---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
_id: '19857'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Bacteria have evolved a wide range of defence strategies to protect themselves
against bacterial viruses (phages). Most known bacterial antiphage defence systems
target phages with DNA genomes, which raises the question of how bacteria defend
against phages with RNA genomes. Bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems that cleave
intracellular RNA could potentially protect bacteria against RNA phages, but this
has not been explored experimentally. In this study, we investigated the role
of a model toxin–antitoxin system, MazEF, in protecting Escherichia coli against
two RNA phage species. When challenged with these phages, the native presence
of mazEF moderately reduced population susceptibility and increased the survival
of individual E. coli cells. Genomic analysis further revealed an underrepresentation
of the MazF cleavage site in genomes of RNA phages infecting E. coli, indicating
selection against cleavage. These results show that, in addition to other physiological
roles, RNA-degrading toxin–antitoxin systems may also help defend against RNA
phages.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: This work was supported by ISTFELLOW (People Program – Marie Curie
Actions of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program FP7 under REA grant agreement
291734), the FWF (Austrian Science Fund) Elise Richter Program project number V
738 and the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Award (WT105618MA), to
N.N. M.P. was a Simons Foundation Fellow of the Life Sciences Research Foundation.
We are grateful to Kathrin Tomasek, Lisa Butt, Chris Estell, Alys Jepson, Franklin
Nobrega, Stefano Pagliara, Remy Chait, Steve West, Vicki Gold, Josh Eaton, Ivana
Gudelj and Rob Beardmore for useful discussions and technical support, as well as
to Robin Wright, Christian Fitch and Ben Temperton for sharing equipment. We thank
Laurence Van Melderen for sharing the strains. We acknowledge the IST Austria Lab
Support Facility, LSI Technical Services Team at the University of Exeter and the
Translational Research Exchange @ Exeter (TREE) network. N.N. is grateful to Fabrice
Gielen for his support.
article_number: '20250080'
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nela
full_name: Nikolic, Nela
id: 42D9CABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Nikolic
orcid: 0000-0001-9068-6090
- first_name: Maros
full_name: Pleska, Maros
id: 4569785E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Pleska
orcid: 0000-0001-7460-7479
- first_name: Tobias
full_name: Bergmiller, Tobias
id: 2C471CFA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Bergmiller
orcid: 0000-0001-5396-4346
- first_name: Calin C
full_name: Guet, Calin C
id: 47F8433E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Guet
orcid: 0000-0001-6220-2052
citation:
ama: Nikolic N, Pleska M, Bergmiller T, Guet CC. A bacterial toxin-antitoxin system
as a native defence element against RNA phages. Biology Letters. 2025;21(6).
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2025.0080
apa: Nikolic, N., Pleska, M., Bergmiller, T., & Guet, C. C. (2025). A bacterial
toxin-antitoxin system as a native defence element against RNA phages. Biology
Letters. The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2025.0080
chicago: Nikolic, Nela, Maros Pleska, Tobias Bergmiller, and Calin C Guet. “A Bacterial
Toxin-Antitoxin System as a Native Defence Element against RNA Phages.” Biology
Letters. The Royal Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2025.0080.
ieee: N. Nikolic, M. Pleska, T. Bergmiller, and C. C. Guet, “A bacterial toxin-antitoxin
system as a native defence element against RNA phages,” Biology Letters,
vol. 21, no. 6. The Royal Society, 2025.
ista: Nikolic N, Pleska M, Bergmiller T, Guet CC. 2025. A bacterial toxin-antitoxin
system as a native defence element against RNA phages. Biology Letters. 21(6),
20250080.
mla: Nikolic, Nela, et al. “A Bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin System as a Native Defence
Element against RNA Phages.” Biology Letters, vol. 21, no. 6, 20250080,
The Royal Society, 2025, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2025.0080.
