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Diptera have undergone multiple sex-chromosome turnovers and expansions while maintaining their general chromosomal content, which makes them an ideal clade to study such transitions. We analysed more than 100 dipteran whole-genome assemblies and identified 4 new lineages that underwent sex-chromosome turnover (in addition to the 5 previously reported). We find the majority of turnovers happened in the group Schizophora, which tend to have fewer genes on the F element (the chromosome homologous to the ancestral insect X chromosome) than lower dipterans, a factor previously hypothesized to facilitate turnover. Most derived X chromosomes have higher GC content than autosomes, consistent with a high prevalence of male-achiasmy in Diptera. In addition, an excess of gene movement out of the X is detected for most of these new X chromosomes, and many of these moved genes have high testis expression in Drosophila, suggesting that out-of-X gene movement contributes to the long-term demasculinization of X chromosomes."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"chicago":"Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra, Melissa A Toups, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Research Data for ‘Causes and Consequences of Sex-Chromosome Turnovers in Diptera.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20833\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20833</a>.","ieee":"L. A. Layana Franco, M. A. Toups, and B. Vicoso, “Research Data for ‘Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026.","apa":"Layana Franco, L. A., Toups, M. A., &#38; Vicoso, B. (2026). 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Diptera have undergone multiple sex-chromosome turnovers and expansions while maintaining their general chromosomal content, which makes them an ideal clade to study such transitions. We analyzed more than 100 dipteran whole-genome assemblies and identified 4 new lineages that underwent sex-chromosome turnover (in addition to the 5 previously reported). We find that the majority of turnovers happened in the group Schizophora, which tend to have fewer genes on Muller element F (the chromosome homologous to the ancestral insect X chromosome) than lower dipterans, a factor previously hypothesized to facilitate turnover. Most derived X chromosomes have higher GC content than autosomes, consistent with a high prevalence of male achiasmy in Diptera. In addition, an excess of gene movement out of the X is detected for most of these new X chromosomes, and many of these moved genes have high testis expression in Drosophila, suggesting that out-of-X gene movement contributes to the long-term demasculinization of X chromosomes."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"chicago":"Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra, Melissa A Toups, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Research Data for ‘Causes and Consequences of Sex-Chromosome Turnovers in Diptera.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21116\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21116</a>.","ieee":"L. A. Layana Franco, M. A. Toups, and B. Vicoso, “Research Data for ‘Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026.","short":"L.A. Layana Franco, M.A. Toups, B. Vicoso, (2026).","apa":"Layana Franco, L. A., Toups, M. A., &#38; Vicoso, B. (2026). 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