---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '21527'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Optical metasurfaces have been heralded as the platform to integrate multiple
    functionalities in a compact form-factor, with the potential to replace bulky
    optical components. A central stepping stone toward realizing this promise is
    the demonstration of multifunctionality under several constraints (e.g., at multiple
    incident wavelengths and/or angles) in a single device, an achievement being hampered
    by design limitations inherent to single-layer planar geometries. Here, we propose
    a framework for the inverse design of multilayer metaoptics via topology optimization,
    showing that even few-wavelength thick devices can achieve high-efficiency multifunctionality,
    such as multiangle light concentration and plan-achromaticity. We embody our framework
    in multiple closely spaced patterned layers of a low-index polymer, with fabrication
    constraints specific to this platform enforced in the optimization process. We
    experimentally demonstrate our approach with an inverse-designed 3D-printed light
    concentrator working at five different nonparaxial angles of incidence. Our framework
    paves the way toward realizing multifunctional ultracompact 3D nanophotonic devices.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: letter_note
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Charles
  full_name: Roques-Carmes, Charles
  id: e2e68fc9-6505-11ef-a541-eb4e72cc3e82
  last_name: Roques-Carmes
- first_name: Zin
  full_name: Lin, Zin
  last_name: Lin
- first_name: Rasmus E.
  full_name: Christiansen, Rasmus E.
  last_name: Christiansen
- first_name: Yannick
  full_name: Salamin, Yannick
  last_name: Salamin
- first_name: Steven E.
  full_name: Kooi, Steven E.
  last_name: Kooi
- first_name: John D.
  full_name: Joannopoulos, John D.
  last_name: Joannopoulos
- first_name: Steven G.
  full_name: Johnson, Steven G.
  last_name: Johnson
- first_name: Marin
  full_name: Soljačić, Marin
  last_name: Soljačić
citation:
  ama: Roques-Carmes C, Lin Z, Christiansen RE, et al. Toward 3D-printed inverse-designed
    metaoptics. <i>ACS Photonics</i>. 2022;9(1):43-51. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442">10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442</a>
  apa: Roques-Carmes, C., Lin, Z., Christiansen, R. E., Salamin, Y., Kooi, S. E.,
    Joannopoulos, J. D., … Soljačić, M. (2022). Toward 3D-printed inverse-designed
    metaoptics. <i>ACS Photonics</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442</a>
  chicago: Roques-Carmes, Charles, Zin Lin, Rasmus E. Christiansen, Yannick Salamin,
    Steven E. Kooi, John D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, and Marin Soljačić. “Toward
    3D-Printed Inverse-Designed Metaoptics.” <i>ACS Photonics</i>. American Chemical
    Society, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442</a>.
  ieee: C. Roques-Carmes <i>et al.</i>, “Toward 3D-printed inverse-designed metaoptics,”
    <i>ACS Photonics</i>, vol. 9, no. 1. American Chemical Society, pp. 43–51, 2022.
  ista: Roques-Carmes C, Lin Z, Christiansen RE, Salamin Y, Kooi SE, Joannopoulos
    JD, Johnson SG, Soljačić M. 2022. Toward 3D-printed inverse-designed metaoptics.
    ACS Photonics. 9(1), 43–51.
  mla: Roques-Carmes, Charles, et al. “Toward 3D-Printed Inverse-Designed Metaoptics.”
    <i>ACS Photonics</i>, vol. 9, no. 1, American Chemical Society, 2022, pp. 43–51,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442">10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442</a>.
  short: C. Roques-Carmes, Z. Lin, R.E. Christiansen, Y. Salamin, S.E. Kooi, J.D.
    Joannopoulos, S.G. Johnson, M. Soljačić, ACS Photonics 9 (2022) 43–51.
date_created: 2026-03-30T12:22:47Z
date_published: 2022-01-07T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-27T09:14:46Z
day: '07'
ddc:
- '530'
doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2105.11326'
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01442
intvolume: '         9'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- metasurfaces
- inverse design
- multilayered metaoptics
- 3D printing
- topology optimization
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.11326
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 43-51
publication: ACS Photonics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2330-4022
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Toward 3D-printed inverse-designed metaoptics
type: journal_article
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
volume: 9
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '8586'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of cellular specimens provides insights
    into biological processes and structures within a native context. However, a major
    challenge still lies in the efficient and reproducible preparation of adherent
    cells for subsequent cryo-EM analysis. This is due to the sensitivity of many
    cellular specimens to the varying seeding and culturing conditions required for
    EM experiments, the often limited amount of cellular material and also the fragility
    of EM grids and their substrate. Here, we present low-cost and reusable 3D printed
    grid holders, designed to improve specimen preparation when culturing challenging
    cellular samples directly on grids. The described grid holders increase cell culture
    reproducibility and throughput, and reduce the resources required for cell culturing.
