---
_id: '12590'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Ice cliffs play a key role in the mass balance of debris-covered glaciers,
    but assessing their importance is limited by a lack of datasets on their distribution
    and evolution at scales larger than an individual glacier. These datasets are
    often derived using operator-biased and time-consuming manual delineation approaches,
    despite the recent emergence of semi-automatic mapping methods. These methods
    have used elevation or multispectral data, but the varying slope and mixed spectral
    signal of these dynamic features makes the transferability of these approaches
    particularly challenging. We develop three semi-automated and objective new approaches,
    based on the Spectral Curvature and Linear Spectral Unmixing of multispectral
    images, to map these features at a glacier to regional scale. The transferability
    of each method is assessed by applying it to three sites in the Himalaya, where
    debris-covered glaciers are widespread, with varying lithologic, glaciological
    and climatic settings, and encompassing different periods of the melt season.
    We develop the new methods keeping in mind the wide range of remote sensing platforms
    currently in use, and focus in particular on two products: we apply the three
    approaches at each site to near-contemporaneous atmospherically-corrected Pléiades
    (2 m resolution) and Sentinel-2 (10 m resolution) images and assess the effects
    of spatial and spectral resolution on the results. We find that the Spectral Curvature
    method works best for the high spatial resolution, four band Pléaides images,
    while a modification of the Linear Spectral Unmixing using the scaling factor
    of the unmixing is best for the coarser spatial resolution, but additional spectral
    information of Sentinel-2 products. In both cases ice cliffs are mapped with a
    Dice coefficient higher than 0.48. Comparison of the Pléiades results with other
    existing methods shows that the Spectral Curvature approach performs better and
    is more robust than any other existing automated or semi-automated approaches.
    Both methods outline a high number of small, sometimes shallow-sloping and thinly
    debris-covered ice patches that differ from our traditional understanding of cliffs
    but may have non-negligible impact on the mass balance of debris-covered glaciers.
    Overall these results pave the way for large scale efforts of ice cliff mapping
    that can enable inclusion of these features in debris-covered glacier melt models,
    as well as allow the generation of multiple datasets to study processes of cliff
    formation, evolution and decline.'
article_number: '112201'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Kneib, M.
  last_name: Kneib
- first_name: E.S.
  full_name: Miles, E.S.
  last_name: Miles
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Jola, S.
  last_name: Jola
- first_name: P.
  full_name: Buri, P.
  last_name: Buri
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Herreid, S.
  last_name: Herreid
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Bhattacharya, A.
  last_name: Bhattacharya
- first_name: C.S.
  full_name: Watson, C.S.
  last_name: Watson
- first_name: T.
  full_name: Bolch, T.
  last_name: Bolch
- first_name: D.
  full_name: Quincey, D.
  last_name: Quincey
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
citation:
  ama: Kneib M, Miles ES, Jola S, et al. Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers
    using multispectral satellite images. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. 2021;253(2).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201">10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201</a>
  apa: Kneib, M., Miles, E. S., Jola, S., Buri, P., Herreid, S., Bhattacharya, A.,
    … Pellicciotti, F. (2021). Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using
    multispectral satellite images. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201</a>
  chicago: Kneib, M., E.S. Miles, S. Jola, P. Buri, S. Herreid, A. Bhattacharya, C.S.
    Watson, T. Bolch, D. Quincey, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Mapping Ice Cliffs
    on Debris-Covered Glaciers Using Multispectral Satellite Images.” <i>Remote Sensing
    of Environment</i>. Elsevier, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201</a>.
  ieee: M. Kneib <i>et al.</i>, “Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using
    multispectral satellite images,” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 253,
    no. 2. Elsevier, 2021.
  ista: Kneib M, Miles ES, Jola S, Buri P, Herreid S, Bhattacharya A, Watson CS, Bolch
    T, Quincey D, Pellicciotti F. 2021. Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers
    using multispectral satellite images. Remote Sensing of Environment. 253(2), 112201.
  mla: Kneib, M., et al. “Mapping Ice Cliffs on Debris-Covered Glaciers Using Multispectral
    Satellite Images.” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 253, no. 2, 112201,
    Elsevier, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201">10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201</a>.
  short: M. Kneib, E.S. Miles, S. Jola, P. Buri, S. Herreid, A. Bhattacharya, C.S.
