 1. Genetics Society of
America, pp. 395–411, 2002.
ista: Johnson T, Barton NH. 2002. The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation
in asexual populations. Genetics. 162(1), 395–411.
mla: Johnson, Toby, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Effect of Deleterious Alleles on
Adaptation in Asexual Populations.” Genetics, vol. 162, no. 1, Genetics
Society of America, 2002, pp. 395–411, doi:10.1093/genetics/162.1.395.
short: T. Johnson, N.H. Barton, Genetics 162 (2002) 395–411.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:54Z
date_published: 2002-09-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-06-06T11:45:48Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/162.1.395
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '12242249'
intvolume: ' 162'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462245/
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: None
page: 395 - 411
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '1833'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation in asexual populations
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 162
year: '2002'
...
---
_id: '4258'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We studied the effect of multilocus balancing selection on neutral nucleotide
variability at linked sites by simulating a model where diallelic polymorphisms
are maintained at an arbitrary number of selected loci by means of symmetric overdominance.
Different combinations of alleles define different genetic backgrounds that subdivide
the population and strongly affect variability. Several multilocus fitness regimes
with different degrees of epistasis and gametic disequilibrium are allowed. Analytical
results based on a multilocus extension of the structured coalescent predict that
the expected linked neutral diversity increases exponentially with the number
of selected loci and can become extremely large. Our simulation results show that
although variability increases with the number of genetic backgrounds that are
maintained in the population, it is reduced by random fluctuations in the frequencies
of those backgrounds and does not reach high levels even in very large populations.
We also show that previous results on balancing selection in single-locus systems
do not extend to the multilocus scenario in a straightforward way. Different patterns
of linkage disequilibrium and of the frequency spectrum of neutral mutations are
expected under different degrees of epistasis. Interestingly, the power to detect
balancing selection using deviations from a neutral distribution of allele frequencies
seems to be diminished under the fitness regime that leads to the largest increase
of variability over the neutral case. This and other results are discussed in
the light of data from the Mhc.
acknowledgement: We thank P. Andolfatto, P. Awadalla, B. Charlesworth, D. Charles-
Guillaudeux, T., M. Janer, G. K. S. Wong, T. Spies and D. E. Geraghty, F. Depaulis,
S. Otto, J. Rozas, and three anonymous reviewers for valuable discussion and criticism.
A.N. is grateful to F. Depaulis, whose comments were particularly helpful (and extremely
funny), and to D. Charlesworth, whose ideas made this work readable. This work was
supported by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/Engineering
and Physical Sciences Research Council.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Arcadio
full_name: Navarro, Arcadio
last_name: Navarro
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Navarro A, Barton NH. The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral
variability. Genetics. 2002;161(2):849-863. doi:10.1093/genetics/161.2.849
apa: Navarro, A., & Barton, N. H. (2002). The effects of multilocus balancing
selection on neutral variability. Genetics. Genetics Society of America.
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.2.849
chicago: Navarro, Arcadio, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Effects of Multilocus Balancing
Selection on Neutral Variability.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America,
2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.2.849.
ieee: A. Navarro and N. H. Barton, “The effects of multilocus balancing selection
on neutral variability,” Genetics, vol. 161, no. 2. Genetics Society of
America, pp. 849–863, 2002.
ista: Navarro A, Barton NH. 2002. The effects of multilocus balancing selection
on neutral variability. Genetics. 161(2), 849–863.
mla: Navarro, Arcadio, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Effects of Multilocus Balancing
Selection on Neutral Variability.” Genetics, vol. 161, no. 2, Genetics
Society of America, 2002, pp. 849–63, doi:10.1093/genetics/161.2.849.
short: A. Navarro, N.H. Barton, Genetics 161 (2002) 849–863.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:53Z
date_published: 2002-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-06-06T12:02:32Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/161.2.849
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '12072479'
intvolume: ' 161'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462137/
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 849 - 863
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '1835'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral variability
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 161
year: '2002'
...
---
_id: '4259'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'We extend current multilocus models to describe the effects of migration,
recombination, selection, and nonrandom mating on sets of genes in diploids with
varied modes of inheritance, allowing us to consider the patterns of nuclear and
cytonuclear associations (disequilibria) under various models of migration. We
show the relationship between the multilocus notation recently presented by Kirkpatrick,
Johnson, and Barton (developed from previous work by Barton and Turelli) and the
cytonuclear parameterization of Asmussen, Arnold, and Avise and extend this notation
to describe associations between cytoplasmic elements and multiple nuclear genes.
Under models with sexual symmetry, both nuclear-nuclear and cytonuclear disequilibria
are equivalent. They differ, however, in cases involving some type of sexual asymmetry,
which is then reflected in the asymmetric inheritance of cytoplasmic markers.
An example given is the case of different migration rates in males and females;
simulations using 2, 3, 4, or 5 unlinked autosomal markers with a maternally inherited
cytoplasmic marker illustrate how nuclear-nuclear and cytonuclear associations
can be used to separately estimate female and male migration rates. The general
framework developed here allows us to investigate conditions where associations
between loci with different modes of inheritance are not equivalent and to use
this nonequivalence to test for deviations from simple models of admixture. '
acknowledgement: The authors thank Toby Johnson for his helpful comments on this manuscript.
