[{"external_id":{"pmid":["32789857"]},"date_updated":"2026-08-06T08:39:39Z","quality_controlled":"1","month":"03","volume":229,"title":"Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2","date_published":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","article_processing_charge":"No","OA_type":"free access","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0028-646X"],"eissn":["1469-8137"]},"status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]) is increasing, which increases leaf-scalephotosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential toincrease plant growth, vegetation biomass, and soil organic matter; transferring carbon from theatmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a carbon sink). A substantial global terrestrial carbon sinkwould slow the rate of [CO 2] increase and thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2responses are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents of global changeand evidence for a [CO 2]-driven terrestrial carbon sink can appear contradictory. Here wesynthesize theory and broad, multidisciplinary evidence for the effects of increasing [CO 2](iCO 2) on the global terrestrial carbon sink. Evidence suggests a substantial increase in globalphotosynthesis since pre-industrial times. Established theory, supported by experiments,indicates that iCO 2 is likely responsible for about half of the increase. Global carbon budgeting,atmospheric data, and forest inventories indicate a historical carbon sink, and these apparentiCO 2 responses are high in comparison to experiments and predictions from theory. Plantmortality and soil carbon iCO 2 responses are highly uncertain. In conclusion, a range of evidencesupports a positive terrestrial carbon sink in response to iCO2 , albeit with uncertain magnitudeand strong suggestion of a role for additional agents of global change.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Walker, Anthony P., Martin G. De Kauwe, Ana Bastos, Soumaya Belmecheri, Katerina Georgiou, Ralph F. Keeling, Sean M. McMahon, et al. “Integrating the Evidence for a Terrestrial Carbon Sink Caused by Increasing Atmospheric CO2.” <i>New Phytologist</i>. Wiley, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866\">https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866</a>.","apa":"Walker, A. P., De Kauwe, M. G., Bastos, A., Belmecheri, S., Georgiou, K., Keeling, R. F., … Zuidema, P. A. (2021). Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. <i>New Phytologist</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866\">https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866</a>","ista":"Walker AP, De Kauwe MG, Bastos A, Belmecheri S, Georgiou K, Keeling RF, McMahon SM, Medlyn BE, Moore DJP, Norby RJ, Zaehle S, Anderson‐Teixeira KJ, Battipaglia G, Brienen RJW, Cabugao KG, Cailleret M, Campbell E, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Craig ME, Ellsworth DS, Farquhar GD, Fatichi S, Fisher JB, Frank DC, Graven H, Gu L, Haverd V, Heilman K, Heimann M, Hungate BA, Iversen CM, Joos F, Jiang M, Keenan TF, Knauer J, Körner C, Leshyk VO, Leuzinger S, Liu Y, MacBean N, Malhi Y, McVicar TR, Penuelas J, Pongratz J, Powell AS, Riutta T, Sabot MEB, Schleucher J, Sitch S, Smith WK, Sulman B, Taylor B, Terrer C, Torn MS, Treseder KK, Trugman AT, Trumbore SE, van Mantgem PJ, Voelker SL, Whelan ME, Zuidema PA. 2021. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. New Phytologist. 