--- _id: '7736' abstract: - lang: eng text: We develop a novel approach to identify regions of the genome underlying population genetic differentiation in any genetic data where the underlying population structure is unknown, or where the interest is assessing divergence along a gradient. By combining the statistical framework for genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with eigenvector decomposition (EigenGWAS), which is commonly used in population genetics to characterize the structure of genetic data, loci under selection can be identified without a requirement for discrete populations. We show through theory and simulation that our approach can identify regions under selection along gradients of ancestry, and in real data we confirm this by demonstrating LCT to be under selection between HapMap CEU–TSI cohorts, and we then validate this selection signal across European countries in the POPRES samples. HERC2 was also found to be differentiated between both the CEU–TSI cohort and within the POPRES sample, reflecting the likely anthropological differences in skin and hair colour between northern and southern European populations. Controlling for population stratification is of great importance in any quantitative genetic study and our approach also provides a simple, fast and accurate way of predicting principal components in independent samples. With ever increasing sample sizes across many fields, this approach is likely to be greatly utilized to gain individual-level eigenvectors avoiding the computational challenges associated with conducting singular value decomposition in large data sets. We have developed freely available software, Genetic Analysis Repository (GEAR), to facilitate the application of the methods. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: G-B full_name: Chen, G-B last_name: Chen - first_name: S H full_name: Lee, S H last_name: Lee - first_name: Z-X full_name: Zhu, Z-X last_name: Zhu - first_name: B full_name: Benyamin, B last_name: Benyamin - first_name: Matthew Richard full_name: Robinson, Matthew Richard id: E5D42276-F5DA-11E9-8E24-6303E6697425 last_name: Robinson orcid: 0000-0001-8982-8813 citation: ama: 'Chen G-B, Lee SH, Zhu Z-X, Benyamin B, Robinson MR. EigenGWAS: Finding loci under selection through genome-wide association studies of eigenvectors in structured populations. Heredity. 2016;117:51-61. doi:10.1038/hdy.2016.25' apa: 'Chen, G.-B., Lee, S. H., Zhu, Z.-X., Benyamin, B., & Robinson, M. R. (2016). EigenGWAS: Finding loci under selection through genome-wide association studies of eigenvectors in structured populations. Heredity. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2016.25' chicago: 'Chen, G-B, S H Lee, Z-X Zhu, B Benyamin, and Matthew Richard Robinson. “EigenGWAS: Finding Loci under Selection through Genome-Wide Association Studies of Eigenvectors in Structured Populations.” Heredity. Springer Nature, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2016.25.' ieee: 'G.-B. Chen, S. H. Lee, Z.-X. Zhu, B. Benyamin, and M. R. Robinson, “EigenGWAS: Finding loci under selection through genome-wide association studies of eigenvectors in structured populations,” Heredity, vol. 117. Springer Nature, pp. 51–61, 2016.' ista: 'Chen G-B, Lee SH, Zhu Z-X, Benyamin B, Robinson MR. 2016. EigenGWAS: Finding loci under selection through genome-wide association studies of eigenvectors in structured populations. Heredity. 117, 51–61.' mla: 'Chen, G. B., et al. “EigenGWAS: Finding Loci under Selection through Genome-Wide Association Studies of Eigenvectors in Structured Populations.” Heredity, vol. 117, Springer Nature, 2016, pp. 51–61, doi:10.1038/hdy.2016.25.' short: G.-B. Chen, S.H. Lee, Z.-X. Zhu, B. Benyamin, M.R. Robinson, Heredity 117 (2016) 51–61. date_created: 2020-04-30T10:50:03Z date_published: 2016-05-04T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:15:11Z day: '04' doi: 10.1038/hdy.2016.25 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 117' language: - iso: eng month: '05' oa_version: None page: 51-61 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: issn: - 0018-067X - 1365-2540 publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'EigenGWAS: Finding loci under selection through genome-wide association studies of eigenvectors in structured populations' type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 117 year: '2016' ... --- _id: '3624' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'The state of a diploid population segregating for two alleles at each of n loci is described by 22(n) genotype frequencies, or equivalently, by allele frequencies and by multilocus moments or cumulants of various orders. These measures of linkage disequilibrium cannot usually be determined, both because one cannot tell whether a gene came from the maternal or paternal gamete, and because such a large number of parameters cannot be estimated even from large samples. Simplifying assumptions must therefore be made. This paper sets out methods for estimating multilocus genotype frequencies which are appropriate for unlinked neutral loci, and for populations that are ultimately derived by mixing of two source populations. In such a hybrid population, all multilocus associations depend primarily on the number of loci involved that derive from the maternal genome, and the number derived from the paternal genome Allele frequencies may differ across loci, and the contribution of each locus to multilocus associations may be scaled by the difference in allele frequency between source populations for that locus (δp ≤ 1). For example, the cumulant describing the association between genes i, j, k from the maternal genome, and genes i, l from the paternal genome is K(tJ,k,iλ*), = δp(i)/2 δp(J) δp(k) δp(l) κ3,2. The state of the population is described by n allele frequencies; n divergences, δp; and by a symmetric matrix of cumulants, κ(J,K) (J = 0 ,..., n, K = 0 ,..., n). Expressions for these cumulants under short- and long-range migration are given. Two methods for estimating the cumulants are described: a simple method based on multivariate moments, and a maximum likelihood procedure, which uses the Metropolis algorithm. Both methods perform well when tested against simulations with two or four loci.' acknowledgement: This work was supported by grant MMI09726 from the BBSRC/EPSRC, and by the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh. I am grateful to W. G. Hill, L. Kruuk and M. Orive, and to the referees, for their helpful comments on the manuscript. