---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
_id: '18587'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Many scientific breakthroughs have depended on animal research, yet the ethical
concerns surrounding the use of animals in experimentation have long prompted
discussions about humane treatment and responsible scientific practice. First
articulated by Russell and Burch, the 3Rs Principles of Replacement, Reduction,
and Refinement have gained widespread recognition as basic guidelines for animal
research. Over time, the 3Rs have transcended the research community, influencing
policy decisions, animal welfare advocacy and public perception of animal experimentation.
Despite their broad acceptance, interpretations of the 3Rs vary substantially,
shaping statutory frameworks at various levels, with both technical and practical
impacts.
acknowledgement: This publication is based upon work from the Ethics Crossover Group
within the COST Action IMPROVE (“3Rs concepts to improve the quality of biomedical
science”), CA21139, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
We acknowledge the input and advice from Dr. Susanna Louhimies.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: letter_note
author:
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Lauwereyns, Jan
last_name: Lauwereyns
- first_name: Jeffrey
full_name: Bajramovic, Jeffrey
last_name: Bajramovic
- first_name: Bettina
full_name: Bert, Bettina
last_name: Bert
- first_name: Samuel
full_name: Camenzind, Samuel
last_name: Camenzind
- first_name: Joery
full_name: De Kock, Joery
last_name: De Kock
- first_name: Alisa
full_name: Elezović, Alisa
last_name: Elezović
- first_name: Sevilay
full_name: Erden, Sevilay
last_name: Erden
- first_name: Fernando
full_name: Gonzalez-Uarquin, Fernando
last_name: Gonzalez-Uarquin
- first_name: Yesim Isil
full_name: Ulman, Yesim Isil
last_name: Ulman
- first_name: Orsolya Ivett
full_name: Hoffmann, Orsolya Ivett
last_name: Hoffmann
- first_name: Maria
full_name: Kitsara, Maria
last_name: Kitsara
- first_name: Nikolaos
full_name: Kostomitsopoulos, Nikolaos
last_name: Kostomitsopoulos
- first_name: Winfried
full_name: Neuhaus, Winfried
last_name: Neuhaus
- first_name: Benoit
full_name: Petit-Demouliere, Benoit
last_name: Petit-Demouliere
- first_name: Simone
full_name: Pollo, Simone
last_name: Pollo
- first_name: Brígida
full_name: Riso, Brígida
last_name: Riso
- first_name: Sophie
full_name: Schober, Sophie
id: 80b0a0ef-4b9f-11ec-b119-8d9d94c4a1d8
last_name: Schober
- first_name: Athanassia
full_name: Sotiropoulos, Athanassia
last_name: Sotiropoulos
- first_name: Aurélie
full_name: Thomas, Aurélie
last_name: Thomas
- first_name: Augusto
full_name: Vitale, Augusto
last_name: Vitale
- first_name: Doris
full_name: Wilflingseder, Doris
last_name: Wilflingseder
- first_name: Arti
full_name: Ahluwalia, Arti
last_name: Ahluwalia
citation:
ama: Lauwereyns J, Bajramovic J, Bert B, et al. Toward a common interpretation of
the 3Rs principles in animal research. Lab Animal. 2024;53:347-350. doi:10.1038/s41684-024-01476-2
apa: Lauwereyns, J., Bajramovic, J., Bert, B., Camenzind, S., De Kock, J., Elezović,
A., … Ahluwalia, A. (2024). Toward a common interpretation of the 3Rs principles
in animal research. Lab Animal. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684-024-01476-2
chicago: Lauwereyns, Jan, Jeffrey Bajramovic, Bettina Bert, Samuel Camenzind, Joery
De Kock, Alisa Elezović, Sevilay Erden, et al. “Toward a Common Interpretation
of the 3Rs Principles in Animal Research.” Lab Animal. Springer Nature,
2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684-024-01476-2.
ieee: J. Lauwereyns et al., “Toward a common interpretation of the 3Rs principles
in animal research,” Lab Animal, vol. 53. Springer Nature, pp. 347–350,
2024.
ista: Lauwereyns J, Bajramovic J, Bert B, Camenzind S, De Kock J, Elezović A, Erden
S, Gonzalez-Uarquin F, Ulman YI, Hoffmann OI, Kitsara M, Kostomitsopoulos N, Neuhaus
W, Petit-Demouliere B, Pollo S, Riso B, Schober S, Sotiropoulos A, Thomas A, Vitale
A, Wilflingseder D, Ahluwalia A. 2024. Toward a common interpretation of the 3Rs
principles in animal research. Lab Animal. 53, 347–350.
mla: Lauwereyns, Jan, et al. “Toward a Common Interpretation of the 3Rs Principles
in Animal Research.” Lab Animal, vol. 53, Springer Nature, 2024, pp. 347–50,
doi:10.1038/s41684-024-01476-2.
short: J. Lauwereyns, J. Bajramovic, B. Bert, S. Camenzind, J. De Kock, A. Elezović,
S. Erden, F. Gonzalez-Uarquin, Y.I. Ulman, O.I. Hoffmann, M. Kitsara, N. Kostomitsopoulos,
W. Neuhaus, B. Petit-Demouliere, S. Pollo, B. Riso, S. Schober, A. Sotiropoulos,
A. Thomas, A. Vitale, D. Wilflingseder, A. Ahluwalia, Lab Animal 53 (2024) 347–350.
date_created: 2024-11-24T23:01:49Z
date_published: 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-08T14:50:31Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: PreCl
doi: 10.1038/s41684-024-01476-2
external_id:
isi:
- '001355264100001'
pmid:
- '39548348'
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creator: dernst
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date_updated: 2024-12-03T14:07:04Z
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intvolume: ' 53'
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language:
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license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '12'
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page: 347-350
pmid: 1
publication: Lab Animal
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1548-4475
issn:
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publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Toward a common interpretation of the 3Rs principles in animal research
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