---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '23157'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The concept of Culture of Care fosters a research environment where lab animals
    and humans are cared for and respected. Several aspects, such as perception of
    suffering, time, perceived value of an animal, potential benefits of the research,
    and public opinion, might influence care for animals. The European Directive 2010/63/EU
    on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes has represented an advance
    in animal welfare standards and care. However, the question of how we care about
    animals in practice, and of why this debate is important to reflect on still exist.
    Therefore, we draw upon the case study of laboratory non-human primates, to illustrate
    how these tensions go from theory to practice. It illustrates the conflicts and
    emotions, by exposing the limitations of the standards and norms in the field.
    Debating care requires a more comprehensive notion of care, one that goes beyond
    normative decisions to enable care in practice.
acknowledgement: "This publication is based upon work from the Ethics Crossover Group
  within the cost Action improve (“3Rs concepts to improve the quality of biomedical
  science”), ca21139, supported by cost (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).\r\nWe
  sincerely thank Nuno Franco for critical reviewing the manuscript.\r\nWe acknowledge
  support by Open Access Publishing Fund of Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria."
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Sophie
  full_name: Schober, Sophie
  id: 80b0a0ef-4b9f-11ec-b119-8d9d94c4a1d8
  last_name: Schober
- first_name: Augusto
  full_name: Vitale, Augusto
  last_name: Vitale
- first_name: Brigida
  full_name: Riso, Brigida
  last_name: Riso
citation:
  ama: 'Schober S, Vitale A, Riso B. How we care about laboratory animals: Acknowledging
    differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring. <i>Journal of Applied
    Animal Ethics Research</i>. 2026;8(1):88-104. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078">10.1163/25889567-bja10078</a>'
  apa: 'Schober, S., Vitale, A., &#38; Riso, B. (2026). How we care about laboratory
    animals: Acknowledging differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring.
    <i>Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078">https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078</a>'
  chicago: 'Schober, Sophie, Augusto Vitale, and Brigida Riso. “How We Care about
    Laboratory Animals: Acknowledging Differences towards a More Comprehensive Concept
    of Caring.” <i>Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research</i>. Brill Academic Publishers,
    2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078">https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. Schober, A. Vitale, and B. Riso, “How we care about laboratory animals:
    Acknowledging differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring,” <i>Journal
    of Applied Animal Ethics Research</i>, vol. 8, no. 1. Brill Academic Publishers,
    pp. 88–104, 2026.'
  ista: 'Schober S, Vitale A, Riso B. 2026. How we care about laboratory animals:
    Acknowledging differences towards a more comprehensive concept of caring. Journal
    of Applied Animal Ethics Research. 8(1), 88–104.'
  mla: 'Schober, Sophie, et al. “How We Care about Laboratory Animals: Acknowledging
    Differences towards a More Comprehensive Concept of Caring.” <i>Journal of Applied
    Animal Ethics Research</i>, vol. 8, no. 1, Brill Academic Publishers, 2026, pp.
    88–104, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078">10.1163/25889567-bja10078</a>.'
  short: S. Schober, A. Vitale, B. Riso, Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research
    8 (2026) 88–104.