short: N. Nikolic, M. Pleska, T. Bergmiller, C.C. Guet, Biology Letters 21 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-06-22T22:02:06Z
date_published: 2025-06-11T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-30T13:38:08Z
day: '11'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: CaGu
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2025.0080
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '001505019800001'
pmid:
- '40494395'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 016f644ed068f8609ded306ad26dbd3f
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2025-06-23T11:34:39Z
date_updated: 2025-06-23T11:34:39Z
file_id: '19873'
file_name: 2025_BiologyLetters_Nikolic.pdf
file_size: 1850797
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-06-23T11:34:39Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 21'
isi: 1
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FP7
grant_number: '291734'
name: International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme
- _id: 26956E74-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FWF
grant_number: V00738
name: Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems as antiphage defense mechanisms
publication: Biology Letters
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1744-957X
issn:
- 1744-9561
publication_status: published
publisher: The Royal Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A bacterial toxin-antitoxin system as a native defence element against RNA
phages
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 21
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '6467'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Fitness interactions between mutations can influence a population’s evolution
in many different ways. While epistatic effects are difficult to measure precisely,
important information is captured by the mean and variance of log fitnesses for
individuals carrying different numbers of mutations. We derive predictions for
these quantities from a class of simple fitness landscapes, based on models of
optimizing selection on quantitative traits. We also explore extensions to the
models, including modular pleiotropy, variable effect sizes, mutational bias and
maladaptation of the wild type. We illustrate our approach by reanalysing a large
dataset of mutant effects in a yeast snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA). Though characterized
by some large epistatic effects, these data give a good overall fit to the non-epistatic
null model, suggesting that epistasis might have limited influence on the evolutionary
dynamics in this system. We also show how the amount of epistasis depends on both
the underlying fitness landscape and the distribution of mutations, and so is
expected to vary in consistent ways between new mutations, standing variation
and fixed mutations.
article_number: '0881'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christelle
full_name: Fraisse, Christelle
id: 32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Fraisse
orcid: 0000-0001-8441-5075
- first_name: John J.
full_name: Welch, John J.
last_name: Welch
citation:
ama: Fraisse C, Welch JJ. The distribution of epistasis on simple fitness landscapes.
Biology Letters. 2019;15(4). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0881
apa: Fraisse, C., & Welch, J. J. (2019). The distribution of epistasis on simple
fitness landscapes. Biology Letters. Royal Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0881
chicago: Fraisse, Christelle, and John J. Welch. “The Distribution of Epistasis
on Simple Fitness Landscapes.” Biology Letters. Royal Society of London,
2019. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0881.
ieee: C. Fraisse and J. J. Welch, “The distribution of epistasis on simple fitness
landscapes,” Biology Letters, vol. 15, no. 4. Royal Society of London,
2019.
ista: Fraisse C, Welch JJ. 2019. The distribution of epistasis on simple fitness
landscapes. Biology Letters. 15(4), 0881.
mla: Fraisse, Christelle, and John J. Welch. “The Distribution of Epistasis on Simple
Fitness Landscapes.” Biology Letters, vol. 15, no. 4, 0881, Royal Society
of London, 2019, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0881.
short: C. Fraisse, J.J. Welch, Biology Letters 15 (2019).
date_created: 2019-05-19T21:59:15Z
date_published: 2019-04-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-18T19:05:03Z
day: '03'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
- _id: NiBa
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0881
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '000465405300010'
pmid:
- '31014191'
intvolume: ' 15'
isi: 1
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0881
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FP7
grant_number: '291734'
name: International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme
publication: Biology Letters
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1744-957X
issn:
- 1744-9561
publication_status: published
publisher: Royal Society of London
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: supplementary_material
url: https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4461008
record:
- id: '9799'
relation: research_data
status: public
- id: '9798'
relation: research_data
status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The distribution of epistasis on simple fitness landscapes
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 15
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '558'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Immune specificity is the degree to which a host’s immune system discriminates
among various pathogens or antigenic variants. Vertebrate immune memory is highly
specific due to antibody responses. On the other hand, some invertebrates show
immune priming, i.e. improved survival after secondary exposure to a previously
encountered pathogen. Until now, specificity of priming has only been demonstrated
via the septic infection route or when live pathogens were used for priming. Therefore,
we tested for specificity in the oral priming route in the red flour beetle, Tribolium
castaneum. For priming, we used pathogen-free supernatants derived from three
different strains of the entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, which express
different Cry toxin variants known for their toxicity against this beetle. Subsequent
exposure to the infective spores showed that oral priming was specific for two
naturally occurring strains, while a third engineered strain did not induce any
priming effect. Our data demonstrate that oral immune priming with a non-infectious
bacterial agent can be specific, but the priming effect is not universal across
all bacterial strains.
