--- OA_place: publisher OA_type: hybrid _id: '22569' abstract: - lang: eng text: Despite their size and contribution to the global carbon cycle, we have limited understanding of tropical savannas and their current trajectory with climate change and anthropogenic pressures. Here we examined interannual variability and externally forced long-term changes in carbon and water exchange from a high rainfall savanna site in the seasonal tropics of north Australia. We used an 18-year flux data time series (2001–2019) to detect trends and drivers of fluxes of carbon and water. Significant positive trends in gross primary productivity (GPP, 15.4 g C m2 year−2), ecosystem respiration (Reco, 8.0 g C m2 year−2), net ecosystem productivity (NEE, 7.4 g C m2 year−2) and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE, 0.0077 g C kg H2O−1 year−1) were computed. There was a weaker, non-significant trend in latent energy exchange (LE, 0.34 W m−2 year−1). Rainfall from a nearby site increased statistically over a 45-year period during the observation period. To examine the dominant drivers of changes in GPP and WUE, we used a random forest approach and a terrestrial biosphere model to conduct an attribution experiment. Radiant energy was the dominant driver of wet season fluxes, whereas soil water content dominated dry season fluxes. The model attribution suggested that [CO2], precipitation and Tair accounting for 90% of the modelled trend in GPP and WUE. Positive trends in fluxes were largest in the dry season implying tree components were a larger contributor than the grassy understorey. Fluxes and environmental drivers were not significant during the wet season, the period when grasses are active. The site is potentially still recovering from a cyclone 45 years ago and regrowth from this event may also be contributing to the observed trends in sequestration, highlighting the need to understand fluxes and their drivers from sub-diurnal to decadal scales. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Lindsay B. full_name: Hutley, Lindsay B. last_name: Hutley - first_name: Jason full_name: Beringer, Jason last_name: Beringer - first_name: Simone full_name: Fatichi, Simone id: cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6 last_name: Fatichi - first_name: Stanislaus J. full_name: Schymanski, Stanislaus J. last_name: Schymanski - first_name: Matthew full_name: Northwood, Matthew last_name: Northwood citation: ama: Hutley LB, Beringer J, Fatichi S, Schymanski SJ, Northwood M. Gross primary productivity and water use efficiency are increasing in a high rainfall tropical savanna. Global Change Biology. 2022;28(7):2360-2380. doi:10.1111/gcb.16012 apa: Hutley, L. B., Beringer, J., Fatichi, S., Schymanski, S. J., & Northwood, M. (2022). Gross primary productivity and water use efficiency are increasing in a high rainfall tropical savanna. Global Change Biology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16012 chicago: Hutley, Lindsay B., Jason Beringer, Simone Fatichi, Stanislaus J. Schymanski, and Matthew Northwood. “Gross Primary Productivity and Water Use Efficiency Are Increasing in a High Rainfall Tropical Savanna.” Global Change Biology. Wiley, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16012. ieee: L. B. Hutley, J. Beringer, S. Fatichi, S. J. Schymanski, and M. Northwood, “Gross primary productivity and water use efficiency are increasing in a high rainfall tropical savanna,” Global Change Biology, vol. 28, no. 7. Wiley, pp. 2360–2380, 2022. ista: Hutley LB, Beringer J, Fatichi S, Schymanski SJ, Northwood M. 2022. Gross primary productivity and water use efficiency are increasing in a high rainfall tropical savanna. Global Change Biology. 28(7), 2360–2380. mla: Hutley, Lindsay B., et al. “Gross Primary Productivity and Water Use Efficiency Are Increasing in a High Rainfall Tropical Savanna.” Global Change Biology, vol. 28, no. 7, Wiley, 2022, pp. 2360–80, doi:10.1111/gcb.16012. short: L.B. Hutley, J. Beringer, S. Fatichi, S.J. Schymanski, M. Northwood, Global Change Biology 28 (2022) 2360–2380. das_tickbox: '1' date_created: 2026-07-27T12:30:24Z date_published: 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-08-06T08:27:17Z day: '01' doi: 10.1111/gcb.16012 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '34854173' intvolume: ' 28' issue: '7' keyword: - CO2 fertilization - Ecosystem model - Eddy covariance - Howard Springs - Water use efficiency language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16012 month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 2360-2380 pmid: 1 publication: Global Change Biology publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2486 issn: - 1354-1013 publication_status: published publisher: Wiley quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Gross primary productivity and water use efficiency are increasing in a high rainfall tropical savanna tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd volume: 28 year: '2022' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: free access _id: '22570' abstract: - lang: eng text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]) is increasing, which increases leaf-scalephotosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential toincrease plant growth, vegetation biomass, and soil organic matter; transferring carbon from theatmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a carbon sink). A substantial global terrestrial carbon sinkwould slow the rate of [CO 2] increase and thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2responses are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents of global changeand evidence for a [CO 2]-driven terrestrial carbon sink can appear contradictory. Here wesynthesize theory and broad, multidisciplinary evidence for the effects of increasing [CO 2](iCO 2) on the global terrestrial carbon sink. Evidence suggests a substantial increase in globalphotosynthesis since pre-industrial times. Established theory, supported by experiments,indicates that iCO 2 is likely responsible for about half of the increase. Global carbon budgeting,atmospheric data, and forest inventories indicate a historical carbon sink, and these apparentiCO 2 responses are high in comparison to experiments and predictions from theory. Plantmortality and soil carbon iCO 2 responses are highly uncertain. In conclusion, a range of evidencesupports a positive terrestrial carbon sink in response to iCO2 , albeit with uncertain magnitudeand strong suggestion of a role for additional agents of global change. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Anthony P. full_name: Walker, Anthony P. last_name: Walker - first_name: Martin G. full_name: De Kauwe, Martin G. last_name: De Kauwe - first_name: Ana full_name: Bastos, Ana last_name: Bastos - first_name: Soumaya full_name: Belmecheri, Soumaya last_name: Belmecheri - first_name: Katerina full_name: Georgiou, Katerina last_name: Georgiou - first_name: Ralph F. full_name: Keeling, Ralph F. last_name: Keeling - first_name: Sean M. full_name: McMahon, Sean M. last_name: McMahon - first_name: Belinda E. full_name: Medlyn, Belinda E. last_name: Medlyn - first_name: David J. P. full_name: Moore, David J. P. last_name: Moore - first_name: Richard J. full_name: Norby, Richard J. last_name: Norby - first_name: Sönke full_name: Zaehle, Sönke last_name: Zaehle - first_name: Kristina J. full_name: Anderson‐Teixeira, Kristina J. last_name: Anderson‐Teixeira - first_name: Giovanna full_name: Battipaglia, Giovanna last_name: Battipaglia - first_name: Roel J. W. full_name: Brienen, Roel J. W. last_name: Brienen - first_name: Kristine G. full_name: Cabugao, Kristine G. last_name: Cabugao - first_name: Maxime full_name: Cailleret, Maxime last_name: Cailleret - first_name: Elliott full_name: Campbell, Elliott last_name: Campbell - first_name: Josep G. full_name: Canadell, Josep G. last_name: Canadell - first_name: Philippe full_name: Ciais, Philippe last_name: Ciais - first_name: Matthew E. full_name: Craig, Matthew E. last_name: Craig - first_name: David S. full_name: Ellsworth, David S. last_name: Ellsworth - first_name: Graham D. full_name: Farquhar, Graham D. last_name: Farquhar - first_name: Simone full_name: Fatichi, Simone id: cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6 last_name: Fatichi - first_name: Joshua B. full_name: Fisher, Joshua B. last_name: Fisher - first_name: David C. full_name: Frank, David C. last_name: Frank - first_name: Heather full_name: Graven, Heather last_name: Graven - first_name: Lianhong full_name: Gu, Lianhong last_name: Gu - first_name: Vanessa full_name: Haverd, Vanessa last_name: Haverd - first_name: Kelly full_name: Heilman, Kelly last_name: Heilman - first_name: Martin full_name: Heimann, Martin last_name: Heimann - first_name: Bruce A. full_name: Hungate, Bruce A. last_name: Hungate - first_name: Colleen M. full_name: Iversen, Colleen M. last_name: Iversen - first_name: Fortunat full_name: Joos, Fortunat last_name: Joos - first_name: Mingkai full_name: Jiang, Mingkai last_name: Jiang - first_name: Trevor F. full_name: Keenan, Trevor F. last_name: Keenan - first_name: Jürgen full_name: Knauer, Jürgen last_name: Knauer - first_name: Christian full_name: Körner, Christian last_name: Körner - first_name: Victor O. full_name: Leshyk, Victor O. last_name: Leshyk - first_name: Sebastian full_name: Leuzinger, Sebastian last_name: Leuzinger - first_name: Yao full_name: Liu, Yao last_name: Liu - first_name: Natasha full_name: MacBean, Natasha last_name: MacBean - first_name: Yadvinder full_name: Malhi, Yadvinder last_name: Malhi - first_name: Tim R. full_name: McVicar, Tim R. last_name: McVicar - first_name: Josep full_name: Penuelas, Josep last_name: Penuelas - first_name: Julia full_name: Pongratz, Julia last_name: Pongratz - first_name: A. Shafer full_name: Powell, A. Shafer last_name: Powell - first_name: Terhi full_name: Riutta, Terhi last_name: Riutta - first_name: Manon E. B. full_name: Sabot, Manon E. B. last_name: Sabot - first_name: Juergen full_name: Schleucher, Juergen last_name: Schleucher - first_name: Stephen full_name: Sitch, Stephen last_name: Sitch - first_name: William K. full_name: Smith, William K. last_name: Smith - first_name: Benjamin full_name: Sulman, Benjamin last_name: Sulman - first_name: Benton full_name: Taylor, Benton last_name: Taylor - first_name: César full_name: Terrer, César last_name: Terrer - first_name: Margaret S. full_name: Torn, Margaret S. last_name: Torn - first_name: Kathleen K. full_name: Treseder, Kathleen K. last_name: Treseder - first_name: Anna T. full_name: Trugman, Anna T. last_name: Trugman - first_name: Susan E. full_name: Trumbore, Susan E. last_name: Trumbore - first_name: Phillip J. full_name: van Mantgem, Phillip J. last_name: van Mantgem - first_name: Steve L. full_name: Voelker, Steve L. last_name: Voelker - first_name: Mary E. full_name: Whelan, Mary E. last_name: Whelan - first_name: Pieter A. full_name: Zuidema, Pieter A. last_name: Zuidema citation: ama: Walker AP, De Kauwe MG, Bastos A, et al. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. New Phytologist. 2021;229(5):2413-2445. doi:10.1111/nph.16866 apa: Walker, A. P., De Kauwe, M. G., Bastos, A., Belmecheri, S., Georgiou, K., Keeling, R. F., … Zuidema, P. A. (2021). Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. New Phytologist. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866 chicago: Walker, Anthony P., Martin G. De Kauwe, Ana Bastos, Soumaya Belmecheri, Katerina Georgiou, Ralph F. Keeling, Sean M. McMahon, et al. “Integrating the Evidence for a Terrestrial Carbon Sink Caused by Increasing Atmospheric CO2.” New Phytologist. Wiley, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866. ieee: A. P. Walker et al., “Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2,” New Phytologist, vol. 229, no. 5. Wiley, pp. 2413–2445, 2021. ista: Walker AP, De Kauwe MG, Bastos A, Belmecheri S, Georgiou K, Keeling RF, McMahon SM, Medlyn BE, Moore DJP, Norby RJ, Zaehle S, Anderson‐Teixeira KJ, Battipaglia G, Brienen RJW, Cabugao KG, Cailleret M, Campbell E, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Craig ME, Ellsworth DS, Farquhar GD, Fatichi S, Fisher JB, Frank DC, Graven H, Gu L, Haverd V, Heilman K, Heimann M, Hungate BA, Iversen CM, Joos F, Jiang M, Keenan TF, Knauer J, Körner C, Leshyk VO, Leuzinger S, Liu Y, MacBean N, Malhi Y, McVicar TR, Penuelas J, Pongratz J, Powell AS, Riutta T, Sabot MEB, Schleucher J, Sitch S, Smith WK, Sulman B, Taylor B, Terrer C, Torn MS, Treseder KK, Trugman AT, Trumbore SE, van Mantgem PJ, Voelker SL, Whelan ME, Zuidema PA. 2021. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. New Phytologist. 229(5), 2413–2445. mla: Walker, Anthony P., et al. “Integrating the Evidence for a Terrestrial Carbon Sink Caused by Increasing Atmospheric CO2.” New Phytologist, vol. 229, no. 5, Wiley, 2021, pp. 2413–45, doi:10.1111/nph.16866. short: A.P. Walker, M.G. De Kauwe, A. Bastos, S. Belmecheri, K. Georgiou, R.F. Keeling, S.M. McMahon, B.E. Medlyn, D.J.P. Moore, R.J. Norby, S. Zaehle, K.J. Anderson‐Teixeira, G. Battipaglia, R.J.W. Brienen, K.G. Cabugao, M. Cailleret, E. Campbell, J.G. Canadell, P. Ciais, M.E. Craig, D.S. Ellsworth, G.D. Farquhar, S. Fatichi, J.B. Fisher, D.C. Frank, H. Graven, L. Gu, V. Haverd, K. Heilman, M. Heimann, B.A. Hungate, C.M. Iversen, F. Joos, M. Jiang, T.F. Keenan, J. Knauer, C. Körner, V.O. Leshyk, S. Leuzinger, Y. Liu, N. MacBean, Y. Malhi, T.R. McVicar, J. Penuelas, J. Pongratz, A.S. Powell, T. Riutta, M.E.B. Sabot, J. Schleucher, S. Sitch, W.K. Smith, B. Sulman, B. Taylor, C. Terrer, M.S. Torn, K.K. Treseder, A.T. Trugman, S.E. Trumbore, P.J. van Mantgem, S.L. Voelker, M.E. Whelan, P.A. Zuidema, New Phytologist 229 (2021) 2413–2445. das_tickbox: '1' date_created: 2026-07-27T12:30:24Z date_published: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-08-06T08:39:39Z day: '01' doi: 10.1111/nph.16866 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '32789857' intvolume: ' 229' issue: '5' keyword: - Beta factor - Carbon dioxide - CO2 fertilization - CO2-fertilization hypothesis - Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) - Global carbon cycle - Land–atmosphere feedback - Terrestrial ecosystems language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866 month: '03' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 2413-2445 pmid: 1 publication: New Phytologist publication_identifier: eissn: - 1469-8137 issn: - 0028-646X publication_status: published publisher: Wiley quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 type: journal_article user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd volume: 229 year: '2021' ...