das_tickbox: '0'
date_created: 2026-10-18T22:01:53Z
date_published: 2026-09-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-10-19T08:28:37Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: PreCl
doi: 10.1163/25889567-bja10078
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: a148db5e47af7cbfccaecf8cec0beff6
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-10-19T08:25:17Z
  date_updated: 2026-10-19T08:25:17Z
  file_id: '23168'
  file_name: 2026_JourAppliedAnimalEthicsResearch_Schober.pdf
  file_size: 464277
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-10-19T08:25:17Z
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10078
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         8'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- culture of care
- culture of care in practice
- lab animals
- interspecies relationships
language:
- iso: eng
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 88-104
publication: Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2588-9567
  issn:
  - 2588-9559
publication_status: published
publisher: Brill Academic Publishers
quality_controlled: '1'
researchdata_availability: no
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
supplementarymaterial: no
title: 'How we care about laboratory animals: Acknowledging differences towards a
  more comprehensive concept of caring'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 8
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '6161'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The tra-1 gene is a terminal regulator of somatic sex in Caenorhabditis elegans:
    high tra-1 activity elicits female development, low tra-1 activity elicits male
    development. To investigate the function and evolution of tra- 1, we examined
    the tra-1 gene from the closely related nematode C. briggsae. Ce-tra-1 and Cb-tra-1
    are unusually divergent. Each gene generates two transcripts, but only one of
    these is present in both species. This common transcript encodes TRA-1A, which
    shows only 44% amino acid identity between the species, a figure much lower than
    that for previously compared genes. A Cb-tra-1 transgene rescues many tissues
    of tra-1(null) mutants of C. elegans but not the somatic gonad or germ line. This
    transgene also causes nongonadal feminization of XO animals, indicating incorrect
    sexual regulation. Alignment of Ce-TRA-1A and Cb-TRA-1A defined several conserved
    regions likely to be important for tra-1 function. The phenotype differences between
    Ce-tra- 1(null) mutants rescued by Cb-tra-1 transgenes and wild-type C. elegans
    indicate significant divergence of regulatory regions. These molecular and functional
    studies suggest that evolution of sex determination in nematodes is rapid and
    genetically complex.'
author:
- first_name: Mario
  full_name: de Bono, Mario
  id: 4E3FF80E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: de Bono
  orcid: 0000-0001-8347-0443
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Hodgkin, J.
  last_name: Hodgkin
citation:
  ama: 'de Bono M, Hodgkin J. Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually
    high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. <i>Genetics</i>. 1996;144(2):587-595.'
  apa: 'de Bono, M., &#38; Hodgkin, J. (1996). Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis:
    Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. <i>Genetics</i>.
    Genetics Society of America.'
  chicago: 'Bono, Mario de, and J. Hodgkin. “Evolution of Sex Determination in Caenorhabditis:
    Unusually High Divergence of Tra-1 and Its Functional Consequences.” <i>Genetics</i>.
    Genetics Society of America, 1996.'
  ieee: 'M. de Bono and J. Hodgkin, “Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis:
    Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences,” <i>Genetics</i>,
    vol. 144, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 587–595, 1996.'
  ista: 'de Bono M, Hodgkin J. 1996. Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis:
    Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. Genetics.
    144(2), 587–595.'
  mla: 'de Bono, Mario, and J. Hodgkin. “Evolution of Sex Determination in Caenorhabditis:
    Unusually High Divergence of Tra-1 and Its Functional Consequences.” <i>Genetics</i>,
    vol. 144, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1996, pp. 587–95.'
  short: M. de Bono, J. Hodgkin, Genetics 144 (1996) 587–595.
date_created: 2019-03-21T11:50:37Z
date_published: 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:06:28Z
day: '01'
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '8889522'
intvolume: '       144'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- amino acid sequence
- article
- caenorhabditis elegans
- evolution
- genetic variability
- nonhuman
- priority journal
- sex determination
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals
- Genetically Modified
- Base Sequence
- Caenorhabditis
- Caenorhabditis elegans
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
- DNA
- Helminth
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Evolution
- Molecular
- Female
- Helminth Proteins
- Membrane Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis
- RNA
- Messenger
- Sequence Homology
- Amino Acid
- Sex Determination (Analysis)
- Transcription Factors
- Transgenes
- Turner Syndrome
- Animalia
- Caenorhabditis
- Caenorhabditis briggsae
- Caenorhabditis elegans
- Nematoda
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1207552/
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 587-595
pmid: 1
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - '00166731'
publication_status: published
publisher: Genetics Society of America
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence
  of tra-1 and its functional consequences'
type: journal_article
user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 144
year: '1996'
...