[{"date_updated":"2026-07-06T09:06:29Z","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"UlWa"}],"issue":"2","type":"journal_article","status":"public","publication":"ACM Transactions on Computation Theory","month":"05","date_published":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","ddc":["500"],"file_date_updated":"2026-07-06T09:03:02Z","date_created":"2026-07-05T22:01:37Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"04","author":[{"id":"3E8AF77E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Filakovský","first_name":"Marek","full_name":"Filakovský, Marek"},{"full_name":"Nakajima, Tamio Vesa","first_name":"Tamio Vesa","last_name":"Nakajima"},{"full_name":"Opršal, Jakub","orcid":"0000-0003-1245-3456","id":"ec596741-c539-11ec-b829-c79322a91242","last_name":"Opršal","first_name":"Jakub"},{"full_name":"Tasinato, Gianluca","first_name":"Gianluca","last_name":"Tasinato","id":"0433290C-AF8F-11E9-A4C7-F729E6697425"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-1494-0568","full_name":"Wagner, Uli","first_name":"Uli","id":"36690CA2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Wagner"}],"acknowledgement":"This research was supported by the Charles University project PRIMUS/21/SCI/014, by the Ministry of Education, Youth\r\nand Sports of the Czech Republic under the project MSCAfellow5_MUNI (CZ.02.01.01/00/22_010/0003229), and by the\r\nAustrian Science Fund (FWF project P31312-N35). This research was funded by UKRI EP/X024431/1 and by a Clarendon\r\nFund Scholarship. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogramme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 101034413.\r\n","article_type":"original","corr_author":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"15168","relation":"earlier_version"}]},"OA_place":"publisher","researchdata_availability":"no","scopus_import":"1","PlanS_conform":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes","file":[{"file_size":941518,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"22252","date_updated":"2026-07-06T09:03:02Z","checksum":"0399ab94085878fc810084845eabd627","creator":"dernst","success":1,"file_name":"2026_TransactionsGraphics_Filakovsky.pdf","date_created":"2026-07-06T09:03:02Z","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file"}],"volume":18,"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"short":"M. Filakovský, T.V. Nakajima, J. Opršal, G. Tasinato, U. Wagner, ACM Transactions on Computation Theory 18 (2026).","ista":"Filakovský M, Nakajima TV, Opršal J, Tasinato G, Wagner U. 2026. Hardness of linearly ordered 4-colouring of 3-colourable 3-uniform hypergraphs. ACM Transactions on Computation Theory. 18(2), 10.","ieee":"M. Filakovský, T. V. Nakajima, J. Opršal, G. Tasinato, and U. Wagner, “Hardness of linearly ordered 4-colouring of 3-colourable 3-uniform hypergraphs,” <i>ACM Transactions on Computation Theory</i>, vol. 18, no. 2. Association for Computing Machinery, 2026.","ama":"Filakovský M, Nakajima TV, Opršal J, Tasinato G, Wagner U. Hardness of linearly ordered 4-colouring of 3-colourable 3-uniform hypergraphs. <i>ACM Transactions on Computation Theory</i>. 2026;18(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779121\">10.1145/3779121</a>","apa":"Filakovský, M., Nakajima, T. V., Opršal, J., Tasinato, G., &#38; Wagner, U. (2026). Hardness of linearly ordered 4-colouring of 3-colourable 3-uniform hypergraphs. <i>ACM Transactions on Computation Theory</i>. Association for Computing Machinery. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779121\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3779121</a>","mla":"Filakovský, Marek, et al. “Hardness of Linearly Ordered 4-Colouring of 3-Colourable 3-Uniform Hypergraphs.” <i>ACM Transactions on Computation Theory</i>, vol. 18, no. 2, 10, Association for Computing Machinery, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779121\">10.1145/3779121</a>.","chicago":"Filakovský, Marek, Tamio Vesa Nakajima, Jakub Opršal, Gianluca Tasinato, and Uli Wagner. “Hardness of Linearly Ordered 4-Colouring of 3-Colourable 3-Uniform Hypergraphs.” <i>ACM Transactions on Computation Theory</i>. Association for Computing Machinery, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779121\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3779121</a>."},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","doi":"10.1145/3779121","title":"Hardness of linearly ordered 4-colouring of 3-colourable 3-uniform hypergraphs","_id":"22247","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Published Version","ec_funded":1,"oa":1,"intvolume":"        18","arxiv":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A linearly ordered (LO) k-colouring of a hypergraph is a colouring of its vertices with colours 1, …, k such that each edge contains a unique maximal colour. Deciding whether an input hypergraph admits LO k-colouring with a fixed number of colours is NP-complete (and in the special case of graphs, LO colouring coincides with the usual graph colouring).\r\nHere, we investigate the complexity of approximating the “linearly ordered chromatic number” of a hypergraph. We prove that the following promise problem is NP-complete: Given a 3-uniform hypergraph, distinguish between the case that it is LO 3-colourable, and the case that it is not even LO 4-colourable. We prove this result by a combination of algebraic, topological, and combinatorial methods, building on and extending a topological approach for studying approximate graph colouring introduced by Krokhin, Opršal, Wrochna, and Živný (2023)."}],"keyword":["Constraint satisfaction problem","hypergraph colouring","promise problem","topological methods"],"das_tickbox":"0","year":"2026","OA_type":"gold","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"project":[{"name":"Algorithms for Embeddings and Homotopy Theory","_id":"26611F5C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FWF","grant_number":"P31312"},{"_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c","name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","grant_number":"101034413","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"supplementarymaterial":"no","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1942-3454"],"eissn":["1942-3462"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2312.12981"]},"article_number":"10","publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery"}]