This work was supported by a National Science Foundation NATO postdoctoral fellowship
and National Science Foundation grants DEB-9813335 and DEB-0108242 to M.E.O.; N.H.B.
gratefully acknowledges the support of the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh and the National
Environmental Research Council.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Maria
full_name: Orive, Maria
last_name: Orive
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Orive M, Barton NH. Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci in hybridizing
populations. Genetics. 2002;162(3):1469-1485. doi:10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469
apa: Orive, M., & Barton, N. H. (2002). Associations between cytoplasmic and
nuclear loci in hybridizing populations. Genetics. Genetics Society of
America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469
chicago: Orive, Maria, and Nicholas H Barton. “Associations between Cytoplasmic
and Nuclear Loci in Hybridizing Populations.” Genetics. Genetics Society
of America, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469.
ieee: M. Orive and N. H. Barton, “Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci
in hybridizing populations,” Genetics, vol. 162, no. 3. Genetics Society
of America, pp. 1469–1485, 2002.
ista: Orive M, Barton NH. 2002. Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci
in hybridizing populations. Genetics. 162(3), 1469–1485.
mla: Orive, Maria, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Associations between Cytoplasmic and
Nuclear Loci in Hybridizing Populations.” Genetics, vol. 162, no. 3, Genetics
Society of America, 2002, pp. 1469–85, doi:10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469.
short: M. Orive, N.H. Barton, Genetics 162 (2002) 1469–1485.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:54Z
date_published: 2002-11-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-06-06T12:19:54Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '12454089'
intvolume: ' 162'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462324/
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1469 - 1485
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '1836'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci in hybridizing populations
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 162
year: '2002'
...
---
_id: '3621'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In 1991, Barton and Turelli developed recursions to describe the evolution
of multilocus systems under arbitrary forms of selection. This article generalizes
their approach to allow for arbitrary modes of inheritance, including diploidy,
polyploidy, sex linkage, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. The
framework is also extended to allow for other deterministic evolutionary forces,
including migration and mutation. Exact recursions that fully describe the state
of the population are presented; these are implemented in a computer algebra package
(available on the Web at http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/evolgen). Despite the generality
of our framework, it can describe evolutionary dynamics exactly by just two equations.
These recursions can be further simplified using a "quasi-linkage equilibrium"
(QLE) approximation. We illustrate the methods by finding the effect of natural
selection, sexual selection, mutation, and migration on the genetic composition
of a population.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Mark
full_name: Kirkpatrick, Mark
last_name: Kirkpatrick
- first_name: Toby
full_name: Johnson, Toby
last_name: Johnson
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Kirkpatrick M, Johnson T, Barton NH. General models of multilocus evolution.
Genetics. 2002;161(4):1727-1750. doi:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727
apa: Kirkpatrick, M., Johnson, T., & Barton, N. H. (2002). General models of
multilocus evolution. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727
chicago: Kirkpatrick, Mark, Toby Johnson, and Nicholas H Barton. “General Models
of Multilocus Evolution.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727.
ieee: M. Kirkpatrick, T. Johnson, and N. H. Barton, “General models of multilocus
evolution,” Genetics, vol. 161, no. 4. Genetics Society of America, pp.
1727–1750, 2002.
ista: Kirkpatrick M, Johnson T, Barton NH. 2002. General models of multilocus evolution.
Genetics. 161(4), 1727–1750.
mla: Kirkpatrick, Mark, et al. “General Models of Multilocus Evolution.” Genetics,
vol. 161, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 2002, pp. 1727–50, doi:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727.
short: M. Kirkpatrick, T. Johnson, N.H. Barton, Genetics 161 (2002) 1727–1750.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:17Z
date_published: 2002-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-07-11T13:20:26Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '12196414'
intvolume: ' 161'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462196/
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1727 - 1750
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2762'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: General models of multilocus evolution
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 161
year: '2002'
...
---
_id: '4270'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'A coalescence-based maximum-likelihood method is presented that aims to (i)
detect diversity-reducing events in the recent history of a population and (ii)
distinguish between demographic (e.g., bottlenecks) and selective causes (selective
sweep) of a recent reduction of genetic variability. The former goal is achieved
by taking account of the distortion in the shape of gene genealogies generated
by diversity-reducing events: gene trees tend to be more star-like than under
the standard coalescent. The latter issue is addressed by comparing patterns between
loci: demographic events apply to the whole genome whereas selective events affect
distinct regions of the genome to a varying extent. The maximum-likelihood approach
allows one to estimate the time and strength of diversity-reducing events and
to choose among competing hypotheses. An application to sequence data from an
African population of Drosophila melanogaster shows that the bottleneck hypothesis
is unlikely and that one or several selective sweeps probably occurred in the
recent history of this population.'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nicolas
full_name: Galtier, Nicolas
last_name: Galtier
- first_name: Frantz
full_name: Depaulis, Frantz
last_name: Depaulis
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Galtier N, Depaulis F, Barton NH. Detecting bottlenecks and selective sweeps
from DNA sequence polymorphism. Genetics. 2000;155(2):981-987. doi:10.1093/genetics/155.2.981
apa: Galtier, N., Depaulis, F., & Barton, N. H. (2000). Detecting bottlenecks
and selective sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism. Genetics. Genetics
Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.981
chicago: Galtier, Nicolas, Frantz Depaulis, and Nicholas H Barton. “Detecting Bottlenecks
and Selective Sweeps from DNA Sequence Polymorphism.” Genetics. Genetics
Society of America, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.981.
ieee: N. Galtier, F. Depaulis, and N. H. Barton, “Detecting bottlenecks and selective
sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism,” Genetics, vol. 155, no. 2. Genetics
Society of America, pp. 981–987, 2000.
ista: Galtier N, Depaulis F, Barton NH. 2000. Detecting bottlenecks and selective
sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism. Genetics. 155(2), 981–987.
mla: Galtier, Nicolas, et al. “Detecting Bottlenecks and Selective Sweeps from DNA
Sequence Polymorphism.” Genetics, vol. 155, no. 2, Genetics Society of
America, 2000, pp. 981–87, doi:10.1093/genetics/155.2.981.
short: N. Galtier, F. Depaulis, N.H. Barton, Genetics 155 (2000) 981–987.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:57Z
date_published: 2000-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-04-19T14:03:56Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/155.2.981
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '10835415'
intvolume: ' 155'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461106/
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: None
page: 981 - 987
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '1822'
status: public
title: Detecting bottlenecks and selective sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 155
year: '2000'
...
---
_id: '3626'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: There has recently been considerable debate over the relative importance of
selection against hybrids ("endogenous" selection) vs. adaptation to
different environments ("exogenous") in maintaining stable hybrid zones
and hence in speciation. Single-locus models of endogenous and exogenous viability
selection generate clines of similar shape, but the comparison has not been extended
to multilocus systems, which are both quantitatively and qualitatively very different
from the single-locus case. Here we develop an analytical multilocus model of
differential adaptation across an environmental transition and compare it to previous
heterozygote disadvantage models. We show that the shape of clines generated by
exogenous selection is indistinguishable from that generated by endogenous selection.
