@inbook{18734,
  abstract     = {In this Introduction, we outline expectations for when and how the hydrogen and helium atoms in the universe turned from neutral to ionized, focusing on the earliest, least well understood stages, and emphasize the most important open questions. We include a historical summary, and highlight the role of reionization as one of the few milestones in the evolution of the universe since the Big Bang, and its status as a unique probe of the beginning stages of structure formation.},
  author       = {Haiman, Zoltán},
  booktitle    = {Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization},
  editor       = {Mesinger, Andrei},
  isbn         = {9783319219561},
  issn         = {2214-7985},
  pages        = {1--22},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in the Universe}},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1},
  year         = {2015},
}

@inbook{18737,
  abstract     = {Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are common in local galactic nuclei, and SMBHs as massive as several billion solar masses already exist at redshift z = 6. These earliest SMBHs may grow by the combination of radiation-pressure-limited accretion and mergers of stellar-mass seed BHs, left behind by the first generation of metal-free stars, or may be formed by more rapid direct collapse of gas in rare special environments where dense gas can accumulate without first fragmenting into stars. This chapter offers a review of these two competing scenarios, as well as some more exotic alternative ideas. It also briefly discusses how the different models may be distinguished in the future by observations with JWST, LISA and other instruments.},
  author       = {Haiman, Zoltán},
  booktitle    = {The First Galaxies},
  editor       = {Wiklind, Tommy and Mobasher, Bahram and Brumm, Volker},
  isbn         = {9783642323614},
  issn         = {2214-7985},
  pages        = {293--341},
  publisher    = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  title        = {{The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes}},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6},
  year         = {2012},
}

@inbook{18739,
  abstract     = {The first massive astrophysical black holes likely formed at high redshifts (z≳ 10) at the centers of low mass (~ 106 M⊙) dark matter concentrations. These black holes grow by mergers and gas accretion, evolve into the population of bright quasars observed at lower redshifts, and eventually leave the supermassive black hole remnants that are ubiquitous at the centers of galaxies in the nearby universe. The astrophysical processes responsible for the formation of the earliest seed black holes are poorly understood. The purpose of this review is threefold: (1) to describe theoretical expectations for the formation and growth of the earliest black holes within the general paradigm of hierarchical cold dark matter cosmologies, (2) to summarize several relevant recent observations that have implications for the formation of the earliest black holes, and (3) to look into the future and assess the power of forthcoming observations to probe the physics of the first active galactic nuclei.},
  author       = {Haiman, Zoltán and Quataert, Eliot},
  booktitle    = {Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe},
  isbn         = {9789048166626},
  issn         = {0067-0057},
  pages        = {147--185},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black Holes}},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5},
  volume       = {308},
  year         = {2004},
}