---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '18730'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We present a robust method to derive the duty cycle of QSO activity based
    on the empirical QSO luminosity function and on the present-day linear relation
    between the masses of supermassive black holes and those of their spheroidal host
    stellar systems. It is found that the duty cycle is substantially less than unity,
    with characteristic values in the range 3-6 x 10-3. Finally, we tested the expectation
    that the QSO luminosity evolution and the star formation history should be roughly
    parallel, as a consequence of the above-mentioned relation between BH and galaxy
    masses.
alternative_title:
- ESO Astrophysics Symposia
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Luca
  full_name: Ciotti, Luca
  last_name: Ciotti
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
- first_name: Jeremiah P.
  full_name: Ostriker, Jeremiah P.
  last_name: Ostriker
citation:
  ama: 'Ciotti L, Haiman Z, Ostriker JP. What does the local black hole mass distribution
    tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity function? In: <i>Proceedings
    of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>.
    Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Nature; 2006:106-108. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25">10.1007/10899892_25</a>'
  apa: 'Ciotti, L., Haiman, Z., &#38; Ostriker, J. P. (2006). What does the local
    black hole mass distribution tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity
    function? In <i>Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
    München Workshop</i> (pp. 106–108). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25">https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25</a>'
  chicago: 'Ciotti, Luca, Zoltán Haiman, and Jeremiah P. Ostriker. “What Does the
    Local Black Hole Mass Distribution Tell Us about the Evolution of the Quasar Luminosity
    Function?” In <i>Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
    München Workshop</i>, 106–8. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Nature, 2006. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25">https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25</a>.'
  ieee: L. Ciotti, Z. Haiman, and J. P. Ostriker, “What does the local black hole
    mass distribution tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity function?,”
    in <i>Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
    München Workshop</i>, Venice, Italy, 2006, pp. 106–108.
  ista: Ciotti L, Haiman Z, Ostriker JP. 2006. What does the local black hole mass
    distribution tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity function? Proceedings
    of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop.
    European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop, ESO
    Astrophysics Symposia, , 106–108.
  mla: Ciotti, Luca, et al. “What Does the Local Black Hole Mass Distribution Tell
    Us about the Evolution of the Quasar Luminosity Function?” <i>Proceedings of the
    European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>,
    Springer Nature, 2006, pp. 106–08, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25">10.1007/10899892_25</a>.
  short: L. Ciotti, Z. Haiman, J.P. Ostriker, in:, Proceedings of the European Southern
    Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop, Springer Nature, Berlin/Heidelberg,
    2006, pp. 106–108.
conference:
  end_date: 2001-10-26
  location: Venice, Italy
  name: European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop
  start_date: 2001-10-24
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:24:48Z
date_published: 2006-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T12:21:03Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1007/10899892_25
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/0112131
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_25
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0112131
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 106-108
place: Berlin/Heidelberg
publication: Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
  München Workshop
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1611-6143
  isbn:
  - '9783540002055'
  issn:
  - 1431-2433
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: What does the local black hole mass distribution tell us about the evolution
  of the quasar luminosity function?
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2006'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '18731'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The first galaxies formed at high redshifts, and were likely substantially
    less massive than typical galaxies in the local universe. We argue that (1) the
    reionization of a clumpy intergalactic medium by redshift z=6, (2) its enrichment
    by metals by z=3 without disturbing the Lyman alpha forest, and (3) the presence
    of supermassive black holes powering the recently discovered bright quasars at
    z=6, strongly suggest that a population of low-mass galaxies exists beyond redshifts
    z>6. Although the first stars could have been born in dark matter halos with virial
    temperatures as low as Tvir=200K, collapsing as early as z=25, the first galaxies
    likely appeared in significant numbers only in halos with Tvir>10,000K that collapsed
    later (z=15). The gas in these more massive halos initially contracts isothermally
    to high densities by atomic Lyman alpha cooling. H2 molecules can then form efficiently
    via non-equilibrium gas-phase chemistry, allowing the gas to cool further to T=100K,
    and fragment on stellar mass scales. These halos can harbor the first generation
    of ``mini-galaxies'' that reionized the universe. The continuum and line emission
    from these sources, as well as their Lyman alpha cooling radiation, can be detected
    in the future by NGST and other instruments.