A stochastic simulation model is used to test the robustness of the analytical
description to the effects of drift and strong selection, and confirms the prediction
that pairwise linkage disequilibria are predominantly generated by migration.
However, although analytical predictions for the width of clines maintained by
heterozygote disadvantage fit well with the simulation results, those for environmental
adaptation are consistently too narrow; reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.
There is a smooth transition between a system in which a set of loci effectively
act independently of each other and one in which they act as a single nonrecombining
unit.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Loeske
full_name: Kruuk, Loeske
last_name: Kruuk
- first_name: Stuart
full_name: Baird, Stuart
last_name: Baird
- first_name: Katherine
full_name: Gale, Katherine
last_name: Gale
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Kruuk L, Baird S, Gale K, Barton NH. A comparison of multilocus clines maintained
by environmental adaptation or by selection against hybrids. Genetics.
1999;153(4):1959-1971. doi:10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959
apa: Kruuk, L., Baird, S., Gale, K., & Barton, N. H. (1999). A comparison of
multilocus clines maintained by environmental adaptation or by selection against
hybrids. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959
chicago: Kruuk, Loeske, Stuart Baird, Katherine Gale, and Nicholas H Barton. “A
Comparison of Multilocus Clines Maintained by Environmental Adaptation or by Selection
against Hybrids.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959.
ieee: L. Kruuk, S. Baird, K. Gale, and N. H. Barton, “A comparison of multilocus
clines maintained by environmental adaptation or by selection against hybrids,”
Genetics, vol. 153, no. 4. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1959–1971,
1999.
ista: Kruuk L, Baird S, Gale K, Barton NH. 1999. A comparison of multilocus clines
maintained by environmental adaptation or by selection against hybrids. Genetics.
153(4), 1959–1971.
mla: Kruuk, Loeske, et al. “A Comparison of Multilocus Clines Maintained by Environmental
Adaptation or by Selection against Hybrids.” Genetics, vol. 153, no. 4,
Genetics Society of America, 1999, pp. 1959–71, doi:10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959.
short: L. Kruuk, S. Baird, K. Gale, N.H. Barton, Genetics 153 (1999) 1959–1971.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:19Z
date_published: 1999-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-09-06T09:06:02Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '10581299'
intvolume: ' 153'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '12'
oa_version: None
page: 1959 - 1971
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2757'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A comparison of multilocus clines maintained by environmental adaptation or
by selection against hybrids
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 153
year: '1999'
...
---
_id: '4279'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In this article we describe the structure of a hybrid zone in Argyll, Scotland,
between native red deer (Cervus elaphus) and introduced Japanese sika deer (Cervus
nippon), on the basis of a genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers and
mitochondrial DNA. In contrast to the findings of a previous study of the same
population, we conclude that the deer fall into two distinct genetic classes,
corresponding to either a sika-like or red- like phenotype. Introgression is rare
at any one locus, but where the taxa overlap up to 40% of deer carry apparently
introgressed alleles. While most putative hybrids are heterozygous at only one
locus, there are rare multiple heterozygotes, reflecting significant linkage disequilibrium
within both sika- and red-like populations. The rate of backcrossing into the
sika population is estimated as H = 0.002 per generation and into red, H = 0.001
per generation. On the basis of historical evidence that red deer entered Kintyre
only recently, a diffusion model evaluated by maximum likelihood shows that sika
have increased at ~9.2% yr-1 from low frequency and disperse at a rate of ~3.7
km yr-1. Introgression into the red-like population is greater in the south, while
introgression into sika varies little along the transect. For both sika- and red-like
populations, the degree of introgression is 30-40% of that predicted from the
rates of current hybridization inferred from linkage disequilibria; however, in
neither case is this statistically significant evidence for selection against
introgression.
acknowledgement: We are grateful to Forest Enterprise in Argyll for providing the
samples used in this study. We also thank Loeske Kruuk plus the communicating editor
and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This work
was supported by a Natural Environment Research Council grant to N.B. and J.P. and
by a University of Edinburgh postgraduate bursary to G.S.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Simon
full_name: Goodman, Simon
last_name: Goodman
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
- first_name: Graeme
full_name: Swanson, Graeme
last_name: Swanson
- first_name: Kate
full_name: Abernethy, Kate
last_name: Abernethy
- first_name: Josephine
full_name: Pemberton, Josephine
last_name: Pemberton
citation:
ama: 'Goodman S, Barton NH, Swanson G, Abernethy K, Pemberton J. Introgression through
rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer
(genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics. 1999;152(1):355-371. doi:10.1093/genetics/152.1.355'
apa: 'Goodman, S., Barton, N. H., Swanson, G., Abernethy, K., & Pemberton, J.
(1999). Introgression through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid
zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics.
Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.1.355'
chicago: 'Goodman, Simon, Nicholas H Barton, Graeme Swanson, Kate Abernethy, and
Josephine Pemberton. “Introgression through Rare Hybridisation: A Genetic Study
of a Hybrid Zone between Red and Sika Deer (Genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland.”
Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.1.355.'
ieee: 'S. Goodman, N. H. Barton, G. Swanson, K. Abernethy, and J. Pemberton, “Introgression
through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika
deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland,” Genetics, vol. 152, no. 1. Genetics
Society of America, pp. 355–371, 1999.'
ista: 'Goodman S, Barton NH, Swanson G, Abernethy K, Pemberton J. 1999. Introgression
through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika
deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics. 152(1), 355–371.'
mla: 'Goodman, Simon, et al. “Introgression through Rare Hybridisation: A Genetic
Study of a Hybrid Zone between Red and Sika Deer (Genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland.”
