---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '20182'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Sex chromosomes have evolved many times throughout the tree of life, and understanding
    what has shaped their unusual morphological, sequence, and regulatory features
    has been a long-standing goal. Most early insights into insect sex chromosome
    biology came from a few model species, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster,
    which limited broad-scale evolutionary inferences. More recently, extensive comparative
    genomics studies have uncovered several unexpected patterns, which we highlight
    in this review. First, we describe the conservation of the ancestral X chromosome
    over 450 million years but also its recurrent turnover (i.e. its reversal to an
    autosome when a new X chromosome arose) in at least one order. We then summarize
    classical and more recent findings on how insects modulate the expression of X-linked
    genes following the degradation of the Y chromosome and how the diverse mechanisms
    of dosage compensation identified may elucidate important principles of sex chromosome
    regulatory evolution.
acknowledgement: This work was supported by an Austrian Research Fund (FWF) grant
  to B.V. (PAT 8748323) and by the Louisiana Board of Regents Research Competitiveness
  Subprogram (LEQSF(2025-28)-RD-A-20) to MAT.
article_number: '101411'
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Melissa A
  full_name: Toups, Melissa A
  id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Toups
  orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380
- first_name: Beatriz
  full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
  id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vicoso
  orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
  ama: 'Toups MA, Vicoso B. Insect sex chromosome evolution: Conservation, turnover,
    and mechanisms of dosage compensation. <i>Current Opinion in Insect Science</i>.
    2025;72. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411">10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411</a>'
  apa: 'Toups, M. A., &#38; Vicoso, B. (2025). Insect sex chromosome evolution: Conservation,
    turnover, and mechanisms of dosage compensation. <i>Current Opinion in Insect
    Science</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411</a>'
  chicago: 'Toups, Melissa A, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Insect Sex Chromosome Evolution:
    Conservation, Turnover, and Mechanisms of Dosage Compensation.” <i>Current Opinion
    in Insect Science</i>. Elsevier, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. A. Toups and B. Vicoso, “Insect sex chromosome evolution: Conservation,
    turnover, and mechanisms of dosage compensation,” <i>Current Opinion in Insect
    Science</i>, vol. 72. Elsevier, 2025.'
  ista: 'Toups MA, Vicoso B. 2025. Insect sex chromosome evolution: Conservation,
    turnover, and mechanisms of dosage compensation. Current Opinion in Insect Science.
    72, 101411.'
  mla: 'Toups, Melissa A., and Beatriz Vicoso. “Insect Sex Chromosome Evolution: Conservation,
    Turnover, and Mechanisms of Dosage Compensation.” <i>Current Opinion in Insect
    Science</i>, vol. 72, 101411, Elsevier, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411">10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411</a>.'
  short: M.A. Toups, B. Vicoso, Current Opinion in Insect Science 72 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-08-17T22:01:35Z
date_published: 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-12-30T13:14:38Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001582424100001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 262640abc34277686b56eb60102976f6
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-12-30T13:14:20Z
  date_updated: 2025-12-30T13:14:20Z
  file_id: '20917'
  file_name: 2025_CurrOpinionInsectScience_Toups.pdf
  file_size: 897079
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-12-30T13:14:20Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        72'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 8ed82125-16d5-11f0-9cad-fbcae312235b
  grant_number: PAT 8748323
  name: Sex chromosomes in evolution and development
publication: Current Opinion in Insect Science
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2214-5753
  issn:
  - 2214-5745
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Insect sex chromosome evolution: Conservation, turnover, and mechanisms of
  dosage compensation'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 72
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '6415'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Ant invasions are often harmful to native species communities. Their pathogens
    and host disease defense mechanisms may be one component of their devastating
    success. First, they can introduce harmful diseases to their competitors in the
    introduced range, to which they themselves are tolerant. Second, their supercolonial
    social structure of huge multi-queen nest networks means that they will harbor
    a broad pathogen spectrum and high pathogen load while remaining resilient, unlike
    the smaller, territorial colonies of the native species. Thus, it is likely that
    invasive ants act as a disease reservoir, promoting their competitive advantage
    and invasive success.
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
citation:
  ama: Cremer S. Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants. <i>Current Opinion
    in Insect Science</i>. 2019;33:63-68. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011">10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011</a>
  apa: Cremer, S. (2019). Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants. <i>Current
    Opinion in Insect Science</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011</a>
  chicago: Cremer, Sylvia. “Pathogens and Disease Defense of Invasive Ants.” <i>Current
    Opinion in Insect Science</i>. Elsevier, 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011</a>.
  ieee: S. Cremer, “Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants,” <i>Current Opinion
    in Insect Science</i>, vol. 33. Elsevier, pp. 63–68, 2019.
  ista: Cremer S. 2019. Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants. Current Opinion
    in Insect Science. 33, 63–68.
  mla: Cremer, Sylvia. “Pathogens and Disease Defense of Invasive Ants.” <i>Current
    Opinion in Insect Science</i>, vol. 33, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 63–68, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011">10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011</a>.
  short: S. Cremer, Current Opinion in Insect Science 33 (2019) 63–68.
date_created: 2019-05-13T07:58:36Z
date_published: 2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-07-10T11:53:22Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000477666000012'
intvolume: '        33'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa_version: None
page: 63-68
publication: Current Opinion in Insect Science
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2214-5753
  issn:
  - 2214-5745
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 33
year: '2019'
...