@article{17558, abstract = {The detection of starlight from the host galaxies of quasars during the reionization epoch (z > 6) has been elusive, even with deep Hubble Space Telescope observations1,2. The current highest redshift quasar host detected3, at z = 4.5, required the magnifying effect of a foreground lensing galaxy. Low-luminosity quasars4,5,6 from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP)7 mitigate the challenge of detecting their underlying, previously undetected host galaxies. Here we report rest-frame optical images and spectroscopy of two HSC-SSP quasars at z > 6 with the JWST. Using near-infrared camera imaging at 3.6 and 1.5 μm and subtracting the light from the unresolved quasars, we find that the host galaxies are massive (stellar masses of 13 × and 3.4 × 1010 M☉, respectively), compact and disc-like. Near-infrared spectroscopy at medium resolution shows stellar absorption lines in the more massive quasar, confirming the detection of the host. Velocity-broadened gas in the vicinity of these quasars enables measurements of their black hole masses (1.4 × 109 and 2.0 × 108 M☉, respectively). Their location in the black hole mass–stellar mass plane is consistent with the distribution at low redshift, suggesting that the relation between black holes and their host galaxies was already in place less than a billion years after the Big Bang.}, author = {Ding, Xuheng and Onoue, Masafusa and Silverman, John D. and Matsuoka, Yoshiki and Izumi, Takuma and Strauss, Michael A. and Jahnke, Knud and Phillips, Camryn L. and Li, Junyao and Volonteri, Marta and Haiman, Zoltán and Andika, Irham Taufik and Aoki, Kentaro and Baba, Shunsuke and Bieri, Rebekka and Bosman, Sarah E. I. and Bottrell, Connor and Eilers, Anna-Christina and Fujimoto, Seiji and Habouzit, Melanie and Imanishi, Masatoshi and Inayoshi, Kohei and Iwasawa, Kazushi and Kashikawa, Nobunari and Kawaguchi, Toshihiro and Kohno, Kotaro and Lee, Chien-Hsiu and Lupi, Alessandro and Lyu, Jianwei and Nagao, Tohru and Overzier, Roderik and Schindler, Jan-Torge and Schramm, Malte and Shimasaku, Kazuhiro and Toba, Yoshiki and Trakhtenbrot, Benny and Trebitsch, Maxime and Treu, Tommaso and Umehata, Hideki and Venemans, Bram P. and Vestergaard, Marianne and Walter, Fabian and Wang, Feige and Yang, Jinyi}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7977}, pages = {51--55}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, title = {{Detection of stellar light from quasar host galaxies at redshifts above 6}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06345-5}, volume = {621}, year = {2023}, } @article{17536, abstract = {There is some weak evidence that the black hole merger named GW190521 had a non-zero eccentricity. In addition, the component black holes' masses exceeded the limit predicted by stellar evolution. The large masses can be explained by successive mergers, which may be efficient in gas disks surrounding active galactic nuclei (AGN), but it is difficult to maintain an eccentric orbit all the way to the merger, as basic physics would argue for circularization. Here we show that AGN-disk environments can lead to an excess of eccentric mergers, if the interactions between single and binary black holes are frequent, and occur with mutual inclinations of less than a few degrees. We further illustrate that this eccentric population has a different distribution of the inclination between the spin vectors of the black holes and their orbital angular momentum at merger, referred to as the spin-orbit tilt, compared to the remaining circular mergers.}, author = {Samsing, J. and Bartos, I. and D’Orazio, D. J. and Haiman, Zoltán and Kocsis, B. and Leigh, N. W. C. and Liu, B. and Pessah, M. E. and Tagawa, H.}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7900}, pages = {237--240}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, title = {{AGN as potential factories for eccentric black hole mergers}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-04333-1}, volume = {603}, year = {2022}, } @article{18199, abstract = {The concept of a supersolid state combines the crystallization of a many-body system with dissipationless flow of the atoms from which it is built. This quantum phase requires the breaking of two continuous symmetries: the phase invariance of a superfluid and the continuous translational invariance to form the crystal1,2. Despite having been proposed for helium almost 50 years ago3,4, experimental verification of supersolidity remains elusive5,6. A variant with only discrete translational symmetry breaking on a preimposed lattice structure—the ‘lattice supersolid’7—has