Genetics, vol. 152, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1999, pp. 355–71,
doi:10.1093/genetics/152.1.355.'
short: S. Goodman, N.H. Barton, G. Swanson, K. Abernethy, J. Pemberton, Genetics
152 (1999) 355–371.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:01Z
date_published: 1999-05-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-09-06T08:12:14Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/152.1.355
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '10224266'
intvolume: ' 152'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa_version: None
page: 355 - 371
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '1809'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Introgression through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone
between red and sika deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 152
year: '1999'
...
---
_id: '3628'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Determining the way in which deleterious mutations interact in their effects
on fitness is crucial to numerous areas in population genetics and evolutionary
biology. For example, if each additional mutation leads to a greater decrease
in log fitness than the last (synergistic epistasis), then the evolution of sex
and recombination may be favored to facilitate the elimination of deleterious
mutations. However, there is a severe shortage of relevant data. Three relatively
simple experimental methods to test for epistasis between deleterious mutations
in haploid species have recently been proposed. These methods involve crossing
individuals and examining the mean and/or skew in log fitness of the offspring
and parents. The main aim of this paper is to formalize these methods, and determine
the most effective way in which tests for epistasis could be carried out. We show
that only one of these methods is likely to give useful results: crossing individuals
that have very different numbers of deleterious mutations, and comparing the mean
log fitness of the parents with that of their offspring. We also reconsider experimental
data collected on Chlamydomonas moewussi using two of the three methods. Finally,
we suggest how the test could be applied to diploid species.'
acknowledgement: We thank BRIAN CHARLESWORTH, ANDREW CLARK, LAURENCE HURST, PETER KEIGHTLEY,
ALEXEY KONDRASHOV, CURT LIVELY, MARGARET MACKINNON, KATRINA LYTHGOE, SALLY OTTO,
ANDREW READ and ARJAN DE VISSER for useful discussion and comments on the manuscript.
This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Stuart
full_name: West, Stuart
last_name: West
- first_name: Andrew
full_name: Peters, Andrew
last_name: Peters
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: West S, Peters A, Barton NH. Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations.
Genetics. 1998;149(1):435-444. doi:10.1093/genetics/149.1.435
apa: West, S., Peters, A., & Barton, N. H. (1998). Testing for epistasis between
deleterious mutations. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.1.435
chicago: West, Stuart, Andrew Peters, and Nicholas H Barton. “Testing for Epistasis
between Deleterious Mutations.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America,
1998. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.1.435.
ieee: S. West, A. Peters, and N. H. Barton, “Testing for epistasis between deleterious
mutations,” Genetics, vol. 149, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp.
435–444, 1998.
ista: West S, Peters A, Barton NH. 1998. Testing for epistasis between deleterious
mutations. Genetics. 149(1), 435–444.
mla: West, Stuart, et al. “Testing for Epistasis between Deleterious Mutations.”
Genetics, vol. 149, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1998, pp. 435–44,
doi:10.1093/genetics/149.1.435.
short: S. West, A. Peters, N.H. Barton, Genetics 149 (1998) 435–444.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:19Z
date_published: 1998-05-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-08-29T08:53:09Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/149.1.435
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '9584115'
intvolume: ' 149'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/149/1/435/6034229
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: None
page: 435 - 444
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2755'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 149
year: '1998'
...
---
_id: '4286'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A local barrier to gene flow will delay the spread of an advantageous allele.
Exact calculations for the deterministic case show that an allele that is favorable
when rare is delayed very little even by a strong barrier; its spread is allowed
by a time proportional to log((B/σ)√2S)/S, where B is the barrier strength, σ
the dispersal range, and fitnesses are 1:1 + S:1 + 2S. However, when there is
selection against heterozytes, such that the allele cannot increase from low frequency,
a barrier can cause a much greater delay. If gene flow is reduced below a critical
value, spread is entirely prevented. Stochastic simulations show that with additive
selection, random drift slows down the spread of the allele, below the deterministic
speed of σ√2S. The delay to the advance of an advantageous allele caused by a
strong barrier can be substantially increased by random drift and increases with
B/(2Sρσ2) in a one-dimensional habitat of density ρ. However, with selection against
heterozygotes, drift can facilitate the spread and can free an allele that would
otherwise be trapped indefinitely by a strong barrier. We discuss the implications
of these results for the evolution of chromosome rearrangements.
acknowledgement: We are specially grateful to H. C. HAUFFE for allowing us to present
her unpublished data. B. NURNBERGER, J. B. SEARLE, H. C. HAUFFE, S. BAIRD, L. KRUUK
and two anonymous referees gave constructive comments on the manuscript. The work
was supported by the European Union (Human Capital and Mobility Contract No. RB4050PL922765.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Jaroslav
full_name: Piálek, Jaroslav
last_name: Piálek
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: 'Piálek J, Barton NH. The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier:
the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes. Genetics.
1997;145(2):493-504. doi:10.1093/genetics/145.2.493'
apa: 'Piálek, J., & Barton, N. H. (1997). The spread of an advantageous allele
across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes.
Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493'
chicago: 'Piálek, Jaroslav, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Spread of an Advantageous
Allele across a Barrier: The Effects of Random Drift and Selection against Heterozygotes.”
Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493.'
ieee: 'J. Piálek and N. H. Barton, “The spread of an advantageous allele across
a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes,” Genetics,
vol. 145, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 493–504, 1997.'
ista: 'Piálek J, Barton NH. 1997. The spread of an advantageous allele across a
barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes. Genetics.
145(2), 493–504.'
mla: 'Piálek, Jaroslav, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Spread of an Advantageous Allele
across a Barrier: The Effects of Random Drift and Selection against Heterozygotes.”
Genetics, vol. 145, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1997, pp. 493–504,
doi:10.1093/genetics/145.2.493.'
short: J. Piálek, N.H. Barton, Genetics 145 (1997) 493–504.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:03Z
date_published: 1997-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-08-18T12:34:37Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/145.2.493
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '9071602'
intvolume: ' 145'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/145/2/493/6018085
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 493 - 504
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '1797'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random
drift and selection against heterozygotes'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 145
year: '1997'
...