    Watson, T. Bolch, D. Quincey, F. Pellicciotti, Remote Sensing of Environment 253
    (2021).
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:12:00Z
date_published: 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-28T12:53:46Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       253'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- Computers in Earth Sciences
- Geology
- Soil Science
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Remote Sensing of Environment
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0034-4257
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using multispectral satellite
  images
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 253
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '12614'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Debris-covered glaciers in the Himalaya may have spatially-averaged rates
    of surface height change that are similar to those observed on bare-ice glaciers,
    despite the insulating effects of thick debris. Spatially heterogeneous melt patterns
    caused by the development and evolution of ice cliffs and supraglacial pond systems
    result in substantial mass losses over time. However, mechanisms controlling the
    formation and survival of cliffs and ponds remain largely unknown. To study the
    distribution and characteristics of these surface features we deploy an unmanned
    aerial vehicle (UAV) over a stretch of the debris-covered Langtang Glacier, Nepal.
    Acquired images are processed into high-resolution orthomosaics and elevation
    models with the Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry algorithm. Ice cliffs
    and ponds are classified using object-based image analysis (OBIA) and their morphology
    and spatial distribution are analysed and evaluated using object, pixel and point
    cloud approaches. Results show that ice cliffs are predominantly north-facing,
    and larger ice cliffs are generally coupled with supraglacial ponds, which may
    affect their evolution considerably. The spatial distribution of ice cliffs indicates
    that they are more likely to form in areas where high strain rates are expected.
    The spatial configuration of ponds over the entire tongue reveals high pond density
    near confluences, possibly due to closure of conduits via transverse compression.
    We conclude that the combination of OBIA and UAV imagery is a valuable tool in
    the semi-automatic and objective analysis of surface features on debris-covered
    glaciers. The technique may also have potential for upscaling to the use of spaceborne
    imagery, and the use of UAV-derived point clouds to analyse ice cliff undercuts
    is promising.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: P.D.A.
  full_name: Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A.
  last_name: Kraaijenbrink
- first_name: J.M.
  full_name: Shea, J.M.
  last_name: Shea
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: S.M. de
  full_name: Jong, S.M. de
  last_name: Jong
- first_name: W.W.
  full_name: Immerzeel, W.W.
  last_name: Immerzeel
citation:
  ama: Kraaijenbrink PDA, Shea JM, Pellicciotti F, Jong SM de, Immerzeel WW. Object-based
    analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features
    on a debris-covered glacier. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. 2016;186:581-595.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013">10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013</a>
  apa: Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Shea, J. M., Pellicciotti, F., Jong, S. M. de, &#38;
    Immerzeel, W. W. (2016). Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery
    to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier. <i>Remote
    Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013</a>
  chicago: Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A., J.M. Shea, Francesca Pellicciotti, S.M. de Jong,
    and W.W. Immerzeel. “Object-Based Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery
    to Map and Characterise Surface Features on a Debris-Covered Glacier.” <i>Remote
    Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier, 2016. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013</a>.
  ieee: P. D. A. Kraaijenbrink, J. M. Shea, F. Pellicciotti, S. M. de Jong, and W.
    W. Immerzeel, “Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map
    and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier,” <i>Remote Sensing
    of Environment</i>, vol. 186. Elsevier, pp. 581–595, 2016.
  ista: Kraaijenbrink PDA, Shea JM, Pellicciotti F, Jong SM de, Immerzeel WW. 2016.
    Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise
    surface features on a debris-covered glacier. Remote Sensing of Environment. 186,
    581–595.
  mla: Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., et al. “Object-Based Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
    Imagery to Map and Characterise Surface Features on a Debris-Covered Glacier.”
    <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 186, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 581–95, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013">10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013</a>.
  short: P.D.A. Kraaijenbrink, J.M. Shea, F. Pellicciotti, S.M. de Jong, W.W. Immerzeel,
    Remote Sensing of Environment 186 (2016) 581–595.