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. Estimating multilocus linkage disequilibria. Heredity. 2000;84(3):373-389. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00683.x apa: Barton, N. H. (2000). Estimating multilocus linkage disequilibria. Heredity. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00683.x chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “Estimating Multilocus Linkage Disequilibria.” Heredity. Nature Publishing Group, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00683.x. ieee: N. H. Barton, “Estimating multilocus linkage disequilibria,” Heredity, vol. 84, no. 3. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 373–389, 2000. ista: Barton NH. 2000. Estimating multilocus linkage disequilibria. Heredity. 84(3), 373–389. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “Estimating Multilocus Linkage Disequilibria.” Heredity, vol. 84, no. 3, Nature Publishing Group, 2000, pp. 373–89, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00683.x. short: N.H. Barton, Heredity 84 (2000) 373–389. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:18Z date_published: 2000-03-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-05-02T12:04:03Z day: '01' doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00683.x extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '10762407' intvolume: ' 84' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - url: https://www.nature.com/articles/6886830 month: '03' oa_version: None page: 373 - 389 pmid: 1 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '2759' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Estimating multilocus linkage disequilibria type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 84 year: '2000' ... --- _id: '4319' abstract: - lang: eng text: The grasshopper Podisma pedestris contains two chromosomal races, which differ by a Robertsonian fusion between the sex chromosome and an autosome, and which meet in a narrow hybrid zone in the Alpes Maritimes. DNA content variation across this hybrid zone was investigated by optical densitometry of Feulgen stained spermatids. Spermatids from males with the unfused sex chromosome stain more strongly than those from males with the fused chromosome. The difference between the karyotypes is greater in the centre of the hybrid zone, suggesting that it is not a pleiotropic effect of the fusion itself, but is due instead to differences at closely linked loci. acknowledgement: "s We would like to thank Manse East for technical assistance and M. et Mme Aviotti for their hospitality in France. We are grateful to Dr Michael Rennet, Dr Donald Fox, Professor Hubert Rees, and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments on earlier manuscripts. This work was supported by an S.E.R.C. grant to G.M.H., and by an S.E.R.C. postdoctoral fellowship to N.H.B. MW. worked at UEA under an Outside Studies Program.\r\n" article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Michael full_name: Westerman, Michael last_name: Westerman - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Godfrey full_name: Hewitt, Godfrey last_name: Hewitt citation: ama: Westerman M, Barton NH, Hewitt G. Differences in DNA content between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. 1987;58:221-228. doi:10.1038/hdy.1987.36 apa: Westerman, M., Barton, N. H., & Hewitt, G. (1987). Differences in DNA content between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1987.36 chicago: Westerman, Michael, Nicholas H Barton, and Godfrey Hewitt. “Differences in DNA Content between Two Chromosomal Races of the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris.” Heredity. Nature Publishing Group, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1987.36. ieee: M. Westerman, N. H. Barton, and G. Hewitt, “Differences in DNA content between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris,” Heredity, vol. 58. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 221–228, 1987. ista: Westerman M, Barton NH, Hewitt G. 1987. Differences in DNA content between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. 58, 221–228. mla: Westerman, Michael, et al. “Differences in DNA Content between Two Chromosomal Races of the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris.” Heredity, vol. 58, Nature Publishing Group, 1987, pp. 221–28, doi:10.1038/hdy.1987.36. short: M. Westerman, N.H. Barton, G. Hewitt, Heredity 58 (1987) 221–228. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:14Z date_published: 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-02-03T10:48:40Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1987.36 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 58' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198736 month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 221 - 228 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '1733' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Differences in DNA content between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 58 year: '1987' ... --- _id: '3658' abstract: - lang: eng text: Females of the grasshopper Podisima pedestris were collected from the middle of a hybrid zone between two chromosomal races in the Alpes Maritimes. They had already mated in the field, and could therefore lay fertilised eggs in the laboratory. The embryos were karyotyped, and found to contain an excess of chromosomal homozygotes. No evidence of assortative mating was found from copulating pairs taken in the field. The excess appears to have been caused by a combination of multiple insemination and assortative fertilisation. The genetics of the assortment, and the implications for the evolution of reproductive isolation are discussed. acknowledgement: "We are most grateful to Manse East for excellent technical assistance, to Dr Michael Shaw and Martin Dransfield for statistical advice and to Dr Roger Butlin for critical reading of the manuscript. It is a pleasure to thank M. and Mme. Aviotti and family at Casterino for their help and hospitality over several years of field work. The authorities of Le Parc National de Mercantour kindly gave permission for the collections. This work was financed by grants from the N.E.R.C. and S.E.R.C.\r\n" article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Godfrey full_name: Hewitt, Godfrey last_name: Hewitt - first_name: R. full_name: Nichols, R. last_name: Nichols - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Hewitt G, Nichols R, Barton NH. Homogamy in a hybrid zone in the alpine grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. 1987;59(3):457-466. doi:10.1038/hdy.1987.156 apa: Hewitt, G., Nichols, R., & Barton, N. H. (1987). Homogamy in a hybrid zone in the alpine grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1987.156 chicago: Hewitt, Godfrey, R. Nichols, and Nicholas H Barton. “Homogamy in a Hybrid Zone in the Alpine Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris.” Heredity. Nature Publishing Group, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1987.156. ieee: G. Hewitt, R. Nichols, and N. H. Barton, “Homogamy in a hybrid zone in the alpine grasshopper Podisma pedestris,” Heredity, vol. 59, no. 3. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 457–466, 1987. ista: Hewitt G, Nichols R, Barton NH. 1987. Homogamy in a hybrid zone in the alpine grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. 59(3), 457–466. mla: Hewitt, Godfrey, et al. “Homogamy in a Hybrid Zone in the Alpine Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris.” Heredity, vol. 59, no. 3, Nature Publishing Group, 1987, pp. 457–66, doi:10.1038/hdy.1987.156. short: G. Hewitt, R. Nichols, N.H. Barton, Heredity 59 (1987) 457–466. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:28Z date_published: 1987-12-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-02-04T12:20:46Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1987.156 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 59' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy1987156 month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 457 - 466 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '2725' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Homogamy in a hybrid zone in the alpine grasshopper Podisma pedestris type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 59 year: '1987' ... --- _id: '3663' abstract: - lang: eng text: The conditional average frequency of rare alleles has been shown in simulations to provide a simple and robust estimator of the number of individuals exchanged between local populations in an island model (Nm). This statistic is defined as the average frequency of an allele in those samples in which the allele is present. Here, we show that the conditional average frequency can be calculated from the distribution of allele frequencies. It is a measure of the spread of this distribution, and so is analogous to the standardised variance, FST. Analytic predictions for the island model of migration agree well with the corresponding simulation results. These predictions are based on the assumption that the rare alleles found in samples have reached a "quasi-equilibrium" distribution. As well as relating the conditional average frequency to the underlying allele frequency distribution, our results provide a more accurate method of estimating Nm from the conditional average frequency of private alleles in samples of different sizes. acknowledgement: This research has been supported in part by grants from the Royal Society of London, S.E.R.C., and the National Science Foundation. We thank J. Felsenstein for helpful discussions of this problem. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Montgomery full_name: Slatkin, Montgomery last_name: Slatkin citation: ama: Barton NH, Slatkin M. A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population. Heredity. 1986;56(3):409-416. doi:10.1038/hdy.1986.63 apa: Barton, N. H., & Slatkin, M. (1986). A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population. Heredity. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1986.63 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, and Montgomery Slatkin. “A Quasi-Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Rare Alleles in a Subdivided Population.” Heredity. Nature Publishing Group, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1986.63. ieee: N. H. Barton and M. Slatkin, “A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population,” Heredity, vol. 56, no. 3. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 409–416, 1986. ista: Barton NH, Slatkin M. 1986. A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population. Heredity. 