---
_id: '3630'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: This paper derives the long-term effective size, Ne, for a general model of
population subdivision, allowing for differential deme fitness, variable emigration
and immigration rates, extinction, colonization, and correlations across generations
in these processes. We show that various long-term measures of Ne are equivalent.
The effective size of a metapopulation can be expressed in a variety of ways.
At a demographic equilibrium, Ne can be derived from the demography by combining
information about the ultimate contribution of each deme to the future genetic
make-up of the population and Wright's FST's. The effective size is given by Ne
= 1/(1 + var (upsilon) ((1 - FST)/Nin), where n is the number of demes, theta
i is the eventual contribution of individuals in deme i to the whole population
(scaled such that sigma theta i = n), and < > denotes an average weighted
by theta i. This formula is applied to a catastrophic extinction model (where
sites are either empty or at carrying capacity) and to a metapopulation model
with explicit dynamics, where extinction is caused by demographic stochasticity
and by chaos. Contrary to the expectation from the standard island model, the
usual effect of population subdivision is to decrease the effective size relative
to a panmictic population living on the same resource.
acknowledgement: This paper has benefited greatly from the kind efforts oF ARMANDO
CABALLERO, PETER KEIGHTLEY, BEATE NÜRNBERCER and SALLY OTTO in reading and discussing
the manuscript. We also thank MONTY SLATKIN and three anonymous reviewers for their
helpful comments. One of these reviewers in particular greatly improved this paper.
The work reported here was supported by a grant from the Science and Engineering
Research Council (U.R) and the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh, as well as by the Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada).
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Whitlock, Michael
last_name: Whitlock
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Whitlock M, Barton NH. The effective size of a subdivided population. Genetics.
1997;146(1):427-441. doi:10.1093/genetics/146.1.427
apa: Whitlock, M., & Barton, N. H. (1997). The effective size of a subdivided
population. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427
chicago: Whitlock, Michael, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Effective Size of a Subdivided
Population.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427.
ieee: M. Whitlock and N. H. Barton, “The effective size of a subdivided population,”
Genetics, vol. 146, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 427–441, 1997.
ista: Whitlock M, Barton NH. 1997. The effective size of a subdivided population.
Genetics. 146(1), 427–441.
mla: Whitlock, Michael, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Effective Size of a Subdivided
Population.” Genetics, vol. 146, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1997,
pp. 427–41, doi:10.1093/genetics/146.1.427.
short: M. Whitlock, N.H. Barton, Genetics 146 (1997) 427–441.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:20Z
date_published: 1997-05-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-08-19T10:01:10Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/146.1.427
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '9136031 '
intvolume: ' 146'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/146/1/427/6053913
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 427 - 441
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2753'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The effective size of a subdivided population
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 146
year: '1997'
...
---
_id: '4285'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: One of the oldest hypotheses for the advantage of recombination is that recombination
allo rvs beneficial mutations that arise in different individuals to be placed
together on the same chromosome. Unless recombination occurs, one of the beneficial
alleles is doomed to extinction, slowing the rate at which adaptive mutations
are incorporated within a population. We model the effects of a modifier of recombination
on the fixation probability of beneficial mutations when beneficial alleles are
segregating at other loci. We find that modifier alleles that increase recombination
do increase the fixation probability of beneficial mutants and subsequently hitchhike
along as the mutants rise in frequency. The strength of selection favoring a modifier
that increases recombination is proportional to lambda(2)S delta r/r when linkage
is tight and lambda(2)S(3) delta r/N when linkage is loose, where lambda is the
beneficial mutation rate per genome per generation throughout a population of
size N, S is the average mutant effect, r is the average recombination rate, and
delta ris the amount that recombination is modified. We conclude that selection
for recombination will be substantial only if there is tight linkage within the
genome or if many loci are subject to directional selection as during periods
of rapid evolutionary change.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Sarah
full_name: Otto, Sarah
last_name: Otto
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: 'Otto S, Barton NH. The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to
natural selection. Genetics. 1997;147(2):879-906. doi:10.1093/genetics/147.2.879'
apa: 'Otto, S., & Barton, N. H. (1997). The evolution of recombination: Removing
the limits to natural selection. Genetics. Genetics Society of America.
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879'
chicago: 'Otto, Sarah, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Evolution of Recombination: Removing
the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America,
1997. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879.'
ieee: 'S. Otto and N. H. Barton, “The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits
to natural selection,” Genetics, vol. 147, no. 2. Genetics Society of America,
pp. 879–906, 1997.'
ista: 'Otto S, Barton NH. 1997. The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits
to natural selection. Genetics. 147(2), 879–906.'
mla: 'Otto, Sarah, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Evolution of Recombination: Removing
the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics, vol. 147, no. 2, Genetics Society
of America, 1997, pp. 879–906, doi:10.1093/genetics/147.2.879.'
short: S. Otto, N.H. Barton, Genetics 147 (1997) 879–906.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:02Z
date_published: 1997-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-08-18T11:36:10Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/147.2.879
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '9335621'
intvolume: ' 147'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/147/2/879/6054161
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 879 - 906
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '1796'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 147
year: '1997'
...
---
_id: '3640'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'The probability of fixation of a favorable mutation is reduced if selection
at other loci causes inherited variation in fitness. A general method for calculating
the fixation probability of an allele that can find itself in a variety of genetic
backgrounds is applied to find the effect of substitutions, fluctuating polymorphisms,
and deleterious mutations in a large population. With loose linkage, r, the effects
depend on the additive genetic variance in relative fitness, var(W), and act by
reducing effective population size by (N/Ne) = 1 + var(W)/2r2. However, tightly
linked loci can have a substantial effect not predictable from Ne. Linked deleterious
mutations reduce the fixation probability of weakly favored alleles by exp (-2U/R),
where U is the total mutation rate and R is the map length in Morgans. Substitutions
can cause a greater reduction: an allele with advantage s < scrit = (pi 2/6)
loge (S/s) [var(W)/R] is very unlikely to be fixed. (S is the advantage of the
substitution impeding fixation.) Fluctuating polymorphisms at many (n) linked
loci can also have a substantial effect, reducing fixation probability by exp
[square root of 2Kn var(W)/R] [K = -1/E((u-u)2/uv) depending on the frequencies
(u,v) at the selected polymorphisms]. Hitchhiking due to all three kinds of selection
may substantially impede adaptation that depends on weakly favored alleles.'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Barton NH. Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 1995;140(2):821-841.
doi:http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long
apa: Barton, N. H. (1995). Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics.