    We show that grid holders can be integrated into various cryo-EM workflows, including
    micro-patterning approaches to control cell seeding on grids, and for generating
    samples for cryo-focused ion beam milling and cryo-electron tomography experiments.
    Their adaptable design allows for the generation of specialized grid holders customized
    to a large variety of applications.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: Bio
- _id: EM-Fac
acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, P33367)
  to FKMS. BZ acknowledges support by the Niederösterreich Fond. This research was
  also supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria through resources
  provided by Scientific Computing (SciComp), the Life Science Facility (LSF), the
  BioImaging Facility (BIF) and the Electron Microscopy Facility (EMF). We thank Georgi
  Dimchev (IST Austria) and Sonja Jacob (Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities) for testing
  our grid holders in different experimental setups and Daniel Gütl and the Kondrashov
  group (IST Austria) for granting us repeated access to their 3D printers. We also
  thank Jonna Alanko and the Sixt lab (IST Austria) for providing us HeLa cells, primary
  BL6 mouse tail fibroblasts, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and human telomerase immortalised
  foreskin fibroblasts for our experiments. We are thankful to Ori Avinoam and William
  Wan for helpful comments on the manuscript and also thank Dorotea Fracchiolla (Art&Science)
  for illustrating the graphical abstract.
article_number: '107633'
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Fäßler, Florian
  id: 404F5528-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Fäßler
  orcid: 0000-0001-7149-769X
- first_name: Bettina
  full_name: Zens, Bettina
  id: 45FD126C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Zens
  orcid: 0000-0002-9561-1239
- first_name: Robert
  full_name: Hauschild, Robert
  id: 4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hauschild
  orcid: 0000-0001-9843-3522
- first_name: Florian KM
  full_name: Schur, Florian KM
  id: 48AD8942-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schur
  orcid: 0000-0003-4790-8078
citation:
  ama: Fäßler F, Zens B, Hauschild R, Schur FK. 3D printed cell culture grid holders
    for improved cellular specimen preparation in cryo-electron microscopy. <i>Journal
    of Structural Biology</i>. 2020;212(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633">10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633</a>
  apa: Fäßler, F., Zens, B., Hauschild, R., &#38; Schur, F. K. (2020). 3D printed
    cell culture grid holders for improved cellular specimen preparation in cryo-electron
    microscopy. <i>Journal of Structural Biology</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633</a>
  chicago: Fäßler, Florian, Bettina Zens, Robert Hauschild, and Florian KM Schur.
    “3D Printed Cell Culture Grid Holders for Improved Cellular Specimen Preparation
    in Cryo-Electron Microscopy.” <i>Journal of Structural Biology</i>. Elsevier,
    2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633</a>.
  ieee: F. Fäßler, B. Zens, R. Hauschild, and F. K. Schur, “3D printed cell culture
    grid holders for improved cellular specimen preparation in cryo-electron microscopy,”
    <i>Journal of Structural Biology</i>, vol. 212, no. 3. Elsevier, 2020.
  ista: Fäßler F, Zens B, Hauschild R, Schur FK. 2020. 3D printed cell culture grid
    holders for improved cellular specimen preparation in cryo-electron microscopy.
    Journal of Structural Biology. 212(3), 107633.
  mla: Fäßler, Florian, et al. “3D Printed Cell Culture Grid Holders for Improved
    Cellular Specimen Preparation in Cryo-Electron Microscopy.” <i>Journal of Structural
    Biology</i>, vol. 212, no. 3, 107633, Elsevier, 2020, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633">10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633</a>.
  short: F. Fäßler, B. Zens, R. Hauschild, F.K. Schur, Journal of Structural Biology
    212 (2020).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2020-09-29T13:24:06Z
date_published: 2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-09-17T22:30:03Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: FlSc
doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000600997800008'
  pmid:
  - '32987119'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: c48cbf594e84fc2f91966ffaafc0918c
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2020-12-10T14:01:10Z
  date_updated: 2020-12-10T14:01:10Z
  file_id: '8937'
  file_name: 2020_JourStrucBiology_Faessler.pdf
  file_size: 7076870
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2020-12-10T14:01:10Z
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107633
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       212'
isi: 1
issue: '3'
keyword:
- electron microscopy
- cryo-EM
- EM sample preparation
- 3D printing
- cell culture
language:
- iso: eng
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 9B954C5C-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A
  grant_number: P33367
  name: Structure and isoform diversity of the Arp2/3 complex
- _id: 059B463C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E
  name: NÖ-Fonds Preis für die Jungforscherin des Jahres am IST Austria
publication: Journal of Structural Biology
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1047-8477
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '14592'
    relation: used_in_publication
    status: public
  - id: '12491'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 3D printed cell culture grid holders for improved cellular specimen preparation
  in cryo-electron microscopy
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 212
year: '2020'
...