---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '20731'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The adult human brain, under resting conditions, consumes approximately 20%
    of total body glucose, a demand that is even higher during the first decade of
    life. The brain metabolic landscape is intricately regulated throughout development,
    and each cell type exhibits distinct metabolic signatures at each specific stage.
    This picture becomes even more intricate when considering that metabolism is dynamically
    modulated to sustain critical biological processes, such as cell proliferation
    and differentiation and synaptic activity–dependent processes. The orchestration
    between metabolic regulation and the aforementioned physiological processes often
    relies on metabolism-dependent changes in the epigenetic landscape, which shape
    gene expression patterns to trigger selected downstream biological responses.
    Perturbations of brain metabolic pathways are frequently the cause of severe neurodevelopmental
    disorders. This review explores the latest insights into the regulation of brain
    metabolism in health and disease.
acknowledgement: Funding provided by the European Union (grant 101057429) to G.N.
article_processing_charge: Yes (in subscription journal)
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Domenico
  full_name: Marano, Domenico
  id: 3b004c42-803f-11ed-ab7e-ecee8f08bd58
  last_name: Marano
- first_name: Vittoria
  full_name: Mariano, Vittoria
  id: ee829c33-edb3-11ed-b4fb-c020aaca4b01
  last_name: Mariano
- first_name: Gaia
  full_name: Novarino, Gaia
  id: 3E57A680-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Novarino
  orcid: 0000-0002-7673-7178
citation:
  ama: 'Marano D, Mariano V, Novarino G. Fueling the mind: Brain metabolism in health
    and neurodevelopmental disorders. <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. 2025;59:415-434.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424">10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424</a>'
  apa: 'Marano, D., Mariano, V., &#38; Novarino, G. (2025). Fueling the mind: Brain
    metabolism in health and neurodevelopmental disorders. <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>.
    Annual Reviews. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424</a>'
  chicago: 'Marano, Domenico, Vittoria Mariano, and Gaia Novarino. “Fueling the Mind:
    Brain Metabolism in Health and Neurodevelopmental Disorders.” <i>Annual Review
    of Genetics</i>. Annual Reviews, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424</a>.'
  ieee: 'D. Marano, V. Mariano, and G. Novarino, “Fueling the mind: Brain metabolism
    in health and neurodevelopmental disorders,” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>,
    vol. 59. Annual Reviews, pp. 415–434, 2025.'
  ista: 'Marano D, Mariano V, Novarino G. 2025. Fueling the mind: Brain metabolism
    in health and neurodevelopmental disorders. Annual Review of Genetics. 59, 415–434.'
  mla: 'Marano, Domenico, et al. “Fueling the Mind: Brain Metabolism in Health and
    Neurodevelopmental Disorders.” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>, vol. 59, Annual
    Reviews, 2025, pp. 415–34, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424">10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424</a>.'
  short: D. Marano, V. Mariano, G. Novarino, Annual Review of Genetics 59 (2025) 415–434.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-12-07T23:02:01Z
date_published: 2025-11-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-12-09T12:55:11Z
day: '03'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: GaNo
doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102424
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '40902207'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 1000228dc9aca3d48e92605607a99c41
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-12-09T12:53:09Z
  date_updated: 2025-12-09T12:53:09Z
  file_id: '20745'
  file_name: 2025_AnnualRevGenetics_Marano.pdf
  file_size: 3629986
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-12-09T12:53:09Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        59'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 415-434
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 349d1832-11ca-11ed-8bc3-d79b574010e0
  grant_number: '101057429'
  name: Reducing the impact of major environmental challenges on mental health
publication: Annual Review of Genetics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1545-2948
  issn:
  - 0066-4197
publication_status: published
publisher: Annual Reviews
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Fueling the mind: Brain metabolism in health and neurodevelopmental disorders'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 59
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: free access
_id: '10406'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Multicellular organisms develop complex shapes from much simpler, single-celled
    zygotes through a process commonly called morphogenesis. Morphogenesis involves
    an interplay between several factors, ranging from the gene regulatory networks
    determining cell fate and differentiation to the mechanical processes underlying
    cell and tissue shape changes. Thus, the study of morphogenesis has historically
    been based on multidisciplinary approaches at the interface of biology with physics
    and mathematics. Recent technological advances have further improved our ability
    to study morphogenesis by bridging the gap between the genetic and biophysical
    factors through the development of new tools for visualizing, analyzing, and perturbing
    these factors and their biochemical intermediaries. Here, we review how a combination
    of genetic, microscopic, biophysical, and biochemical approaches has aided our
    attempts to understand morphogenesis and discuss potential approaches that may
    be beneficial to such an inquiry in the future.
acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank Feyza Nur Arslan, Suyash Naik, Diana
  Pinheiro, Alexandra Schauer, and Shayan Shamipour for their comments on the draft.
