---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
_id: '17461'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Socially living animals can counteract disease through cooperative defences,
    leading to social immunity that collectively exceeds the sum of individual defences.
    In superorganismal colonies of social insects with permanent caste separation
    between reproductive queen(s) and nonreproducing workers, workers are obligate
    altruists and thus engage in unconditional social immunity, including highly specialised
    and self-sacrificial hygiene behaviours. Contrastingly, cooperation is facultative
    in cooperatively breeding families, where all members are reproductively totipotent
    but offspring transiently forgo reproduction to help their parents rear more siblings.
    Here, helpers should either express condition-dependent social immunity or disperse
    to pursue independent reproduction. We advocate inclusive fitness theory as a
    framework to predict when and how indirect fitness gains may outweigh direct fitness
    costs, thus favouring conditional social immunity.
acknowledgement: We thank Koos Boomsma and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive
  comments on the manuscript.
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
- first_name: Christopher
  full_name: Pull, Christopher
  id: 3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Pull
  orcid: 0000-0003-1122-3982
citation:
  ama: Cremer S, Pull C. Unconditional versus condition-dependent social immunity.
    <i>Trends in Parasitology</i>. 2024;40(9):780-787. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014">10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014</a>
  apa: Cremer, S., &#38; Pull, C. (2024). Unconditional versus condition-dependent
    social immunity. <i>Trends in Parasitology</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014</a>
  chicago: Cremer, Sylvia, and Christopher Pull. “Unconditional versus Condition-Dependent
    Social Immunity.” <i>Trends in Parasitology</i>. Elsevier, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014</a>.
  ieee: S. Cremer and C. Pull, “Unconditional versus condition-dependent social immunity,”
    <i>Trends in Parasitology</i>, vol. 40, no. 9. Elsevier, pp. 780–787, 2024.
  ista: Cremer S, Pull C. 2024. Unconditional versus condition-dependent social immunity.
    Trends in Parasitology. 40(9), 780–787.
  mla: Cremer, Sylvia, and Christopher Pull. “Unconditional versus Condition-Dependent
    Social Immunity.” <i>Trends in Parasitology</i>, vol. 40, no. 9, Elsevier, 2024,
    pp. 780–87, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014">10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014</a>.
  short: S. Cremer, C. Pull, Trends in Parasitology 40 (2024) 780–787.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2024-08-25T22:01:08Z
date_published: 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-08T09:01:42Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.014
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001307815700001'
  pmid:
  - '39152078'
file:
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  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-01-09T13:46:05Z
  date_updated: 2025-01-09T13:46:05Z
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has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        40'
isi: 1
issue: '9'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 780-787
pmid: 1
publication: Trends in Parasitology
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1471-5007
  issn:
  - 1471-4922
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Unconditional versus condition-dependent social immunity
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 40
year: '2024'
...