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:14:35Z
date_published: 2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-24T11:31:58Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       186'
keyword:
- Computers in Earth Sciences
- Geology
- Soil Science
language:
- iso: eng
month: '12'
oa_version: None
page: 581-595
publication: Remote Sensing of Environment
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0034-4257
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise
  surface features on a debris-covered glacier
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 186
year: '2016'
...
---
_id: '12636'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Himalayan glacier tongues are commonly debris covered and they are an important
    source of melt water. However, they remain relatively unstudied because of the
    inaccessibility of the terrain and the difficulties in field work caused by the
    thick debris mantles. Observations of debris-covered glaciers are therefore scarce
    and airborne remote sensing may bridge the gap between scarce field observations
    and coarse resolution space-borne remote sensing. In this study we deploy an Unmanned
    Aerial Vehicle (UAV) before and after the melt and monsoon season (May and October
    2013) over the debris-covered tongue of the Lirung Glacier in Nepal. Based on
    stereo-imaging and the structure for motion algorithm we derive highly detailed
    ortho-mosaics and digital elevation models (DEMs), which we geometrically correct
    using differential GPS observations collected in the field. Based on DEM differencing
    and manual feature tracking we derive the mass loss and the surface velocity of
    the glacier at a high spatial accuracy. On average, mass loss is limited and the
    surface velocity is very small. However, the spatial variability of melt rates
    is very high, and ice cliffs and supra-glacial ponds show mass losses that can
    be an order of magnitude higher than the average. We suggest that future research
    should focus on the interaction between supra-glacial ponds, ice cliffs and englacial
    hydrology to further understand the dynamics of debris-covered glaciers. Finally,
    we conclude that UAV deployment has large potential in glaciology and it may revolutionize
    methods currently applied in studying glacier surface features.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: W.W.
  full_name: Immerzeel, W.W.
  last_name: Immerzeel
- first_name: P.D.A.
  full_name: Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A.
  last_name: Kraaijenbrink
- first_name: J.M.
  full_name: Shea, J.M.
  last_name: Shea
- first_name: A.B.
  full_name: Shrestha, A.B.
  last_name: Shrestha
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: M.F.P.
  full_name: Bierkens, M.F.P.
  last_name: Bierkens
- first_name: S.M.
  full_name: de Jong, S.M.
  last_name: de Jong
citation:
  ama: Immerzeel WW, Kraaijenbrink PDA, Shea JM, et al. High-resolution monitoring
    of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles. <i>Remote Sensing
    of Environment</i>. 2014;150(7):93-103. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025">10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025</a>
  apa: Immerzeel, W. W., Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Shea, J. M., Shrestha, A. B., Pellicciotti,
    F., Bierkens, M. F. P., &#38; de Jong, S. M. (2014). High-resolution monitoring
    of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles. <i>Remote Sensing
    of Environment</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025</a>
  chicago: Immerzeel, W.W., P.D.A. Kraaijenbrink, J.M. Shea, A.B. Shrestha, Francesca
    Pellicciotti, M.F.P. Bierkens, and S.M. de Jong. “High-Resolution Monitoring of
    Himalayan Glacier Dynamics Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” <i>Remote Sensing
    of Environment</i>. Elsevier, 2014. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025</a>.
  ieee: W. W. Immerzeel <i>et al.</i>, “High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier
    dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles,” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>,
    vol. 150, no. 7. Elsevier, pp. 93–103, 2014.
  ista: Immerzeel WW, Kraaijenbrink PDA, Shea JM, Shrestha AB, Pellicciotti F, Bierkens
    MFP, de Jong SM. 2014. High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics
    using unmanned aerial vehicles. Remote Sensing of Environment. 150(7), 93–103.
  mla: Immerzeel, W. W., et al. “High-Resolution Monitoring of Himalayan Glacier Dynamics
    Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 150,
    no. 7, Elsevier, 2014, pp. 93–103, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025">10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025</a>.
  short: W.W. Immerzeel, P.D.A. Kraaijenbrink, J.M. Shea, A.B. Shrestha, F. Pellicciotti,
    M.F.P. Bierkens, S.M. de Jong, Remote Sensing of Environment 150 (2014) 93–103.