article_number: '0632'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Momir
full_name: Futo, Momir
last_name: Futo
- first_name: Marie
full_name: Sell, Marie
last_name: Sell
- first_name: Megan
full_name: Kutzer, Megan
id: 29D0B332-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Kutzer
orcid: 0000-0002-8696-6978
- first_name: Joachim
full_name: Kurtz, Joachim
last_name: Kurtz
citation:
ama: Futo M, Sell M, Kutzer M, Kurtz J. Specificity of oral immune priming in the
red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Biology Letters. 2017;13(12). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0632
apa: Futo, M., Sell, M., Kutzer, M., & Kurtz, J. (2017). Specificity of oral
immune priming in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Biology Letters.
The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0632
chicago: Futo, Momir, Marie Sell, Megan Kutzer, and Joachim Kurtz. “Specificity
of Oral Immune Priming in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium Castaneum.” Biology
Letters. The Royal Society, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0632.
ieee: M. Futo, M. Sell, M. Kutzer, and J. Kurtz, “Specificity of oral immune priming
in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum,” Biology Letters, vol. 13,
no. 12. The Royal Society, 2017.
ista: Futo M, Sell M, Kutzer M, Kurtz J. 2017. Specificity of oral immune priming
in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Biology Letters. 13(12), 0632.
mla: Futo, Momir, et al. “Specificity of Oral Immune Priming in the Red Flour Beetle
Tribolium Castaneum.” Biology Letters, vol. 13, no. 12, 0632, The Royal
Society, 2017, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0632.
short: M. Futo, M. Sell, M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, Biology Letters 13 (2017).
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:47:10Z
date_published: 2017-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-11T08:07:58Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0632
external_id:
isi:
- '000418695400010'
pmid:
- '29237813'
intvolume: ' 13'
isi: 1
issue: '12'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '12'
oa_version: None
pmid: 1
publication: Biology Letters
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1744-9561
publication_status: published
publisher: The Royal Society
publist_id: '7255'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Specificity of oral immune priming in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 13
year: '2017'
...
---
_id: '561'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Restriction–modification systems are widespread genetic elements that protect
bacteria from bacteriophage infections by recognizing and cleaving heterologous
DNA at short, well-defined sequences called restriction sites. Bioinformatic evidence
shows that restriction sites are significantly underrepresented in bacteriophage
genomes, presumably because bacteriophages with fewer restriction sites are more
likely to escape cleavage by restriction–modification systems. However, how mutations
in restriction sites affect the likelihood of bacteriophage escape is unknown.
Using the bacteriophage l and the restriction–modification system EcoRI, we show
that while mutation effects at different restriction sites are unequal, they are
independent. As a result, the probability of bacteriophage escape increases with
each mutated restriction site. Our results experimentally support the role of
restriction site avoidance as a response to selection imposed by restriction–modification
systems and offer an insight into the events underlying the process of bacteriophage
escape.
acknowledgement: This work was funded by an HFSP Young Investigators' grant RGY0079/2011
(C.C.G.). M.P. is a recipient of a DOC Fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Science
at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
article_number: '20170646'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Maros
full_name: Pleska, Maros
id: 4569785E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Pleska
orcid: 0000-0001-7460-7479
- first_name: Calin C
full_name: Guet, Calin C
id: 47F8433E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Guet
orcid: 0000-0001-6220-2052
citation:
ama: Pleska M, Guet CC. Effects of mutations in phage restriction sites during escape
from restriction–modification. Biology Letters. 2017;13(12). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0646
apa: Pleska, M., & Guet, C. C. (2017). Effects of mutations in phage restriction
sites during escape from restriction–modification. Biology Letters. The
Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0646
chicago: Pleska, Maros, and Calin C Guet. “Effects of Mutations in Phage Restriction
Sites during Escape from Restriction–Modification.” Biology Letters. The
Royal Society, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0646.
