---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '18734'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In this Introduction, we outline expectations for when and how the hydrogen
    and helium atoms in the universe turned from neutral to ionized, focusing on the
    earliest, least well understood stages, and emphasize the most important open
    questions. We include a historical summary, and highlight the role of reionization
    as one of the few milestones in the evolution of the universe since the Big Bang,
    and its status as a unique probe of the beginning stages of structure formation.
alternative_title:
- Astrophysics and Space Science Library
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
citation:
  ama: 'Haiman Z. Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in the Universe.
    In: Mesinger A, ed. <i>Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization</i>. 423.
    Cham: Springer Nature; 2015:1-22. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1">10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1</a>'
  apa: 'Haiman, Z. (2015). Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures
    in the Universe. In A. Mesinger (Ed.), <i>Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization</i>
    (pp. 1–22). Cham: Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1</a>'
  chicago: 'Haiman, Zoltán. “Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures
    in the Universe.” In <i>Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization</i>, edited
    by Andrei Mesinger, 1–22. 423. Cham: Springer Nature, 2015. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1</a>.'
  ieee: 'Z. Haiman, “Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in the
    Universe,” in <i>Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization</i>, A. Mesinger,
    Ed. Cham: Springer Nature, 2015, pp. 1–22.'
  ista: 'Haiman Z. 2015.Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in
    the Universe. In: Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization. Astrophysics
    and Space Science Library, , 1–22.'
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán. “Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in
    the Universe.” <i>Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization</i>, edited by
    Andrei Mesinger, Springer Nature, 2015, pp. 1–22, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1">10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, in:, A. Mesinger (Ed.), Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization,
    Springer Nature, Cham, 2015, pp. 1–22.
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:28:57Z
date_published: 2015-11-28T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T12:45:30Z
day: '28'
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21957-8_1
editor:
- first_name: Andrei
  full_name: Mesinger, Andrei
  last_name: Mesinger
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '1511.01125'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.01125
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 1-22
place: Cham
publication: Understanding the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - '9783319219578'
  eissn:
  - 2214-7985
  isbn:
  - '9783319219561'
  issn:
  - 0067-0057
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
series_title: '423'
status: public
title: Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in the Universe
type: book_chapter
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2015'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '18737'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are common in local galactic nuclei, and
    SMBHs as massive as several billion solar masses already exist at redshift z =
    6. These earliest SMBHs may grow by the combination of radiation-pressure-limited
    accretion and mergers of stellar-mass seed BHs, left behind by the first generation
    of metal-free stars, or may be formed by more rapid direct collapse of gas in
    rare special environments where dense gas can accumulate without first fragmenting
    into stars. This chapter offers a review of these two competing scenarios, as
    well as some more exotic alternative ideas. It also briefly discusses how the
    different models may be distinguished in the future by observations with JWST,
    LISA and other instruments.
alternative_title:
- Astrophysics and Space Science Library
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
citation:
  ama: 'Haiman Z. The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes. In: Wiklind T, Mobasher
    B, Brumm V, eds. <i>The First Galaxies</i>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin
    Heidelberg; 2012:293-341. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6">10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6</a>'
  apa: 'Haiman, Z. (2012). The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes. In T. Wiklind,
    B. Mobasher, &#38; V. Brumm (Eds.), <i>The First Galaxies</i> (pp. 293–341). Berlin,
    Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6</a>'
  chicago: 'Haiman, Zoltán. “The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes.” In <i>The
    First Galaxies</i>, edited by Tommy Wiklind, Bahram Mobasher, and Volker Brumm,
    293–341. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6</a>.'
  ieee: 'Z. Haiman, “The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes,” in <i>The First
    Galaxies</i>, T. Wiklind, B. Mobasher, and V. Brumm, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg:
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, pp. 293–341.'
  ista: 'Haiman Z. 2012.The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes. In: The First
    Galaxies. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, , 293–341.'
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán. “The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes.” <i>The First
    Galaxies</i>, edited by Tommy Wiklind et al., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012,
    pp. 293–341, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6">10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, in:, T. Wiklind, B. Mobasher, V. Brumm (Eds.), The First Galaxies,
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012, pp. 293–341.
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:30:53Z
date_published: 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T13:01:05Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_6
editor:
- first_name: Tommy
  full_name: Wiklind, Tommy
  last_name: Wiklind
- first_name: Bahram
  full_name: Mobasher, Bahram
  last_name: Mobasher
- first_name: Volker
  full_name: Brumm, Volker
  last_name: Brumm
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '1203.6075'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.6075
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 293-341
place: Berlin, Heidelberg
publication: The First Galaxies
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - '9783642323621'
  eissn:
  - 2214-7985
  isbn:
  - '9783642323614'
  issn:
  - 0067-0057
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes
type: book_chapter
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2012'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '18739'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The first massive astrophysical black holes likely formed at high redshifts
    (z≳ 10) at the centers of low mass (~ 106 M⊙) dark matter concentrations. These
    black holes grow by mergers and gas accretion, evolve into the population of bright
    quasars observed at lower redshifts, and eventually leave the supermassive black
    hole remnants that are ubiquitous at the centers of galaxies in the nearby universe.
    The astrophysical processes responsible for the formation of the earliest seed
    black holes are poorly understood. The purpose of this review is threefold: (1)
    to describe theoretical expectations for the formation and growth of the earliest
    black holes within the general paradigm of hierarchical cold dark matter cosmologies,
    (2) to summarize several relevant recent observations that have implications for
    the formation of the earliest black holes, and (3) to look into the future and
    assess the power of forthcoming observations to probe the physics of the first
    active galactic nuclei.'
alternative_title:
- Astrophysics and Space Science Library
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
- first_name: Eliot
  full_name: Quataert, Eliot
  last_name: Quataert
citation:
  ama: 'Haiman Z, Quataert E. The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black
    Holes. In: <i>Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe</i>. Vol 308. ASSL.
    Springer Nature; 2004:147-185. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5">10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5</a>'
  apa: Haiman, Z., &#38; Quataert, E. (2004). The Formation and Evolution of the First
    Massive Black Holes. In <i>Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe</i>
    (Vol. 308, pp. 147–185). Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5</a>
  chicago: Haiman, Zoltán, and Eliot Quataert. “The Formation and Evolution of the
    First Massive Black Holes.” In <i>Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe</i>,
    308:147–85. ASSL. Springer Nature, 2004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5</a>.
  ieee: Z. Haiman and E. Quataert, “The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive
    Black Holes,” in <i>Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe</i>, vol.
    308, Springer Nature, 2004, pp. 147–185.
  ista: 'Haiman Z, Quataert E. 2004.The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive
    Black Holes. In: Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe. Astrophysics
    and Space Science Library, vol. 308, 147–185.'
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán, and Eliot Quataert. “The Formation and Evolution of the First
    Massive Black Holes.” <i>Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe</i>,
    vol. 308, Springer Nature, 2004, pp. 147–85, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5">10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, E. Quataert, in:, Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe,
    Springer Nature, 2004, pp. 147–185.
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:33:47Z
date_published: 2004-08-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T13:46:38Z
day: '03'
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_5
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/0403225
intvolume: '       308'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0403225
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 147-185
publication: Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - '9781402024719'
  isbn:
  - '9789048166626'
  issn:
  - 0067-0057
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
series_title: ASSL
status: public
title: The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black Holes
type: book_chapter
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 308
year: '2004'
...