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:16:56Z
date_published: 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-24T08:32:39Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       150'
issue: '7'
keyword:
- Computers in Earth Sciences
- Geology
- Soil Science
language:
- iso: eng
month: '07'
oa_version: None
page: 93-103
publication: Remote Sensing of Environment
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0034-4257
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial
  vehicles
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 150
year: '2014'
...
---
_id: '12648'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Distributed glacier melt models generally assume that the glacier surface
    consists of bare exposed ice and snow. In reality, many glaciers are wholly or
    partially covered in layers of debris that tend to suppress ablation rates. In
    this paper, an existing physically based point model for the ablation of debris-covered
    ice is incorporated in a distributed melt model and applied to Haut Glacier d'Arolla,
    Switzerland, which has three large patches of debris cover on its surface. The
    model is based on a 10 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the area;
    each glacier pixel in the DEM is defined as either bare or debris-covered ice,
    and may be covered in snow that must be melted off before ice ablation is assumed
    to occur. Each debris-covered pixel is assigned a debris thickness value using
    probability distributions based on over 1000 manual thickness measurements. Locally
    observed meteorological data are used to run energy balance calculations in every
    pixel, using an approach suitable for snow, bare ice or debris-covered ice as
    appropriate. The use of the debris model significantly reduces the total ablation
    in the debris-covered areas, however the precise reduction is sensitive to the
    temperature extrapolation used in the model distribution because air near the
    debris surface tends to be slightly warmer than over bare ice. Overall results
    suggest that the debris patches, which cover 10% of the glacierized area, reduce
    total runoff from the glacierized part of the basin by up to 7%.
article_number: D18105
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: T. D.
  full_name: Reid, T. D.
  last_name: Reid
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Carenzo, M.
  last_name: Carenzo
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: B. W.
  full_name: Brock, B. W.
  last_name: Brock
citation:
  ama: 'Reid TD, Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Brock BW. Including debris cover effects
    in a distributed model of glacier ablation. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research:
    Atmospheres</i>. 2012;117(D18). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795">10.1029/2012jd017795</a>'
  apa: 'Reid, T. D., Carenzo, M., Pellicciotti, F., &#38; Brock, B. W. (2012). Including
    debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795">https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795</a>'
  chicago: 'Reid, T. D., M. Carenzo, Francesca Pellicciotti, and B. W. Brock. “Including
    Debris Cover Effects in a Distributed Model of Glacier Ablation.” <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2012. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795">https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795</a>.'
  ieee: 'T. D. Reid, M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, and B. W. Brock, “Including debris
    cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation,” <i>Journal of Geophysical
    Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 117, no. D18. American Geophysical Union, 2012.'
  ista: 'Reid TD, Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Brock BW. 2012. Including debris cover
    effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. Journal of Geophysical Research:
    Atmospheres. 117(D18), D18105.'
  mla: 'Reid, T. D., et al. “Including Debris Cover Effects in a Distributed Model
    of Glacier Ablation.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol.
    117, no. D18, D18105, American Geophysical Union, 2012, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795">10.1029/2012jd017795</a>.'
  short: 'T.D. Reid, M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, B.W. Brock, Journal of Geophysical
    Research: Atmospheres 117 (2012).'
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:17:57Z
date_published: 2012-09-27T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-20T10:57:31Z
day: '27'
doi: 10.1029/2012jd017795
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       117'
issue: D18
keyword:
- Paleontology
- Space and Planetary Science
- Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
- Atmospheric Science
- Earth-Surface Processes
- Geochemistry and Petrology
- Soil Science
- Water Science and Technology
- Ecology
- Aquatic Science
- Forestry
- Oceanography
- Geophysics
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017795
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0148-0227
publication_status: published
publisher: American Geophysical Union
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 117
year: '2012'
...