229(5), 2413–2445.","short":"A.P. Walker, M.G. De Kauwe, A. Bastos, S. Belmecheri, K. Georgiou, R.F. Keeling, S.M. McMahon, B.E. Medlyn, D.J.P. Moore, R.J. Norby, S. Zaehle, K.J. Anderson‐Teixeira, G. Battipaglia, R.J.W. Brienen, K.G. Cabugao, M. Cailleret, E. Campbell, J.G. Canadell, P. Ciais, M.E. Craig, D.S. Ellsworth, G.D. Farquhar, S. Fatichi, J.B. Fisher, D.C. Frank, H. Graven, L. Gu, V. Haverd, K. Heilman, M. Heimann, B.A. Hungate, C.M. Iversen, F. Joos, M. Jiang, T.F. Keenan, J. Knauer, C. Körner, V.O. Leshyk, S. Leuzinger, Y. Liu, N. MacBean, Y. Malhi, T.R. McVicar, J. Penuelas, J. Pongratz, A.S. Powell, T. Riutta, M.E.B. Sabot, J. Schleucher, S. Sitch, W.K. Smith, B. Sulman, B. Taylor, C. Terrer, M.S. Torn, K.K. Treseder, A.T. Trugman, S.E. Trumbore, P.J. van Mantgem, S.L. Voelker, M.E. Whelan, P.A. Zuidema, New Phytologist 229 (2021) 2413–2445.","mla":"Walker, Anthony P., et al. “Integrating the Evidence for a Terrestrial Carbon Sink Caused by Increasing Atmospheric CO2.” <i>New Phytologist</i>, vol. 229, no. 5, Wiley, 2021, pp. 2413–45, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866\">10.1111/nph.16866</a>.","ieee":"A. P. Walker <i>et al.</i>, “Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2,” <i>New Phytologist</i>, vol. 229, no. 5. Wiley, pp. 2413–2445, 2021.","ama":"Walker AP, De Kauwe MG, Bastos A, et al. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. <i>New Phytologist</i>. 2021;229(5):2413-2445. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866\">10.1111/nph.16866</a>"},"scopus_import":"1","keyword":["Beta factor","Carbon dioxide","CO2 fertilization","CO2-fertilization hypothesis","Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)","Global carbon cycle","Land–atmosphere feedback","Terrestrial ecosystems"],"oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"Wiley","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866"}],"das_tickbox":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Anthony P.","last_name":"Walker","full_name":"Walker, Anthony P."},{"full_name":"De Kauwe, Martin G.","last_name":"De Kauwe","first_name":"Martin G."},{"full_name":"Bastos, Ana","last_name":"Bastos","first_name":"Ana"},{"last_name":"Belmecheri","first_name":"Soumaya","full_name":"Belmecheri, Soumaya"},{"full_name":"Georgiou, Katerina","last_name":"Georgiou","first_name":"Katerina"},{"full_name":"Keeling, Ralph F.","first_name":"Ralph F.","last_name":"Keeling"},{"first_name":"Sean M.","last_name":"McMahon","full_name":"McMahon, Sean M."},{"full_name":"Medlyn, Belinda E.","last_name":"Medlyn","first_name":"Belinda E."},{"full_name":"Moore, David J. P.","last_name":"Moore","first_name":"David J. P."},{"full_name":"Norby, Richard J.","first_name":"Richard J.","last_name":"Norby"},{"first_name":"Sönke","last_name":"Zaehle","full_name":"Zaehle, Sönke"},{"full_name":"Anderson‐Teixeira, Kristina J.","first_name":"Kristina J.","last_name":"Anderson‐Teixeira"},{"full_name":"Battipaglia, Giovanna","last_name":"Battipaglia","first_name":"Giovanna"},{"full_name":"Brienen, Roel J. W.","last_name":"Brienen","first_name":"Roel J. W."},{"full_name":"Cabugao, Kristine G.","first_name":"Kristine G.","last_name":"Cabugao"},{"last_name":"Cailleret","first_name":"Maxime","full_name":"Cailleret, Maxime"},{"last_name":"Campbell","first_name":"Elliott","full_name":"Campbell, Elliott"},{"first_name":"Josep G.","last_name":"Canadell","full_name":"Canadell, Josep G."},{"full_name":"Ciais, Philippe","last_name":"Ciais","first_name":"Philippe"},{"full_name":"Craig, Matthew E.","first_name":"Matthew E.","last_name":"Craig"},{"full_name":"Ellsworth, David S.","last_name":"Ellsworth","first_name":"David S."},{"first_name":"Graham D.","last_name":"Farquhar","full_name":"Farquhar, Graham D."