Genetics Society of America. http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long
chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “Linkage and the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics.
Genetics Society of America, 1995. http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long.
ieee: N. H. Barton, “Linkage and the limits to natural selection,” Genetics,
vol. 140, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 821–841, 1995.
ista: Barton NH. 1995. Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 140(2),
821–841.
mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “Linkage and the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics,
vol. 140, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1995, pp. 821–41, doi:http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long.
short: N.H. Barton, Genetics 140 (1995) 821–841.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:23Z
date_published: 1995-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-06-24T09:59:08Z
day: '01'
doi: http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '7498757'
intvolume: ' 140'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206655/
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 821 - 841
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2743'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Linkage and the limits to natural selection
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 140
year: '1995'
...
---
_id: '3642'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We develop a general population genetic framework for analyzing selection
on many loci, and apply it to strong truncation and disruptive selection on an
additive polygenic trait. We first present statistical methods for analyzing the
infinitesimal model, in which offspring breeding values are normally distributed
around the mean of the parents, with fixed variance. These show that the usual
assumption of a Gaussian distribution of breeding values in the population gives
remarkably accurate predictions for the mean and the variance, even when disruptive
selection generates substantial deviations from normality. We then set out a general
genetic analysis of selection and recombination. The population is represented
by multilocus cumulants describing the distribution of haploid genotypes, and
selection is described by the relation between mean fitness and these cumulants.
We provide exact recursions in terms of generating functions for the effects of
selection on non-central moments. The effects of recombination are simply calculated
as a weighted sum over all the permutations produced by meiosis. Finally, the
new cumulants that describe the next generation are computed from the non-central
moments. Although this scheme is applied here in detail only to selection on an
additive trait, it is quite general. For arbitrary epistasis and linkage, we describe
a consistent infinitesimal limit in which the short-term selection response is
dominated by infinitesimal allele frequency changes and linkage disequilibria.
Numerical multilocus results show that the standard Gaussian approximation gives
accurate predictions for the dynamics of the mean and genetic variance in this
limit. Even with intense truncation selection, linkage disequilibria of order
three and higher never cause much deviation from normality. Thus, the empirical
deviations frequently found between predicted and observed responses to artificial
selection are not caused by linkage-disequilibrium-induced departures from normality.
Disruptive selection can generate substantial four-way disequilibria, and hence
kurtosis; but even then, the Gaussian assumption predicts the variance accurately.
In contrast to the apparent simplicity of the infinitesimal limit, data suggest
that changes in genetic variance after 10 or more generations of selection are
likely to be dominated by allele frequency dynamics that depend on genetic details.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Turelli, Michael
last_name: Turelli
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: 'Turelli M, Barton NH. Genetic and statistical analyses of strong selection
on polygenic traits: What, me normal? Genetics. 1994;138(3):913-941. doi:10.1093/genetics/138.3.913'
apa: 'Turelli, M., & Barton, N. H. (1994). Genetic and statistical analyses
of strong selection on polygenic traits: What, me normal? Genetics. Genetics
Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.3.913'
chicago: 'Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H Barton. “Genetic and Statistical Analyses
of Strong Selection on Polygenic Traits: What, Me Normal?” Genetics. Genetics
Society of America, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.3.913.'
ieee: 'M. Turelli and N. H. Barton, “Genetic and statistical analyses of strong
selection on polygenic traits: What, me normal?,” Genetics, vol. 138, no.
3. Genetics Society of America, pp. 913–941, 1994.'
ista: 'Turelli M, Barton NH. 1994. Genetic and statistical analyses of strong selection
on polygenic traits: What, me normal? Genetics. 138(3), 913–941.'
mla: 'Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Genetic and Statistical Analyses
of Strong Selection on Polygenic Traits: What, Me Normal?” Genetics, vol.
138, no. 3, Genetics Society of America, 1994, pp. 913–41, doi:10.1093/genetics/138.3.913.'
short: M. Turelli, N.H. Barton, Genetics 138 (1994) 913–941.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:24Z
date_published: 1994-11-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-06-03T08:18:54Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/138.3.913
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '7851785'
intvolume: ' 138'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851785/
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 913 - 941
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2741'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Genetic and statistical analyses of strong selection on polygenic traits:
What, me normal?'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 138
year: '1994'
...
---
_id: '3647'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A method is developed that describes the effects on an arbitrary number of
autosomal loci of selection on haploid and diploid stages, of nonrandom mating
between haploid individuals, and of recombination. We provide exact recursions
for the dynamics of allele frequencies and linkage disequilibria (nonrandom associations
of alleles across loci). When selection is weak relative to recombination, our
recursions provide simple approximations for the linkage disequilibria among arbitrary
combinations of loci. We show how previous models of sex-independent natural selection
on diploids, assortative mating between haploids, and sexual selection on haploids
can be analyzed in this framework. Using our weak-selection approximations, we
derive new results concerning the coevolution of male traits and female preferences
under natural and sexual selection. In particular, we provide general expressions
for the intensity of linkage-disequilibrium induced selection experienced by loci
that contribute to female preferences for specific male traits. Our general results
support the previous observation that these indirect selection forces are so weak
that they are unlikely to dominate the evolution of preference-producing loci.
acknowledgement: "BENGT OLLE BENGTSSON, JERRY COYNE, RICHARD GOMULKIEWICZ, CHUCK LANGLEY,
LINDA PARTRIDGE, MONTY SLATKIN, and NEAL TAYLOR gave helpful comments on preliminary
versions, which are gratefully acknowledged. We are particularly indebted to DICK
HUDSON, MARK KIRKPATRICK and TOM NAGYLAKI for\r\nhelping to eliminate many obscurities.