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
citation:
  ama: 'Haiman Z. The assembly of the first galaxies. In: <i>Proceedings of the European
    Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>. Springer
    Nature; 2006:316-323. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77">10.1007/10899892_77</a>'
  apa: 'Haiman, Z. (2006). The assembly of the first galaxies. In <i>Proceedings of
    the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>
    (pp. 316–323). Venice, Italy: Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77">https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77</a>'
  chicago: Haiman, Zoltán. “The Assembly of the First Galaxies.” In <i>Proceedings
    of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>,
    316–23. Springer Nature, 2006. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77">https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77</a>.
  ieee: Z. Haiman, “The assembly of the first galaxies,” in <i>Proceedings of the
    European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>,
    Venice, Italy, 2006, pp. 316–323.
  ista: Haiman Z. 2006. The assembly of the first galaxies. Proceedings of the European
    Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop. European Southern
    Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop, 316–323.
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán. “The Assembly of the First Galaxies.” <i>Proceedings of the
    European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop</i>,
    Springer Nature, 2006, pp. 316–23, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77">10.1007/10899892_77</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, in:, Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
    München Workshop, Springer Nature, 2006, pp. 316–323.
conference:
  end_date: 2001-10-26
  location: Venice, Italy
  name: European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop
  start_date: 2001-10-24
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:25:11Z
date_published: 2006-03-10T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T12:28:20Z
day: '10'
doi: 10.1007/10899892_77
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/0201173
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1007/10899892_77
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0201173
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 316-323
publication: Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte
  München Workshop
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1611-6143
  isbn:
  - '9783540002055'
  issn:
  - 1431-2433
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The assembly of the first galaxies
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2006'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '18728'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We discuss currently available observational constraints on the reionization
    history of the intergalactic medium (IGM), and the extent to which accreting black
    holes (BHs) can help explain these observations. We show new evidence, based on
    the combined statistics of Lyman α and β absorption in quasar spectra, that the
    IGM contains a significant amount of neutral hydrogen, and is experiencing rapid
    ionization at redshift z~ 6. However, we argue that quasar BHs, even faint ones
    that are below the detection thresholds of existing optical surveys, are unlikely
    to drive the evolution of the neutral fraction around this epoch, because they
    would over–produce the present–day soft X–ray background. On the other hand, the
    seeds of the z~ 6 quasar BHs likely appeared at much earlier epochs (z~ 20), and
    produced hard ionizing radiation by accretion. These early BHs are promising candidates
    to account for the high redshift (z~ 15) ionization implied by the recent cosmic
    microwave anisotropy data from WMAP. Using a model for the growth of BHs by accretion
    and mergers in a hierarchical cosmology, we suggest that the early growth of quasars
    must include a super-Eddington growth phase, and that, although not yet optically
    identified, the FIRST radio survey may have already detected several thousand
    >108M⊙ BHs at z>6.
alternative_title:
- ESO Astrophysics Symposia
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Dijkstra, M.
  last_name: Dijkstra
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Mesinger, A.
  last_name: Mesinger
citation:
  ama: 'Haiman Z, Dijkstra M, Mesinger A. The growth of the earliest supermassive
    black holes and their contribution to reionization. In: <i>Proceedings of the
    MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference</i>. Springer Nature; 2005:30-41. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1007/11403913_3">10.1007/11403913_3</a>'
  apa: 'Haiman, Z., Dijkstra, M., &#38; Mesinger, A. (2005). The growth of the earliest
    supermassive black holes and their contribution to reionization. In <i>Proceedings
    of the MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference</i> (pp. 30–41). Garching, Germany:
    Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/11403913_3">https://doi.org/10.1007/11403913_3</a>'
  chicago: Haiman, Zoltán, M. Dijkstra, and A. Mesinger. “The Growth of the Earliest
    Supermassive Black Holes and Their Contribution to Reionization.” In <i>Proceedings
    of the MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference</i>, 30–41. Springer Nature,
    2005. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/11403913_3">https://doi.org/10.1007/11403913_3</a>.
  ieee: Z. Haiman, M. Dijkstra, and A. Mesinger, “The growth of the earliest supermassive
    black holes and their contribution to reionization,” in <i>Proceedings of the
    MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference</i>, Garching, Germany, 2005, pp. 30–41.
  ista: Haiman Z, Dijkstra M, Mesinger A. 2005. The growth of the earliest supermassive
    black holes and their contribution to reionization. Proceedings of the MPA/ESO/MPE/USM
    Joint Astronomy Conference. MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference, ESO Astrophysics
    Symposia, , 30–41.
