[{"quality_controlled":"1","status":"public","PlanS_conform":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"text":"The concept of Culture of Care fosters a research environment where lab animals and humans are cared for and respected. Several aspects, such as perception of suffering, time, perceived value of an animal, potential benefits of the research, and public opinion, might influence care for animals. The European Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes has represented an advance in animal welfare standards and care. However, the question of how we care about animals in practice, and of why this debate is important to reflect on still exist. Therefore, we draw upon the case study of laboratory non-human primates, to illustrate how these tensions go from theory to practice. It illustrates the conflicts and emotions, by exposing the limitations of the standards and norms in the field. Debating care requires a more comprehensive notion of care, one that goes beyond normative decisions to enable care in practice.","lang":"eng"}],"OA_place":"publisher","type":"journal_article","author":[{"first_name":"Sophie","last_name":"Schober","id":"80b0a0ef-4b9f-11ec-b119-8d9d94c4a1d8","full_name":"Schober, Sophie"},{"last_name":"Vitale","first_name":"Augusto","full_name":"Vitale, Augusto"},{"full_name":"Riso, Brigida","first_name":"Brigida","last_name":"Riso"}],"OA_type":"hybrid","scopus_import":"1","date_updated":"2026-10-19T08:28:37Z","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2026-10-18T22:01:53Z","publication":"Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research","year":"2026","file_date_updated":"2026-10-19T08:25:17Z","intvolume":"         8","acknowledgement":"This publication is based upon work from the Ethics Crossover Group within the cost Action improve (“3Rs concepts to improve the quality of biomedical science”), ca21139, supported by cost (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).\r\nWe sincerely thank Nuno Franco for critical reviewing the manuscript.\r\nWe acknowledge support by Open Access Publishing Fund of Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria.","date_published":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","publisher":"Brill Academic Publishers","ddc":["570"],"month":"09","citation":{"ama":"Schober S, Vitale A, Riso B. How we care about laboratory animals: Acknowledging differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring. <i>Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research</i>. 2026;8(1):88-104. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078\">10.1163/25889567-bja10078</a>","ista":"Schober S, Vitale A, Riso B. 2026. How we care about laboratory animals: Acknowledging differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring. Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research. 8(1), 88–104.","ieee":"S. Schober, A. Vitale, and B. Riso, “How we care about laboratory animals: Acknowledging differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring,” <i>Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research</i>, vol. 8, no. 1. Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 88–104, 2026.","apa":"Schober, S., Vitale, A., &#38; Riso, B. (2026). How we care about laboratory animals: Acknowledging differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring. <i>Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078\">https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078</a>","mla":"Schober, Sophie, et al. “How We Care about Laboratory Animals: Acknowledging Differences towards a More Comprehensive Concept of Caring.” <i>Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research</i>, vol. 8, no. 1, Brill Academic Publishers, 2026, pp. 88–104, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078\">10.1163/25889567-bja10078</a>.","chicago":"Schober, Sophie, Augusto Vitale, and Brigida Riso. “How We Care about Laboratory Animals: Acknowledging Differences towards a More Comprehensive Concept of Caring.” <i>Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research</i>. Brill Academic Publishers, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078\">https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078</a>.","short":"S. Schober, A. Vitale, B. Riso, Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 8 (2026) 88–104."},"oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","title":"How we care about laboratory animals: Acknowledging differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring","_id":"23157","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2588-9559"],"eissn":["2588-9567"]},"day":"01","page":"88-104","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078","supplementarymaterial":"no","department":[{"_id":"PreCl"}],"doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10078","oa":1,"keyword":["culture of care","culture of care in practice","lab animals","interspecies relationships"],"researchdata_availability":"no","file":[{"creator":"dernst","checksum":"a148db5e47af7cbfccaecf8cec0beff6","file_name":"2026_JourAppliedAnimalEthicsResearch_Schober.pdf","file_size":464277,"file_id":"23168","date_created":"2026-10-19T08:25:17Z","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2026-10-19T08:25:17Z","success":1,"access_level":"open_access"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"issue":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","das_tickbox":"0","article_type":"original","volume":8,"has_accepted_license":"1"},{"issue":"2","oa":1,"keyword":["amino acid sequence","article","caenorhabditis elegans","evolution","genetic variability","nonhuman","priority journal","sex determination","Amino Acid Sequence","Animals","Animals","Genetically Modified","Base Sequence","Caenorhabditis","Caenorhabditis elegans","Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins","DNA","Helminth","DNA-Binding Proteins","Evolution","Molecular","Female","Helminth Proteins","Membrane Proteins","Molecular Sequence Data","Mutagenesis","RNA","Messenger","Sequence Homology","Amino Acid","Sex Determination (Analysis)","Transcription Factors","Transgenes","Turner Syndrome","Animalia","Caenorhabditis","Caenorhabditis briggsae","Caenorhabditis elegans","Nematoda"],"volume":144,"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1207552/"}],"external_id":{"pmid":["8889522"]},"_id":"6161","title":"Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences","user_id":"3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","day":"01","page":"587-595","publication_identifier":{"issn":["00166731"]},"intvolume":"       144","publication_status":"published","publication":"Genetics","year":"1996","date_created":"2019-03-21T11:50:37Z","citation":{"apa":"de Bono, M., &#38; Hodgkin, J. (1996). Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America.","chicago":"Bono, Mario de, and J. Hodgkin. “Evolution of Sex Determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually High Divergence of Tra-1 and Its Functional Consequences.” <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America, 1996.","mla":"de Bono, Mario, and J. Hodgkin. “Evolution of Sex Determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually High Divergence of Tra-1 and Its Functional Consequences.” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 144, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1996, pp. 587–95.","short":"M. de Bono, J. Hodgkin, Genetics 144 (1996) 587–595.","ama":"de Bono M, Hodgkin J. Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. <i>Genetics</i>. 1996;144(2):587-595.","ieee":"M. de Bono and J. Hodgkin, “Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences,” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 144, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 587–595, 1996.","ista":"de Bono M, Hodgkin J. 1996. Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. Genetics. 144(2), 587–595."},"oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"Genetics Society of America","month":"10","extern":"1","date_published":"1996-10-01T00:00:00Z","pmid":1,"type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The tra-1 gene is a terminal regulator of somatic sex in Caenorhabditis elegans: high tra-1 activity elicits female development, low tra-1 activity elicits male development. To investigate the function and evolution of tra- 1, we examined the tra-1 gene from the closely related nematode C. briggsae. Ce-tra-1 and Cb-tra-1 are unusually divergent. Each gene generates two transcripts, but only one of these is present in both species. This common transcript encodes TRA-1A, which shows only 44% amino acid identity between the species, a figure much lower than that for previously compared genes. A Cb-tra-1 transgene rescues many tissues of tra-1(null) mutants of C. elegans but not the somatic gonad or germ line. This transgene also causes nongonadal feminization of XO animals, indicating incorrect sexual regulation. Alignment of Ce-TRA-1A and Cb-TRA-1A defined several conserved regions likely to be important for tra-1 function. The phenotype differences between Ce-tra- 1(null) mutants rescued by Cb-tra-1 transgenes and wild-type C. elegans indicate significant divergence of regulatory regions. These molecular and functional studies suggest that evolution of sex determination in nematodes is rapid and genetically complex."}],"status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2021-01-12T08:06:28Z","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-8347-0443","full_name":"de Bono, Mario","id":"4E3FF80E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"de Bono","first_name":"Mario"},{"full_name":"Hodgkin, J.","last_name":"Hodgkin","first_name":"J."}]}]