been realized, based on self-organization of a Bose–Einstein condensate8,9. However, lattice supersolids do not feature the continuous ground-state degeneracy that characterizes the supersolid state as originally proposed. Here we report the realization of a supersolid with continuous translational symmetry breaking along one direction in a quantum gas. The continuous symmetry that is broken emerges from two discrete spatial symmetries by symmetrically coupling a Bose–Einstein condensate to the modes of two optical cavities. We establish the phase coherence of the supersolid and find a high ground-state degeneracy by measuring the crystal position over many realizations through the light fields that leak from the cavities. These light fields are also used to monitor the position fluctuations in real time. Our concept provides a route to creating and studying glassy many-body systems with controllably lifted ground-state degeneracies, such as supersolids in the presence of disorder.}, author = {Leonard, Julian and Morales, Andrea and Zupancic, Philip and Esslinger, Tilman and Donner, Tobias}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7643}, pages = {87--90}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, title = {{Supersolid formation in a quantum gas breaking a continuous translational symmetry}}, doi = {10.1038/nature21067}, volume = {543}, year = {2017}, } @article{6117, abstract = {Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine: it mediates responses to pathogens or tissue damage, and drives autoimmune diseases. Little is known about its role in the nervous system. Here we show that IL-17 has neuromodulator-like properties in Caenorhabditis elegans. IL-17 can act directly on neurons to alter their response properties and contribution to behaviour. Using unbiased genetic screens, we delineate an IL-17 signalling pathway and show that it acts in the RMG hub interneurons. Disrupting IL-17 signalling reduces RMG responsiveness to input from oxygen sensors, and renders sustained escape from 21% oxygen transient and contingent on additional stimuli. Over-activating IL-17 receptors abnormally heightens responses to 21% oxygen in RMG neurons and whole animals. IL-17 deficiency can be bypassed by optogenetic stimulation of RMG. Inducing IL-17 expression in adults can rescue mutant defects within 6 h. These findings reveal a non-immunological role of IL-17 modulating circuit function and behaviour.}, author = {Chen, Changchun and Itakura, Eisuke and Nelson, Geoffrey M. and Sheng, Ming and Laurent, Patrick and Fenk, Lorenz A. and Butcher, Rebecca A. and Hegde, Ramanujan S. and de Bono, Mario}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7639}, pages = {43--48}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{IL-17 is a neuromodulator of Caenorhabditis elegans sensory responses}}, doi = {10.1038/nature20818}, volume = {542}, year = {2017}, } @article{17652, abstract = {Because most large galaxies contain a central black hole, and galaxies often merge, black-hole binaries are expected to be common in galactic nuclei. Although they cannot be imaged, periodicities in the light curves of quasars have been interpreted as evidence for binaries, most recently in PG~1302-102, with a short rest-frame optical period of 4 years. If the orbital period matches this value, then for the range of estimated black hole masses the components would be separated by 0.007-0.017 pc, implying relativistic orbital speeds. There has been much debate over whether black hole orbits could be smaller than 1 pc. Here we show that the amplitude and the sinusoid-like shape of the variability of PG~1302-102 can be fit by relativistic Doppler boosting of emission from a compact, steadily accreting, unequal-mass binary. We predict that brightness variations in the ultraviolet light curve track those in the optical, but with a 2-3 times larger amplitude. This prediction is relatively insensitive to the details of the emission process, and is consistent with archival UV data. Follow-up UV and optical observations in the next few years can test this prediction and confirm the existence of a binary black hole in the relativistic regime.}, author = {D'Orazio, Daniel J. and Haiman, Zoltán and Schiminovich, David}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7569}, pages = {351--353}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, title = {{Relativistic boost as the cause of periodicity in a massive black-hole binary candidate}}, doi = {10.1038/nature15262}, volume = {525}, year = {2015}, } @article{17701, abstract = {Independent lines of evidence suggest that the first stars, which ended the cosmic dark ages, came in pairs, rather than singly. This could change the prevailing view that the early Universe had a Swiss-cheese-like appearance.