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán, et al. “The Growth of the Earliest Supermassive Black Holes
    and Their Contribution to Reionization.” <i>Proceedings of the MPA/ESO/MPE/USM
    Joint Astronomy Conference</i>, Springer Nature, 2005, pp. 30–41, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/11403913_3">10.1007/11403913_3</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, M. Dijkstra, A. Mesinger, in:, Proceedings of the MPA/ESO/MPE/USM
    Joint Astronomy Conference, Springer Nature, 2005, pp. 30–41.
conference:
  end_date: 2004-06-25
  location: Garching, Germany
  name: MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference
  start_date: 2004-06-21
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:24:03Z
date_published: 2005-12-22T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T11:33:38Z
day: '22'
doi: 10.1007/11403913_3
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - astro-ph/0409099
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1007/11403913_3
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0409099
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 30-41
publication: Proceedings of the MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1611-6143
  isbn:
  - '9783540252757'
  issn:
  - 1431-2433
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The growth of the earliest supermassive black holes and their contribution
  to reionization
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2005'
...
---
OA_type: closed access
_id: '18733'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'In hierarchical models of structure formation, an early cosmic UV background
    (UVB) is produced by the small (math formular) halos that collapse before cosmological
    reionization. If the first collapsed halos harbor stars, then their UV flux below
    13.6 eV photo-dissociates the molecular hydrogen H2 in subsequently collapsing
    halos within a large sphere of influence. This causes a pause in the cosmic star-formation
    history: the buildup of the UVB and the epoch of reionization are delayed until
    larger halos ( math formular) collapse. In contrast, if the small halos harbor
    mini-quasars with hard spectra extending to -1keV, then their X-rays balance the
    effects of the UVB, the negative feedback does not occur, and reionization can
    be caused early on by the small halos.'
alternative_title:
- ESO Astrophysics Symposia
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
citation:
  ama: 'Haiman Z. The radiative feedback from the first stars and quasars and the
    end of the dark age. In: <i>Proceedings of the MPA/ESO Workshop</i>. Berlin/Heidelberg:
    Springer-Verlag; 2000:219-224. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10719504_42">10.1007/10719504_42</a>'
  apa: 'Haiman, Z. (2000). The radiative feedback from the first stars and quasars
    and the end of the dark age. In <i>Proceedings of the MPA/ESO Workshop</i> (pp.
    219–224). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10719504_42">https://doi.org/10.1007/10719504_42</a>'
  chicago: 'Haiman, Zoltán. “The Radiative Feedback from the First Stars and Quasars
    and the End of the Dark Age.” In <i>Proceedings of the MPA/ESO Workshop</i>, 219–24.
    Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2000. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10719504_42">https://doi.org/10.1007/10719504_42</a>.'
  ieee: Z. Haiman, “The radiative feedback from the first stars and quasars and the
    end of the dark age,” in <i>Proceedings of the MPA/ESO Workshop</i>, Garching,
    Germany, 2000, pp. 219–224.
  ista: Haiman Z. 2000. The radiative feedback from the first stars and quasars and
    the end of the dark age. Proceedings of the MPA/ESO Workshop. MPA/ESO Workshop,
    ESO Astrophysics Symposia, , 219–224.
  mla: Haiman, Zoltán. “The Radiative Feedback from the First Stars and Quasars and
    the End of the Dark Age.” <i>Proceedings of the MPA/ESO Workshop</i>, Springer-Verlag,
    2000, pp. 219–24, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/10719504_42">10.1007/10719504_42</a>.
  short: Z. Haiman, in:, Proceedings of the MPA/ESO Workshop, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg,
    2000, pp. 219–224.
conference:
  end_date: 1999-08-06
  location: Garching, Germany
  name: MPA/ESO Workshop
  start_date: 1999-08-04
date_created: 2025-01-03T12:27:08Z
date_published: 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-01-07T12:40:11Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1007/10719504_42
extern: '1'
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1007/10719504_42
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 219-224
place: Berlin/Heidelberg
publication: Proceedings of the MPA/ESO Workshop
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1611-6143
  isbn:
  - '9783540464617'
  issn:
  - 1431-2433
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer-Verlag
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The radiative feedback from the first stars and quasars and the end of the
  dark age
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2000'
...