---
_id: '12651'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Temperature data from three Automatic Weather Stations and twelve Temperature
    Loggers are used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of temperature
    over a glacier, its main atmospheric controls, the suitability of extrapolation
    techniques and their effect on melt modeling. We use data collected on Juncal
    Norte Glacier, central Chile, during one ablation season. We examine temporal
    and spatial variability in lapse rates (LRs), together with alternative statistical
    interpolation methods. The main control over the glacier thermal regime is the
    development of a katabatic boundary layer (KBL). Katabatic wind occurs at night
    and in the morning and is eroded in the afternoon. LRs reveal strong diurnal variability,
    with steeper LRs during the day when the katabatic wind weakens and shallower
    LRs during the night and morning. We suggest that temporally variable LRs should
    be used to account for the observed change. They tend to be steeper than equivalent
    constant LRs, and therefore result in a reduction in simulated melt compared to
    use of constant LRs when extrapolating from lower to higher elevations. In addition
    to the temporal variability, the temperature-elevation relationship varies also
    in space. Differences are evident between local LRs and including such variability
    in melt modeling affects melt simulations. Extrapolation methods based on the
    spatial variability of the observations after removal of the elevation trend,
    such as Inverse Distance Weighting or Kriging, do not seem necessary for simulations
    of gridded temperature data over a glacier.
article_number: D23109
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: L.
  full_name: Petersen, L.
  last_name: Petersen
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
  orcid: 0000-0002-5554-8087
citation:
  ama: 'Petersen L, Pellicciotti F. Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature
    on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect
    on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research:
    Atmospheres</i>. 2011;116(D23). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842">10.1029/2011jd015842</a>'
  apa: 'Petersen, L., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2011). Spatial and temporal variability
    of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods
    and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842</a>'
  chicago: 'Petersen, L., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Spatial and Temporal Variability
    of Air Temperature on a Melting Glacier: Atmospheric Controls, Extrapolation Methods
    and Their Effect on Melt Modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile.” <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2011. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842</a>.'
  ieee: 'L. Petersen and F. Pellicciotti, “Spatial and temporal variability of air
    temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods
    and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile,” <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 116, no. D23. American Geophysical
    Union, 2011.'
  ista: 'Petersen L, Pellicciotti F. 2011. Spatial and temporal variability of air
    temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods
    and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. Journal of Geophysical
    Research: Atmospheres. 116(D23), D23109.'
  mla: 'Petersen, L., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Spatial and Temporal Variability
    of Air Temperature on a Melting Glacier: Atmospheric Controls, Extrapolation Methods
    and Their Effect on Melt Modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile.” <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 116, no. D23, D23109, American Geophysical
    Union, 2011, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842">10.1029/2011jd015842</a>.'
  short: 'L. Petersen, F. Pellicciotti, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
    116 (2011).'
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:18:14Z
date_published: 2011-12-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-10-14T12:01:08Z
day: '16'
doi: 10.1029/2011jd015842
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       116'
issue: D23
keyword:
- Paleontology
- Space and Planetary Science
- Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
- Atmospheric Science
- Earth-Surface Processes
- Geochemistry and Petrology
- Soil Science
- Water Science and Technology
- Ecology
- Aquatic Science
- Forestry
- Oceanography
- Geophysics
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD01584
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0148-0227
publication_status: published
publisher: American Geophysical Union
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier:
  Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal
  Norte Glacier, Chile'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 116
year: '2011'
...