}, author = {Haiman, Zoltán}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7341}, pages = {47--48}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, title = {{A smoother end to the dark ages}}, doi = {10.1038/472047a}, volume = {472}, year = {2011}, } @article{6144, abstract = {Behaviours evolve by iterations of natural selection, but we have few insights into the molecular and neural mechanisms involved. Here we show that some Caenorhabditis elegans wild strains switch between two foraging behaviours in response to subtle changes in ambient oxygen. This finely tuned switch is conferred by a naturally variable hexacoordinated globin, GLB-5. GLB-5 acts with the atypical soluble guanylate cyclases1,2,3, which are a different type of oxygen binding protein, to tune the dynamic range of oxygen-sensing neurons close to atmospheric (21%) concentrations. Calcium imaging indicates that one group of these neurons is activated when oxygen rises towards 21%, and is inhibited as oxygen drops below 21%. The soluble guanylate cyclase GCY-35 is required for high oxygen to activate the neurons; GLB-5 provides inhibitory input when oxygen decreases below 21%. Together, these oxygen binding proteins tune neuronal and behavioural responses to a narrow oxygen concentration range close to atmospheric levels. The effect of the glb-5 gene on oxygen sensing and foraging is modified by the naturally variable neuropeptide receptor npr-1 (refs 4, 5), providing insights into how polygenic variation reshapes neural circuit function.}, author = {Persson, Annelie and Gross, Einav and Laurent, Patrick and Busch, Karl Emanuel and Bretes, Hugo and de Bono, Mario}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7241}, pages = {1030--1033}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Natural variation in a neural globin tunes oxygen sensing in wild Caenorhabditis elegans}}, doi = {10.1038/nature07820}, volume = {458}, year = {2009}, } @article{17808, abstract = {Four recent observational results have challenged our understanding of high--redshift galaxies, as they require the presence of far more ultraviolet photons than should be emitted by normal stellar populations. First, there is significant ultraviolet emission from Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at wavelenghts shorter than 912Å. Second, there is strong Lyman alpha emission from extended ``blobs'' with little or no associated apparent ionizing continuum. Third, there is a population of galaxies with unusually strong Lyman-alpha emission lines. And fourth, there is a strong HeII (1640 Å) emission line in a composite of LBGs. The proposed explanations for the first three observations are internally inconsistent, and the fourth puzzle has remained hitherto unexplained. Here we show that all four problems are resolved simultaneously if 10-30 percent of the stars in many galaxies at z ~ 3-4 are mainly primordial - unenriched by elements heavier than helium ('metals'). Most models of hierarchical galaxy formation assume efficient intra--galactic metal mixing, and therefore do not predict metal-free star formation at redshifts significantly below z ~5. Our results imply that micro-mixing of metals within galaxies is inefficient on a ~ Gyr time-scale, a conclusion that can be verified with higher resolution simulations, and future observations of the HeII emission line.}, author = {Jimenez, Raul and Haiman, Zoltán}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7083}, pages = {501--504}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, title = {{Significant primordial star formation at redshifts z ≈ 3–4}}, doi = {10.1038/nature04580}, volume = {440}, year = {2006}, } @article{17792, abstract = {Which came first, the stars and gas that make up a galaxy, or the giant black hole at its centre? Observations of a distant galaxy, caught as it forms, could help solve this chicken-and-egg problem.}, author = {Haiman, Zoltán}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7003}, pages = {979--980}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, title = {{Caught in the act?}}, doi = {10.1038/430979a}, volume = {430}, year = {2004}, } @article{18369, author = {Bronstein, Michael M. and Bronstein, Alexander}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {6917}, pages = {739--739}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Biometrics was no match for hair-raising tricks}}, doi = {10.1038/420739a}, volume = {420}, year = {2002}, }