56(3), 409–416. mla: Barton, Nicholas H., and Montgomery Slatkin. “A Quasi-Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Rare Alleles in a Subdivided Population.” Heredity, vol. 56, no. 3, Nature Publishing Group, 1986, pp. 409–16, doi:10.1038/hdy.1986.63. short: N.H. Barton, M. Slatkin, Heredity 56 (1986) 409–416. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:30Z date_published: 1986-06-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-02-01T15:04:01Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1986.63 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '3733460 ' intvolume: ' 56' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198663 month: '06' oa: 1 oa_version: None page: 409 - 416 pmid: 1 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '2720' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 56 year: '1986' ... --- _id: '3665' abstract: - lang: eng text: The rate of gene flow across a hybrid zone may be reduced by the presence of a physical barrier, by a reduction of population density caused by reduced fitness of hybrids (the “hybrid sink” effect), and by linkage. If the reduction in hybrid fitness is not extreme, the strength of the barrier to gene flow caused by these effects is. Here, w is the width of the cline; ρ* is the carrying capacity; W̄* is the mean fitness of the population, excluding effects of density; R is the strength of density-dependent regulation; and r̄ is the harmonic mean recombination rate between the locus whose flow is being calculated, and loci under selection. +, 0 denote populations outside the hybrid zone, and at its centre, respectively. This relation is illustrated using data from hybrid ones in Bombina and Podisma, and its implications for interpretation of data from nature are discussed. acknowledgement: I would like to thank Shahin Rouhani and Richard Nichols for their helpful comments on the manuscript, and the latter for providing the data used in fig. 3. This work was supported by a grant from the Science and Engineering Research Council (GR/C/91529). article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. The effects of linkage and density-dependent regulation on gene flow. Heredity. 1986;57:415-426. apa: Barton, N. H. (1986). The effects of linkage and density-dependent regulation on gene flow. Heredity. Nature Publishing Group. chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Effects of Linkage and Density-Dependent Regulation on Gene Flow.” Heredity. Nature Publishing Group, 1986. ieee: N. H. Barton, “The effects of linkage and density-dependent regulation on gene flow,” Heredity, vol. 57. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 415–426, 1986. ista: Barton NH. 1986. The effects of linkage and density-dependent regulation on gene flow. Heredity. 57, 415–426. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Effects of Linkage and Density-Dependent Regulation on Gene Flow.” Heredity, vol. 57, Nature Publishing Group, 1986, pp. 415–26. short: N.H. Barton, Heredity 57 (1986) 415–426. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:30Z date_published: 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-02-01T14:31:29Z day: '01' extern: '1' intvolume: ' 57' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy1986142 month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 415 - 426 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '2718' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The effects of linkage and density-dependent regulation on gene flow type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 57 year: '1986' ... --- _id: '3664' abstract: - lang: eng text: Suppose that selection acts at one or more loci to maintain genetic differences between hybridising populations. Then, the flow of alleles at a neutral marker locus which is linked to these selected loci will be impeded. We define and calculate measures of the barrier to gene flow between two distinct demes, and across a continuous habitat. In both cases, we find that in order for gene flow to be significantly reduced over much of the genome, hybrids must be substantially less fit, and the number of genes involved in building the barrier must be so large that the majority of other genes become closely linked to some locus which is under selection. This conclusion is not greatly affected by the pattern of epistasis, or the position of the marker locus along the chromosome. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Bengt full_name: Bengtsson, Bengt last_name: Bengtsson citation: ama: Barton NH, Bengtsson B. The barrier to genetic exchange between hybridising populations. Heredity. 1986;57:357-376. apa: Barton, N. H., & Bengtsson, B. (1986). The barrier to genetic exchange between hybridising populations. Heredity. Nature Publishing Group. chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, and Bengt Bengtsson. “The Barrier to Genetic Exchange between Hybridising Populations.” Heredity. Nature Publishing Group, 1986. ieee: N. H. Barton and B. Bengtsson, “The barrier to genetic exchange between hybridising populations,” Heredity, vol. 57. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 357–376, 1986. ista: Barton NH, Bengtsson B. 1986. The barrier to genetic exchange between hybridising populations. Heredity. 57, 357–376. mla: Barton, Nicholas H., and Bengt Bengtsson. “The Barrier to Genetic Exchange between Hybridising Populations.” Heredity, vol. 57, Nature Publishing Group, 1986, pp. 357–76. short: N.H. Barton, B. Bengtsson, Heredity 57 (1986) 357–376. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:30Z date_published: 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-02-01T14:49:02Z day: '01' extern: '1' intvolume: ' 57' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy1986135 month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 357 - 376 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '2719' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The barrier to genetic exchange between hybridising populations type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 57 year: '1986' ... --- _id: '3667' abstract: - lang: eng text: Populations of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris were collected from two ends of a zone of hybridization between two chromosome races, at Seyne and Tende in southern France. 21 enzyme and protein loci were detected by gel electrophoresis. Six of these loci showed widespread polymorphism, and a further eleven had very little or no variation. Two loci (Idh, 6Pgd) had rare alleles in different frequencies in the two areas surveyed. The remaining two loci (Mdh-1, Mdh-2) showed a marked increase in the frequency of rare variants, from 1 per cent outside the hybrid zone, up to 5 per cent at its centre. This region of increased electrophoretic variation coincided with the chromosomal cline between the two races, and with a region of decreased viability. It was spread over about the same width as the chromosomal cline. Possible explanations for this extra variation include intragenic recombination and elevated mutation rates. acknowledgement: We would like to thank Manse East, Lynda Flegg, and Sim Webb for their excellent technical assistance, and Prof. J. M. Thoday for helpful comments. Financial support was provided by a NERC Studentship to NHB, and a SRC grant to GMH. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Bruce full_name: Halliday, Bruce last_name: Halliday - first_name: Godfrey full_name: Hewitt, Godfrey last_name: Hewitt citation: ama: Barton NH, Halliday B, Hewitt G. Rare electrophoretic variants in a hybrid zone. Heredity. 1983;50(2):139-146. doi:10.1038/hdy.1983.15 apa: Barton, N. H., Halliday, B., & Hewitt, G. (1983). Rare electrophoretic variants in a hybrid zone. Heredity. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1983.15 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, Bruce Halliday, and Godfrey Hewitt. “Rare Electrophoretic Variants in a Hybrid Zone.” Heredity. Nature Publishing Group, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1983.15. ieee: N. H. Barton, B. Halliday, and G. Hewitt, “Rare electrophoretic variants in a hybrid zone,” Heredity, vol. 50, no. 2. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 139–146, 1983. ista: Barton NH, Halliday B, Hewitt G. 1983. Rare electrophoretic variants in a hybrid zone. Heredity. 50(2), 139–146. mla: Barton, Nicholas H., et al. “Rare Electrophoretic Variants in a Hybrid Zone.” Heredity, vol. 50, no. 2, Nature Publishing Group, 1983, pp. 139–46, doi:10.1038/hdy.1983.15. short: N.H. Barton, B. Halliday, G. Hewitt, Heredity 50 (1983) 139–146. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:31Z date_published: 1983-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-01-25T14:07:12Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1983.15 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 50' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198315 month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 139 - 146 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '2716' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Rare electrophoretic variants in a hybrid zone type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 50 year: '1983' ... --- _id: '4330' article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. Gene flow and speciation (abstract). Heredity. 1983;50:213-213. doi:10.1038/hdy.1983.24 apa: 'Barton, N. H. (1983). Gene flow and speciation (abstract). Heredity. University College of London: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1983.24' chicago: 'Barton, Nicholas H. “Gene Flow and Speciation (Abstract).” Heredity. University College of London: Springer Nature, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1983.24.' ieee: N. H. Barton, “Gene flow and speciation (abstract),” Heredity, vol. 50. Springer Nature, University College of London, pp. 213–213, 1983. ista: Barton NH. 1983. Gene flow and speciation (abstract). Heredity. 50, 213–213. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “Gene Flow and Speciation (Abstract).” Heredity, vol. 50, Springer Nature, 1983, pp. 213–213, doi:10.1038/hdy.1983.24. short: N.H. Barton, Heredity 50 (1983) 213–213. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:17Z date_published: 1983-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-01-21T12:38:10Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1983.24 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 50' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198324 month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 213 - 213 place: University College of London publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature publist_id: '1704' quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Gene flow and speciation (abstract) type: review user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 50 year: '1983' ... --- _id: '3669' abstract: - lang: eng text: The dispersal rate of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris has been measured, with the aim of interpreting the width of a chromosomal cline. 171 adults were marked individually, and released within the cline. 169 movements were seen over three subsequent scorings; the distribution of distances, after correction for the loss of long distance dispersants, was close to a normal curve, but there was an initial shift of ten metres, perhaps towards a better habitat. The linear variance increased at about 214 m2 day- 1, which corresponds to a standard deviation of 207 m gen- 1/2 over a 20 day life span. Statistical uncertainty in this estimate can be expressed using a distribution-free maximum likelihood method, which gives support limits of 186- 270 m gen- 1/2. However, the main errors come from extrapolating from this experiment to the cline as a whole. acknowledgement: "We are grateful for the help in the field of Bruce and Helen Halliday, James, Matthew, Daniel and Elizabeth Hewitt, and for the hospitality of M et Mme Aviotti. This work was supported by an N.E.R.C. Studentship to the first author, and an S.R.C. research grant to the second.