---
_id: '12658'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: '[1] During the ablation period 2001 a glaciometeorological experiment was
    carried out on Haut Glacier d''Arolla, Switzerland. Five meteorological stations
    were installed on the glacier, and one permanent automatic weather station in
    the glacier foreland. The altitudes of the stations ranged between 2500 and 3000
    m a.s.l., and they were in operation from end of May to beginning of September
    2001. The spatial arrangement of the stations and temporal duration of the measurements
    generated a unique data set enabling the analysis of the spatial and temporal
    variability of the meteorological variables across an alpine glacier. All measurements
    were taken at a nominal height of 2 m, and hourly averages were derived for the
    analysis. The wind regime was dominated by the glacier wind (mean value 2.8 m
    s−1) but due to erosion by the synoptic gradient wind, occasionally the wind would
    blow up the valley. A slight decrease in mean 2 m air temperatures with altitude
    was found, however the 2 m air temperature gradient varied greatly and frequently
    changed its sign. Mean relative humidity was 71% and exhibited limited spatial
    variation. Mean incoming shortwave radiation and albedo both generally increased
    with elevation. The different components of shortwave radiation are quantified
    with a parameterization scheme. Resulting spatial variations are mainly due to
    horizon obstruction and reflections from surrounding slopes, i.e., topography.
    The effect of clouds accounts for a loss of 30% of the extraterrestrial flux.
    Albedos derived from a Landsat TM image of 30 July show remarkably constant values,
    in the range 0.49 to 0.50, across snow covered parts of the glacier, while albedo
    is highly spatially variable below the zone of continuous snow cover. These results
    are verified with ground measurements and compared with parameterized albedo.
    Mean longwave radiative fluxes decreased with elevation due to lower air temperatures
    and the effect of upper hemisphere slopes. It is shown through parameterization
    that this effect would even be more pronounced without the effect of clouds. Results
    are discussed with respect to a similar study which has been carried out on Pasterze
    Glacier (Austria). The presented algorithms for interpolating, parameterizing
    and simulating variables and parameters in alpine regions are integrated in the
    software package AMUNDSEN which is freely available to be adapted and further
    developed by the community.'
article_number: D03103
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Strasser, Ulrich
  last_name: Strasser
- first_name: Javier
  full_name: Corripio, Javier
  last_name: Corripio
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: Paolo
  full_name: Burlando, Paolo
  last_name: Burlando
- first_name: Ben
  full_name: Brock, Ben
  last_name: Brock
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Funk, Martin
  last_name: Funk
citation:
  ama: 'Strasser U, Corripio J, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P, Brock B, Funk M. Spatial
    and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla
    (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. <i>Journal
    of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 2004;109(D3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973">10.1029/2003jd003973</a>'
  apa: 'Strasser, U., Corripio, J., Pellicciotti, F., Burlando, P., Brock, B., &#38;
    Funk, M. (2004). Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables
    at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements
    and simulations. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American
    Geophysical Union. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973</a>'
  chicago: 'Strasser, Ulrich, Javier Corripio, Francesca Pellicciotti, Paolo Burlando,
    Ben Brock, and Martin Funk. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Meteorological
    Variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the Ablation Season 2001:
    Measurements and Simulations.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>.
    American Geophysical Union, 2004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973</a>.'
  ieee: 'U. Strasser, J. Corripio, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, B. Brock, and M.
    Funk, “Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier
    d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations,”
    <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 109, no. D3. American
    Geophysical Union, 2004.'
  ista: 'Strasser U, Corripio J, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P, Brock B, Funk M. 2004.
    Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla
    (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. Journal
    of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 109(D3), D03103.'
  mla: 'Strasser, Ulrich, et al. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Meteorological
    Variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the Ablation Season 2001:
    Measurements and Simulations.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>,
    vol. 109, no. D3, D03103, American Geophysical Union, 2004, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973">10.1029/2003jd003973</a>.'
  short: 'U. Strasser, J. Corripio, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, B. Brock, M. Funk,
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109 (2004).'
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:18:57Z
date_published: 2004-02-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-20T08:40:21Z
day: '16'
doi: 10.1029/2003jd003973
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       109'
issue: D3
keyword:
- Paleontology
- Space and Planetary Science
- Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
- Atmospheric Science
- Earth-Surface Processes
- Geochemistry and Petrology
- Soil Science
- Water Science and Technology
- Ecology
- Aquatic Science
- Forestry
- Oceanography
- Geophysics
language:
- iso: eng
month: '02'
oa_version: None
publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0148-0227
publication_status: published
publisher: American Geophysical Union
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier
  d''Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 109
year: '2004'
...