ieee: M. Pleska and C. C. Guet, “Effects of mutations in phage restriction sites
during escape from restriction–modification,” Biology Letters, vol. 13,
no. 12. The Royal Society, 2017.
ista: Pleska M, Guet CC. 2017. Effects of mutations in phage restriction sites during
escape from restriction–modification. Biology Letters. 13(12), 20170646.
mla: Pleska, Maros, and Calin C. Guet. “Effects of Mutations in Phage Restriction
Sites during Escape from Restriction–Modification.” Biology Letters, vol.
13, no. 12, 20170646, The Royal Society, 2017, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0646.
short: M. Pleska, C.C. Guet, Biology Letters 13 (2017).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:47:11Z
date_published: 2017-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-18T18:54:20Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: CaGu
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0646
external_id:
isi:
- '000418695400012'
pmid:
- '29237814'
intvolume: ' 13'
isi: 1
issue: '12'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0646
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 251BCBEC-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
grant_number: RGY0079/2011
name: Multi-Level Conflicts in Evolutionary Dynamics of Restriction-Modification
Systems
- _id: 251D65D8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
grant_number: '24210'
name: Effects of Stochasticity on the Function of Restriction-Modi cation Systems
at the Single-Cell Level
publication: Biology Letters
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1744-9561
publication_status: published
publisher: The Royal Society
publist_id: '7253'
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
record:
- id: '9847'
relation: research_data
status: public
- id: '202'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Effects of mutations in phage restriction sites during escape from restriction–modification
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 13
year: '2017'
...
---
OA_type: closed access
_id: '3907'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Wingless males of the ant genus Cardiocondyla engage in fatal fighting for
access to female sexual nestmates. Older, heavily sclerotized males are usually
capable of eliminating all younger rivals, whose cuticle is still soft. In Cardiocondyla
sp. A, this type of local mate competition (LMC) has turned the standard pattern
of brood production of social insects upside down, in that mother queens in multi-queen
colonies produce extremely long-lived sons very early in the life cycle of the
colony. Here, we investigated the emergence pattern of sexuals in two species
with LMC, in which males are much less long-lived. Queens of Cardiocondyla obscurior
and Cardiocondyla minutior reared their first sons significantly earlier in multi-queen
than in single-queen societies. In addition, first female sexuals also emerged
earlier in multi-queen colonies, so that early males had mating opportunities.
Hence, the timing of sexual production appears to be well predicted by evolutionary
theory, in particular by local mate and queen–queen competition. '
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Masaki
full_name: Suefuji, Masaki
last_name: Suefuji
- first_name: Sylvia
full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Cremer
orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Oettler, Jan
last_name: Oettler
- first_name: Jürgen
full_name: Heinze, Jürgen
last_name: Heinze
citation:
ama: Suefuji M, Cremer S, Oettler J, Heinze J. Queen number influences the timing
of the sexual production in colonies of Cardiocondyla ants. Biology Letters.
2008;4(6):670-673. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0355
apa: Suefuji, M., Cremer, S., Oettler, J., & Heinze, J. (2008). Queen number
influences the timing of the sexual production in colonies of Cardiocondyla ants.
Biology Letters. The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0355
chicago: Suefuji, Masaki, Sylvia Cremer, Jan Oettler, and Jürgen Heinze. “Queen
Number Influences the Timing of the Sexual Production in Colonies of Cardiocondyla
Ants.” Biology Letters. The Royal Society, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0355.
ieee: M. Suefuji, S. Cremer, J. Oettler, and J. Heinze, “Queen number influences
the timing of the sexual production in colonies of Cardiocondyla ants,” Biology
Letters, vol. 4, no. 6. The Royal Society, pp. 670–673, 2008.
ista: Suefuji M, Cremer S, Oettler J, Heinze J. 2008. Queen number influences the
timing of the sexual production in colonies of Cardiocondyla ants. Biology Letters.