\r\n" article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Godfrey full_name: Hewitt, Godfrey last_name: Hewitt citation: ama: 'Barton NH, Hewitt G. A measurement of dispersal in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Heredity. 1982;48(2):237-249. doi:10.1038/hdy.1982.29' apa: 'Barton, N. H., & Hewitt, G. (1982). A measurement of dispersal in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Heredity. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1982.29' chicago: 'Barton, Nicholas H, and Godfrey Hewitt. “A Measurement of Dispersal in the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae).” Heredity. Springer Nature, 1982. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1982.29.' ieee: 'N. H. Barton and G. Hewitt, “A measurement of dispersal in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae),” Heredity, vol. 48, no. 2. Springer Nature, pp. 237–249, 1982.' ista: 'Barton NH, Hewitt G. 1982. A measurement of dispersal in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Heredity. 48(2), 237–249.' mla: 'Barton, Nicholas H., and Godfrey Hewitt. “A Measurement of Dispersal in the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae).” Heredity, vol. 48, no. 2, Springer Nature, 1982, pp. 237–49, doi:10.1038/hdy.1982.29.' short: N.H. Barton, G. Hewitt, Heredity 48 (1982) 237–249. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:32Z date_published: 1982-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-01-21T12:31:06Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1982.29 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 48' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198229 month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 237 - 249 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature publist_id: '2714' quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'A measurement of dispersal in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae)' type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 48 year: '1982' ... --- _id: '3671' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. The width of the hybrid zone in Caledia captiva. Heredity. 1981;47:279-282. doi:10.1038/hdy.1981.86 apa: Barton, N. H. (1981). The width of the hybrid zone in Caledia captiva. Heredity. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1981.86 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Width of the Hybrid Zone in Caledia Captiva.” Heredity. Nature Publishing Group, 1981. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1981.86. ieee: N. H. Barton, “The width of the hybrid zone in Caledia captiva,” Heredity, vol. 47. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 279–282, 1981. ista: Barton NH. 1981. The width of the hybrid zone in Caledia captiva. Heredity. 47, 279–282. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Width of the Hybrid Zone in Caledia Captiva.” Heredity, vol. 47, Nature Publishing Group, 1981, pp. 279–82, doi:10.1038/hdy.1981.86. short: N.H. Barton, Heredity 47 (1981) 279–282. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:32Z date_published: 1981-10-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-01-21T08:42:28Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1981.86 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 47' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198186 month: '10' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 279 - 282 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '2712' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The width of the hybrid zone in Caledia captiva type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 47 year: '1981' ... --- _id: '4333' abstract: - lang: eng text: Samples were taken from five sites in a transect across the hybrid zone between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Crosses were set up between insects from the same population, and between populations spanning the zone, and the early viability of the offspring was measured. Hybrids between pure populations had reduced viability, and the viability of insects from the middle of the zone was still lower, showing that most (87 per cent) of the inviability was due to the breakup of coadapated gene complexes. Although the total selection acting was strong (log. fitness reduced by S25), it was spread over a region wider than the dispersal range (350 m vs. 20 m). Hence, the selection on each locus contributing towards the inviability is weak (3 per cent). Many (150) independent chromosome segments act cumulatively to produce inviability at this stage in the life history. The implications of these findings for models of divergence are discussed. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Godfrey full_name: Hewitt, Godfrey last_name: Hewitt citation: ama: Barton NH, Hewitt G. The genetic basis of hybrid inviability between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. 1981;47(3):367-383. doi:10.1038/hdy.1981.98 apa: Barton, N. H., & Hewitt, G. (1981). The genetic basis of hybrid inviability between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1981.98 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, and Godfrey Hewitt. “The Genetic Basis of Hybrid Inviability between Two Chromosomal Races of the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris.” Heredity. Springer Nature, 1981. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1981.98. ieee: N. H. Barton and G. Hewitt, “The genetic basis of hybrid inviability between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris,” Heredity, vol. 47, no. 3. Springer Nature, pp. 367–383, 1981. ista: Barton NH, Hewitt G. 1981. The genetic basis of hybrid inviability between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. 47(3), 367–383. mla: Barton, Nicholas H., and Godfrey Hewitt. “The Genetic Basis of Hybrid Inviability between Two Chromosomal Races of the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris.” Heredity, vol. 47, no. 3, Springer Nature, 1981, pp. 367–83, doi:10.1038/hdy.1981.98. short: N.H. Barton, G. Hewitt, Heredity 47 (1981) 367–383. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:18Z date_published: 1981-12-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-12-16T08:31:08Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1981.98 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 47' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198198 month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 367 - 383 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature publist_id: '1703' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The genetic basis of hybrid inviability between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris type: journal_article user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9 volume: 47 year: '1981' ... --- _id: '3672' acknowledgement: This work was supported by a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council. article_processing_charge: No article_type: letter_note author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. The hybrid sink effect. Heredity. 1980;44:277-278. doi:10.1038/hdy.1980.23 apa: Barton, N. H. (1980). The hybrid sink effect. Heredity. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1980.23 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Hybrid Sink Effect.” Heredity. Springer Nature, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1980.23. ieee: N. H. Barton, “The hybrid sink effect,” Heredity, vol. 44. Springer Nature, pp. 277–278, 1980. ista: Barton NH. 1980. The hybrid sink effect. Heredity. 44, 277–278. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Hybrid Sink Effect.” Heredity, vol. 44, Springer Nature, 1980, pp. 277–78, doi:10.1038/hdy.1980.23. short: N.H. Barton, Heredity 44 (1980) 277–278. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:33Z date_published: 1980-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-12-15T16:18:29Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1980.23 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 44' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198023 month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 277 - 278 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature publist_id: '2711' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The hybrid sink effect type: journal_article user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9 volume: 44 year: '1980' ... --- _id: '4335' abstract: - lang: eng text: Genetic incompatibilities between two races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris, which differ by a Robertsonian fusion involving the sex chromosome, have been investigated. Crosses were made between four populations spanning the chromosomal cline; F1 hybrids between the races, though not between separated populations of the same race, showed markedly reduced hatching success. Observations of the fate of chromosomes transplanted across the cline supported this finding. Crosses between grasshoppers from a mixed population in the cline showed a lower average hatching success, but no correlation of this inviability with the chromosomal polymorphism. The karyotypes of pre-diapause embryos from both types of cross gave no evidence for non-disjunction of the sex chromosome trivalent in heterozygous females; an upper limit of 16 per cent can be set on the non-disjunction rate. These findings suggest that the karyotypic difference is only a weakly selected marker for more fundamental changes in genotype. acknowledgement: I would like to thank Dr G. M. Hewitt, and M. W. Shaw, for their help in collecting these samples, Mrs T. M. East for her help in rearing them, and M et Mme Aviotti for their hospitality in France. This work was supported by a N.E.R.C. studentship, and by an S.R.C. grant to Dr G. M. Hewitt. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. The fitness of hybrids between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. 1980;45:47-59. doi:10.1038/hdy.1980.49 apa: Barton, N. H. (1980). The fitness of hybrids between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1980.49 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Fitness of Hybrids between Two Chromosomal Races of the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris.” Heredity. Springer Nature, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1980.49. ieee: N. H. Barton, “The fitness of hybrids between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris,” Heredity, vol. 45. Springer Nature, pp. 47–59, 1980. ista: Barton NH. 1980. The fitness of hybrids between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Heredity. 45, 47–59. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Fitness of Hybrids between Two Chromosomal Races of the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris.” Heredity, vol. 45, Springer Nature, 1980, pp. 47–59, doi:10.1038/hdy.1980.49. short: N.H. Barton, Heredity 45 (1980) 47–59. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:19Z date_published: 1980-08-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-12-15T15:46:48Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1980.49 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 45' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy198049 month: '08' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 47 - 59 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature publist_id: '1697' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The fitness of hybrids between two chromosomal races of the grasshopper Podisma pedestris type: journal_article user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9 volume: 45 year: '1980' ... --- _id: '3673' abstract: - lang: eng text: The effect of a cline as a barrier to gene flow at closely linked, weakly selected loci is investigated using a continuous diffusion model. It is shown that a linked cline induces a step in the frequency of a neutral allele, which is proportional to the gradient in neutral allele frequency and to the inverse of the recombination rate. A barrier to dispersal or a local region of low abundance has a similar effect (Nagylaki, 1976). The cline will block the flow of neutral alleles over a region of chromosome roughly 2s/t map units long. However, a slightly advantageous allele will be little affected, and must be very tightly linked to be delayed for long. acknowledgement: "I would like to thank Dr G. M. Hewitt for stimulating discussions, and for his comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Natural Environmental Research Council.\r\n" article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. Gene flow past a cline. Heredity. 1979;43(3):333-339. doi:10.1038/hdy.1979.86 apa: Barton, N. H. (1979). Gene flow past a cline. Heredity. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1979.86 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “Gene Flow Past a Cline.” Heredity. Springer Nature, 1979. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1979.86. ieee: N. H. Barton, “Gene flow past a cline,” Heredity, vol. 43, no. 3. Springer Nature, pp. 333–339, 1979. ista: Barton NH. 1979. Gene flow past a cline. Heredity. 43(3), 333–339. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “Gene Flow Past a Cline.” Heredity, vol. 43, no. 3, Springer Nature, 1979, pp. 333–39, doi:10.1038/hdy.1979.86. short: N.H. Barton, Heredity 43 (1979) 333–339. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:33Z date_published: 1979-12-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-12-15T15:16:50Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1979.86 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 43' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy197986 month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 333 - 339 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature publist_id: '2710' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Gene flow past a cline type: journal_article user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9 volume: 43 year: '1979' ... --- _id: '4336' abstract: - lang: eng text: "This paper investigates the dynamic behaviour of hybrid zones which are maintained by a balance between dispersal and selection against hybrids. In the first section it is shown that a hybrid zone involving a single locus can move in response to a selective imbalance between the two homozygotes, and also to variation in population density and dispersal rate. It can be trapped by natural barriers, and so an allele which is selected against when rare cannot advance, even if it is advantageous when common. The continuous model used in deriving these results is shown to be a good approximation to the stepping-stone model, provided that the cline contains several demes.\r\n\r\nThe effect of stochastic forces on multi-locus hybrid zones is then considered. An expression giving the shift in position after an arbitrary perturbation in gamete frequency is derived. Using this formula, it is found that sampling drift is negligible unless the zone includes few organisms and involves few loci. Random variations in population structure are the dominant force, and could allow considerable movement in an even environment. However, natural barriers can still trap hybrid zones, and so it is likely that they will remain roughly where they first formed." article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. The dynamics of hybrid zones. Heredity. 1979;43(3):341-359. doi:10.1038/hdy.1979.87 apa: Barton, N. H. (1979). The dynamics of hybrid zones. Heredity. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1979.87 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Dynamics of Hybrid Zones.” Heredity. Springer Nature, 1979. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1979.87. ieee: N. H. Barton, “The dynamics of hybrid zones,” Heredity, vol. 43, no. 3. Springer Nature, pp. 341–359, 1979. ista: Barton NH. 1979. The dynamics of hybrid zones. Heredity. 43(3), 341–359. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “The Dynamics of Hybrid Zones.” Heredity, vol. 43, no. 3, Springer Nature, 1979, pp. 341–59, doi:10.1038/hdy.1979.87. short: N.H. Barton, Heredity 43 (1979) 341–359. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:19Z date_published: 1979-12-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-12-15T09:29:59Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/hdy.1979.87 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 43' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy197987 month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 341 - 359 publication: Heredity publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2540 issn: - 0018-067X publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature publist_id: '1696' quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: The dynamics of hybrid zones type: journal_article user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9 volume: 43 year: '1979' ...