},{"full_name":"Fatichi, Simone","id":"cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6","last_name":"Fatichi","first_name":"Simone"},{"first_name":"Joshua B.","last_name":"Fisher","full_name":"Fisher, Joshua B."},{"first_name":"David C.","last_name":"Frank","full_name":"Frank, David C."},{"last_name":"Graven","first_name":"Heather","full_name":"Graven, Heather"},{"full_name":"Gu, Lianhong","last_name":"Gu","first_name":"Lianhong"},{"full_name":"Haverd, Vanessa","first_name":"Vanessa","last_name":"Haverd"},{"full_name":"Heilman, Kelly","first_name":"Kelly","last_name":"Heilman"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Heimann","full_name":"Heimann, Martin"},{"first_name":"Bruce A.","last_name":"Hungate","full_name":"Hungate, Bruce A."},{"last_name":"Iversen","first_name":"Colleen M.","full_name":"Iversen, Colleen M."},{"first_name":"Fortunat","last_name":"Joos","full_name":"Joos, Fortunat"},{"first_name":"Mingkai","last_name":"Jiang","full_name":"Jiang, Mingkai"},{"full_name":"Keenan, Trevor F.","first_name":"Trevor F.","last_name":"Keenan"},{"full_name":"Knauer, Jürgen","last_name":"Knauer","first_name":"Jürgen"},{"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Körner","full_name":"Körner, Christian"},{"last_name":"Leshyk","first_name":"Victor O.","full_name":"Leshyk, Victor O."},{"last_name":"Leuzinger","first_name":"Sebastian","full_name":"Leuzinger, Sebastian"},{"full_name":"Liu, Yao","last_name":"Liu","first_name":"Yao"},{"first_name":"Natasha","last_name":"MacBean","full_name":"MacBean, Natasha"},{"full_name":"Malhi, Yadvinder","last_name":"Malhi","first_name":"Yadvinder"},{"full_name":"McVicar, Tim R.","last_name":"McVicar","first_name":"Tim R."},{"full_name":"Penuelas, Josep","last_name":"Penuelas","first_name":"Josep"},{"full_name":"Pongratz, Julia","last_name":"Pongratz","first_name":"Julia"},{"first_name":"A. Shafer","last_name":"Powell","full_name":"Powell, A. Shafer"},{"first_name":"Terhi","last_name":"Riutta","full_name":"Riutta, Terhi"},{"last_name":"Sabot","first_name":"Manon E. B.","full_name":"Sabot, Manon E. B."},{"full_name":"Schleucher, Juergen","last_name":"Schleucher","first_name":"Juergen"},{"last_name":"Sitch","first_name":"Stephen","full_name":"Sitch, Stephen"},{"last_name":"Smith","first_name":"William K.","full_name":"Smith, William K."},{"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Sulman","full_name":"Sulman, Benjamin"},{"last_name":"Taylor","first_name":"Benton","full_name":"Taylor, Benton"},{"full_name":"Terrer, César","last_name":"Terrer","first_name":"César"},{"first_name":"Margaret S.","last_name":"Torn","full_name":"Torn, Margaret S."},{"last_name":"Treseder","first_name":"Kathleen K.","full_name":"Treseder, Kathleen K."},{"full_name":"Trugman, Anna T.","last_name":"Trugman","first_name":"Anna T."},{"full_name":"Trumbore, Susan E.","last_name":"Trumbore","first_name":"Susan E."},{"full_name":"van Mantgem, Phillip J.","last_name":"van Mantgem","first_name":"Phillip J."},{"first_name":"Steve L.","last_name":"Voelker","full_name":"Voelker, Steve L."},{"first_name":"Mary E.","last_name":"Whelan","full_name":"Whelan, Mary E."},{"full_name":"Zuidema, Pieter A.","last_name":"Zuidema","first_name":"Pieter A."}],"extern":"1","oa":1,"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1111/nph.16866","intvolume":"       229","year":"2021","date_created":"2026-07-27T12:30:24Z","article_type":"original","day":"01","OA_place":"publisher","publication":"New Phytologist","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","_id":"22570","issue":"5","pmid":1,"page":"2413-2445"}]