4(6), 670–673.
mla: Suefuji, Masaki, et al. “Queen Number Influences the Timing of the Sexual Production
in Colonies of Cardiocondyla Ants.” Biology Letters, vol. 4, no. 6, The
Royal Society, 2008, pp. 670–73, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0355.
short: M. Suefuji, S. Cremer, J. Oettler, J. Heinze, Biology Letters 4 (2008) 670–673.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:05:49Z
date_published: 2008-12-23T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-02T08:58:39Z
day: '23'
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0355
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '18700195'
intvolume: ' 4'
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '12'
oa_version: None
page: 670 - 673
pmid: 1
publication: Biology Letters
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1744-957X
issn:
- 1744-9561
publication_status: published
publisher: The Royal Society
publist_id: '2248'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Queen number influences the timing of the sexual production in colonies of
Cardiocondyla ants
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 4
year: '2008'
...
---
_id: '7753'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'In many species, females show reduced expression of a trait that is under
sexual selection in males, and this expression is thought to be maintained through
genetic associations with the male phenotype. However, there is also the potential
for the female trait to convey an advantage in intrasexual conflicts over resources.
We tested this hypothesis in a feral population of Soay sheep, in which males
and females have a polymorphism for horn development, producing either full (normal
horned), reduced (scurred) or no (polled, females only) horns. During the lambing
period, females who possessed horns were more likely to initiate and win aggressive
interactions, independent of age, weight and birthing status. The occurrence of
aggression was also context dependent, decreasing over the lambing period and
associated with local density. Our results demonstrate that a trait that confers
benefits to males during intrasexual competition for mates may also be used by
females in intrasexual competition over resources: males use weaponry to gain
mates, whereas females use weaponry to gain food.'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Matthew Richard
full_name: Robinson, Matthew Richard
id: E5D42276-F5DA-11E9-8E24-6303E6697425
last_name: Robinson
orcid: 0000-0001-8982-8813
- first_name: Loeske E.B
full_name: Kruuk, Loeske E.B
last_name: Kruuk
citation:
ama: 'Robinson MR, Kruuk LE. Function of weaponry in females: The use of horns in
intrasexual competition for resources in female Soay sheep. Biology Letters.
2007;3(6):651-654. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0278'
apa: 'Robinson, M. R., & Kruuk, L. E. . (2007). Function of weaponry in females:
The use of horns in intrasexual competition for resources in female Soay sheep.
Biology Letters. The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0278'
chicago: 'Robinson, Matthew Richard, and Loeske E.B Kruuk. “Function of Weaponry
in Females: The Use of Horns in Intrasexual Competition for Resources in Female
Soay Sheep.” Biology Letters. The Royal Society, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0278.'
ieee: 'M. R. Robinson and L. E. . Kruuk, “Function of weaponry in females: The use
of horns in intrasexual competition for resources in female Soay sheep,” Biology
Letters, vol. 3, no. 6. The Royal Society, pp. 651–654, 2007.'
ista: 'Robinson MR, Kruuk LE. 2007. Function of weaponry in females: The use of
horns in intrasexual competition for resources in female Soay sheep. Biology Letters.
3(6), 651–654.'
mla: 'Robinson, Matthew Richard, and Loeske E. .. Kruuk. “Function of Weaponry in
Females: The Use of Horns in Intrasexual Competition for Resources in Female Soay
Sheep.” Biology Letters, vol. 3, no. 6, The Royal Society, 2007, pp. 651–54,
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0278.'
short: M.R. Robinson, L.E.. Kruuk, Biology Letters 3 (2007) 651–654.
date_created: 2020-04-30T11:02:28Z
date_published: 2007-08-21T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:15:18Z
day: '21'
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0278
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '17711817'
intvolume: ' 3'
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0278
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 651-654
pmid: 1
publication: Biology Letters
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1744-9561
- 1744-957X
publication_status: published
publisher: The Royal Society
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Function of weaponry in females: The use of horns in intrasexual competition
for resources in female Soay sheep'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 3
year: '2007'
...