This work was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Council (GR/C/91529,
GR/E/08507), the National Science Foundation (BSR-8866548), the Institute of Theoretical
Dynamics and the Center for Population Biology at the University of California,
Davis, and by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council. "
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Turelli, Michael
last_name: Turelli
citation:
ama: Barton NH, Turelli M. Natural and sexual selection on many loci. Genetics.
1991;127(1):229-255. doi:10.1093/genetics/127.1.229
apa: Barton, N. H., & Turelli, M. (1991). Natural and sexual selection on many
loci. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/127.1.229
chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, and Michael Turelli. “Natural and Sexual Selection
on Many Loci.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/127.1.229.
ieee: N. H. Barton and M. Turelli, “Natural and sexual selection on many loci,”
Genetics, vol. 127, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 229–255, 1991.
ista: Barton NH, Turelli M. 1991. Natural and sexual selection on many loci. Genetics.
127(1), 229–255.
mla: Barton, Nicholas H., and Michael Turelli. “Natural and Sexual Selection on
Many Loci.” Genetics, vol. 127, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1991,
pp. 229–55, doi:10.1093/genetics/127.1.229.
short: N.H. Barton, M. Turelli, Genetics 127 (1991) 229–255.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:25Z
date_published: 1991-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-02T15:23:02Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/127.1.229
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '2016044'
intvolume: ' 127'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1204308/
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 229 - 255
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2736'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Natural and sexual selection on many loci
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 127
year: '1991'
...
---
_id: '3650'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Hybrid zones can yield estimates of natural selection and gene flow. The width
of a cline in gene frequency is approximately proportional to gene flow (σ) divided
by the square root of per-locus selection ( &s). Gene flow also causes gametic
correlations (linkage disequilibria) between genes that differ across hybrid zones.
Correlations are stronger when the hybrid zone is narrow, and rise to a maximum
roughly equal to s. Thus cline width and gametic correlations combine to give
estimates of gene flow and selection. These indirect measures of σ and s are especially
useful because they can be made from collections, and require no field experiments.
The method was applied to hybrid zones between color pattern races in a pair of
Peruvian Heliconius butterfly species. The species are Mullerian mimics of one
another, and both show the same changes in warning color pattern across their
respective hybrid zones. The expectations of cline width and gametic correlation
were generated using simulations of clines stabilized by strong frequency-dependent
selection. In the hybrid zone in Heliconius erato, clines at three major color
pattern loci were between 8.5 and 10.2 km wide, and the pairwise gametic correlations
peaked at R & 0.35. These measures suggest that s & 0.23 per locus, and
that σ & 2.6 km. In erato, the shapes of the clines agreed with that expected
on the basis of dominance. Heliconius melpomene has a nearly coincident hybrid
zone. In this species, cline widths at four major color pattern loci varied between
11.7 and 13.4 km. Pairwise gametic correlations peaked near R & 1.00 for tightly
linked genes, and at R & 0.40 for unlinked genes, giving s & 0.25 per
locus and σ & 3.7 km. In melpomene, cline shapes did not perfectly fit theoretical
shapes based on dominance; this deviation might be explained by long-distance
migration and/or strong epistasis. Compared with erato, sample sizes in melpomene
are lower and the genetics of its color patterns are less well understood. In
spite of these problems, selection and gene flow are clearly of the same order
of magnitude in the two species. The relatively high per locus selection coefficients
agree with ``major gene'' theories for the evolution of Mullerian mimicry, but
the genetic architecture of the color patterns does not. These results show that
the genetics and evolution of mimicry are still only sketchily understood.
acknowledgement: 'We thank the Natural Environmental Research Council, the Royal Society,
the Nuffield Foundation, CONCYTEC, and Mrs. G. W. BORLASE for financial support,
and the people of San Martin for their generous hospitality. We are very grateful
to S. D. KNAPP, who helped by maintaining our sanity and rearing larvae. We are
also grateful to an anonymous reviewer, A. W. PORTER, J. C. SCHNEIDER, M. TURELLI
and C. E. WATSON for helpful comments on the manuscript. This paper was approved
for publication as journal article no. 5-7255 of the Mississippi Agricultural and
Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, project no. MIS-2 122. '
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: James
full_name: Mallet, James
last_name: Mallet
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
- first_name: Gerado
full_name: Lamas, Gerado
last_name: Lamas
- first_name: José
full_name: Santisteban, José
last_name: Santisteban
- first_name: Manuel
full_name: Muedas, Manuel
last_name: Muedas
- first_name: Harriet
full_name: Eeley, Harriet
last_name: Eeley
citation:
ama: Mallet J, Barton NH, Lamas G, Santisteban J, Muedas M, Eeley H. Estimates of
selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage disequilibrium
in Heliconius hybrid zones. Genetics. 1990;124(4):921-936. doi:10.1093/genetics/124.4.921
apa: Mallet, J., Barton, N. H., Lamas, G., Santisteban, J., Muedas, M., & Eeley,
H. (1990). Estimates of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and
linkage disequilibrium in Heliconius hybrid zones. Genetics. Genetics Society
of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.4.921
chicago: Mallet, James, Nicholas H Barton, Gerado Lamas, José Santisteban, Manuel
Muedas, and Harriet Eeley. “Estimates of Selection and Gene Flow from Measures
of Cline Width and Linkage Disequilibrium in Heliconius Hybrid Zones.” Genetics.
Genetics Society of America, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.4.921.
ieee: J. Mallet, N. H. Barton, G. Lamas, J. Santisteban, M. Muedas, and H. Eeley,
“Estimates of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage
disequilibrium in Heliconius hybrid zones,” Genetics, vol. 124, no. 4.