  N.M. is supported by an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship (H2020 Marie-Sklodowska-Curie
  COFUND Action).
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nikhil
  full_name: Mishra, Nikhil
  id: C4D70E82-1081-11EA-B3ED-9A4C3DDC885E
  last_name: Mishra
  orcid: 0000-0002-6425-5788
- first_name: Carl-Philipp J
  full_name: Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J
  id: 39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Heisenberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-0912-4566
citation:
  ama: Mishra N, Heisenberg C-PJ. Dissecting organismal morphogenesis by bridging
    genetics and biophysics. <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. 2021;55:209-233. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748">10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748</a>
  apa: Mishra, N., &#38; Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2021). Dissecting organismal morphogenesis
    by bridging genetics and biophysics. <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. Annual
    Reviews. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748</a>
  chicago: Mishra, Nikhil, and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “Dissecting Organismal Morphogenesis
    by Bridging Genetics and Biophysics.” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. Annual
    Reviews, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748</a>.
  ieee: N. Mishra and C.-P. J. Heisenberg, “Dissecting organismal morphogenesis by
    bridging genetics and biophysics,” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>, vol. 55.
    Annual Reviews, pp. 209–233, 2021.
  ista: Mishra N, Heisenberg C-PJ. 2021. Dissecting organismal morphogenesis by bridging
    genetics and biophysics. Annual Review of Genetics. 55, 209–233.
  mla: Mishra, Nikhil, and Carl-Philipp J. Heisenberg. “Dissecting Organismal Morphogenesis
    by Bridging Genetics and Biophysics.” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>, vol. 55,
    Annual Reviews, 2021, pp. 209–33, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748">10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748</a>.
  short: N. Mishra, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, Annual Review of Genetics 55 (2021) 209–233.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2021-12-05T23:01:41Z
date_published: 2021-08-30T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-18T08:39:48Z
day: '30'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: CaHe
doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000747220900010'
  pmid:
  - '34460295'
intvolume: '        55'
isi: 1
keyword:
- morphogenesis
- forward genetics
- high-resolution microscopy
- biophysics
- biochemistry
- patterning
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 209-233
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '754411'
  name: ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships
publication: Annual Review of Genetics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1545-2948
  issn:
  - 0066-4197
publication_status: published
publisher: Annual Reviews
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Dissecting organismal morphogenesis by bridging genetics and biophysics
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 55
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '4312'
acknowledgement: "We thank G. E. Bradford, B. Charlesworth, J. A. Coyne, D. Currie,
  H. Dingle, J. H. Gillespie, A. Gimelfarb, W. G. Hill, A. A. Hoffmann, K. S. Jackson,
  J. S. Jones, A. Liebowiz, T. Mitchell-aids , T. A. Mousseau, J. Peck, T. Prout,
  B. Riska, D. A. Roff, H. B. Shaffer, and M. Slatkin for helpful discussions and
  comments on earlier drafts. Our research is supported\r\nin part by grants from
  the Science and Engineering Research Council, the National Science Foundation (BSR-8866548),
  and the Institute of Theoretical Dynamics at University of California, Davis."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nicholas H
  full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
  id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Barton
  orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Turelli, Michael
  last_name: Turelli
citation:
  ama: 'Barton NH, Turelli M. Evolutionary quantitative genetics: how little do we
    know? <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. 1989;23:337-370. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005">10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005</a>'
  apa: 'Barton, N. H., &#38; Turelli, M. (1989). Evolutionary quantitative genetics:
    how little do we know? <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. Annual Reviews. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005</a>'
  chicago: 'Barton, Nicholas H, and Michael Turelli. “Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics:
    How Little Do We Know?” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. Annual Reviews, 1989.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005</a>.'
  ieee: 'N. H. Barton and M. Turelli, “Evolutionary quantitative genetics: how little
    do we know?,” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>, vol. 23. Annual Reviews, pp. 337–370,
    1989.'
  ista: 'Barton NH, Turelli M. 1989. Evolutionary quantitative genetics: how little
    do we know? Annual Review of Genetics. 23, 337–370.'
  mla: 'Barton, Nicholas H., and Michael Turelli. “Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics:
    How Little Do We Know?” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>, vol. 23, Annual Reviews,
    1989, pp. 337–70, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005">10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005</a>.'
  short: N.H. Barton, M. Turelli, Annual Review of Genetics 23 (1989) 337–370.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:11Z
date_published: 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-02-09T16:01:46Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        23'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 337 - 370
publication: Annual Review of Genetics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1545-2948
  issn:
  - 0066-4197
publication_status: published
publisher: Annual Reviews
publist_id: '1744'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Evolutionary quantitative genetics: how little do we know?'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 23
year: '1989'
...