Genetics Society of America, pp. 921–936, 1990.
ista: Mallet J, Barton NH, Lamas G, Santisteban J, Muedas M, Eeley H. 1990. Estimates
of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage disequilibrium
in Heliconius hybrid zones. Genetics. 124(4), 921–936.
mla: Mallet, James, et al. “Estimates of Selection and Gene Flow from Measures of
Cline Width and Linkage Disequilibrium in Heliconius Hybrid Zones.” Genetics,
vol. 124, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 1990, pp. 921–36, doi:10.1093/genetics/124.4.921.
short: J. Mallet, N.H. Barton, G. Lamas, J. Santisteban, M. Muedas, H. Eeley, Genetics
124 (1990) 921–936.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:26Z
date_published: 1990-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-02-23T11:04:17Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/124.4.921
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '2323556'
intvolume: ' 124'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1203983/
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 921 - 936
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2733'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Estimates of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage
disequilibrium in Heliconius hybrid zones
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 124
year: '1990'
...
---
_id: '3651'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'It is widely held that each gene typically affects many characters, and that
each character is affected by many genes. Moreover, strong stabilizing selection
cannot act on an indefinitely large number of independent traits. This makes it
likely that heritable variation in any one trait is maintained as a side effect
of polymorphisms which have nothing to do with selection on that trait. This paper
examines the idea that variation is maintained as the pleiotropic side effect
of either deleterious mutation, or balancing selection. If mutation is responsible,
it must produce alleles which are only mildly deleterious (s & 10(-3)), but
nevertheless have significant effects on the trait. Balancing selection can readily
maintain high heritabilities; however, selection must be spread over many weakly
selected polymorphisms if large responses to artificial selection are to be possible.
In both classes of pleiotropic model, extreme phenotypes are less fit, giving
the appearance of stabilizing selection on the trait. However, it is shown that
this effect is weak (of the same order as the selection on each gene): the strong
stabilizing selection which is often observed is likely to be caused by correlations
with a limited number of directly selected traits. Possible experiments for distinguishing
the alternatives are discussed.'
acknowledgement: Thanks to JERRY COYNE, BILL HILL, LINDA PARTRIDGE, MICHAEL TURELLI,
and two anonymous reviewers for their critical comments. This work was supported
by grants from the National Science Foundation (BSR-8866548) the Science and Engineering
Research Council (GR/E/08507), and by the Institute of Theoretical Dynamics, University
of California, Davis.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Barton NH. Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation. Genetics. 1990;124(3):773-782.
doi:10.1093/genetics/124.3.773
apa: Barton, N. H. (1990). Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation. Genetics.
Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.773
chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “Pleiotropic Models of Quantitative Variation.” Genetics.
Genetics Society of America, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.773 .
ieee: N. H. Barton, “Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation,” Genetics,
vol. 124, no. 3. Genetics Society of America, pp. 773–782, 1990.
ista: Barton NH. 1990. Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation. Genetics. 124(3),
773–782.
mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “Pleiotropic Models of Quantitative Variation.” Genetics,
vol. 124, no. 3, Genetics Society of America, 1990, pp. 773–82, doi:10.1093/genetics/124.3.773 .
short: N.H. Barton, Genetics 124 (1990) 773–782.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:26Z
date_published: 1990-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-02-23T10:41:43Z
day: '01'
doi: '10.1093/genetics/124.3.773 '
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '2311921'
intvolume: ' 124'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/124/3/773/5999956?login=true
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 773 - 782
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2732'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 124
year: '1990'
...
---
_id: '3652'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Frequency-dependent selection against rare forms can maintain clines. For
weak selection, s, in simple linear models of frequency-dependence, single locus
clines are stabilized with a maximum slope of between square root of s/square
root of 8 sigma and square root of s/square root of 12 delta, where sigma is the
dispersal distance. These clines are similar to those maintained by heterozygote
disadvantage. Using computer simulations, the weak-selection analytical results
are extended to higher selection pressures with up to three unlinked genes. Graphs
are used to display the effect of selection, migration, dominance, and number
of loci on cline widths, speeds of cline movements, two-way gametic correlations
("linkage disequilibria"), and heterozygote deficits. The effects of changing
the order of reproduction, migration, and selection, are also briefly explored.
Epistasis can also maintain tension zones. We show that epistatic selection is
similar in its effects to frequency-dependent selection, except that the disequilibria
produced in the zone will be higher for a given level of selection. If selection
consists of a mixture of frequency-dependence and epistasis, as is likely in nature,
the error made in estimating selection is usually less than twofold. From the
graphs, selection and migration can be estimated using knowledge of the dominance
and number of genes, of gene frequencies and of gametic correlations from a hybrid
zone.
acknowledgement: "The publication costs of this article were partly defrayed by the
payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisment”
in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. \r\n\r\nWe thank
the Natural Environmental Research Council for financial support, and N. SANDERSON,
M. SLATKIN and an anonymous reviewer for comments on the manuscript."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: James
full_name: Mallet, James
last_name: Mallet
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
ama: Mallet J, Barton NH. Inference from clines stabilized by frequency-dependent
selection. Genetics. 1989;122(4):967-976. doi:10.1093/genetics/122.4.967
apa: Mallet, J., & Barton, N. H. (1989). Inference from clines stabilized by
frequency-dependent selection. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/122.4.967
chicago: Mallet, James, and Nicholas H Barton. “Inference from Clines Stabilized
by Frequency-Dependent Selection.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America,
1989. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/122.4.967.
ieee: J. Mallet and N. H. Barton, “Inference from clines stabilized by frequency-dependent
selection,” Genetics, vol. 122, no. 4. Genetics Society of America, pp.
967–976, 1989.
ista: Mallet J, Barton NH. 1989. Inference from clines stabilized by frequency-dependent
selection. Genetics. 122(4), 967–976.
mla: Mallet, James, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Inference from Clines Stabilized by
Frequency-Dependent Selection.” Genetics, vol. 122, no. 4, Genetics Society
of America, 1989, pp. 967–76, doi:10.1093/genetics/122.4.967.
short: J. Mallet, N.H. Barton, Genetics 122 (1989) 967–976.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:27Z
date_published: 1989-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-02-14T14:07:12Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1093/genetics/122.4.967
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '2759433'
intvolume: ' 122'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1203771
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: None
page: 967 - 976
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0016-6731
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
publist_id: '2731'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Inference from clines stabilized by frequency-dependent selection
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 122
year: '1989'
...