@article{22264,
  abstract     = {The correlation between galaxy stellar mass and gas-phase metallicity, known as the mass–metallicity relation (MZR), gives key insights into the processes that govern galaxy evolution. However, unquantified observational and selection biases can result in systematic errors in attempts to recover the intrinsic MZR, particularly at higher redshifts. We characterize the MZR at z ∼ 3–6 within a fully Bayesian framework using JWST/NIRSpec spectra of 191 galaxies from the RUBIES survey. We forward model the observed mass–metallicity surface using prospector-generated spectra to account for two selection biases: the survey selection function and the success in observing high signal-to-noise ratio emission lines. We demonstrate that the RUBIES selection function, based on F444W magnitude and F150W – F444W color, has a negligible effect on our measured MZR. A correct treatment of the non-Gaussian metallicity uncertainties from strong-line calibrations lowers the derived MZR normalization by 0.2 dex and flattens the slope by ∼20%; forward modeling the effect of emission line observability steepens the slope by ∼15%. Both of these biases must be taken into account in order to properly measure the intrinsic MZR. This novel forward-modeling process motivates careful consideration of selection functions in future surveys, and paves the way for robust, high-redshift chemical enrichment studies that trace the evolution of the MZR across cosmic time.},
  author       = {Lewis, Zach and Maseda, Michael V. and De Graaff, Anna and Leja, Joel and Wang, Bingjie and Rix, Hans Walter and Mcconachie, Ian and Cleri, Nikko J. and Bezanson, Rachel and Boogaard, Leindert A. and Brammer, Gabriel and Greene, Jenny E. and Hirschmann, Michaela and Katz, Harley and Labbé, Ivo and Matthee, Jorryt J and Miller, Tim B. and Naidu, Rohan P. and Oesch, Pascal A. and Setton, David J. and Suess, Katherine A. and Weibel, Andrea and Whitaker, Katherine E. and Williams, Christina C.},
  issn         = {1538-4357},
  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  keywords     = {Galaxy evolution, Chemical enrichment, Metallicity, Galaxy abundances, Scaling relations},
  number       = {2},
  publisher    = {IOP Publishing},
  title        = {{The mass–metallicity relation and its observational effects at z ∼ 3–6}},
  doi          = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc},
  volume       = {1005},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{11585,
  abstract     = {Observations show that star-forming galaxies reside on a tight three-dimensional plane between mass, gas-phase metallicity and star formation rate (SFR), which can be explained by the interplay between metal-poor gas inflows, SFR and outflows. However, different metals are released on different time-scales, which may affect the slope of this relation. Here, we use central, star-forming galaxies with Mstar = 109.0−10.5 M from the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation to examine three-dimensional relations between mass, SFR and chemical enrichment using absolute and relative C, N, O and Fe abundances. We show that the scatter is smaller when gas-phase α-enhancement is used rather than metallicity. A similar plane also exists for stellar α-enhancement, implying that present-day specific SFRs are correlated with long time-scale star formation histories. Between z = 0 and 1, the α-enhancement plane is even more insensitive to redshift than the plane using metallicity. However, it evolves at z > 1 due to lagging iron yields. At fixed mass, galaxies with higher SFRs have star formation histories shifted toward late times, are more α-enhanced and this α-enhancement increases with redshift as observed. These findings suggest that relations between physical properties inferred from observations may be affected by systematic variations in α-enhancements.},
  author       = {Matthee, Jorryt J},
  issn         = {2397-3366},
  journal      = {Nature Astronomy},
  keywords     = {Astronomy and Astrophysics, galaxies, formation - galaxies, evolution - galaxies, star formation - galaxies, abundances},
  pages        = {984--985},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Differences in galaxy colours are not just about the mass}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41550-021-01415-y},
  volume       = {5},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{11584,
  abstract     = {Observations show that star-forming galaxies reside on a tight 3D plane between mass, gas-phase metallicity, and star formation rate (SFR), which can be explained by the interplay between metal-poor gas inflows, SFR and outflows. However, different metals are released on different time-scales, which may affect the slope of this relation. Here, we use central, star-forming galaxies with Mstar = 109.0–10.5 M⊙ from the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation to examine 3D relations between mass, SFR, and chemical enrichment using absolute and relative C, N, O, and Fe abundances. We show that the scatter is smaller when gas-phase α-enhancement is used rather than metallicity. A similar plane also exists for stellar α-enhancement, implying that present-day specific SFRs are correlated with long time-scale star formation histories. Between z = 0 and 1, the α-enhancement plane is even more insensitive to redshift than the plane using metallicity. However, it evolves at z > 1 due to lagging iron yields. At fixed mass, galaxies with higher SFRs have star formation histories shifted towards late times, are more α-enhanced, and this α-enhancement increases with redshift as observed. These findings suggest that relations between physical properties inferred from observations may be affected by systematic variations in α-enhancements.},
  author       = {Matthee, Jorryt J and Schaye, Joop},
  issn         = {1745-3933},
  journal      = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters},
  keywords     = {Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics, galaxies: abundances, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: formation, galaxies: star formation},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {L34 -- L39},
  publisher    = {Oxford University Press},
  title        = {{Star-forming galaxies are predicted to lie on a fundamental plane of mass, star formation rate, and α-enhancement}},
  doi          = {10.1093/mnrasl/sly093},
  volume       = {479},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{11582,
  abstract     = {We have observed a sample of typical z ∼ 1 star-forming galaxies, selected from the HiZELS survey, with the new K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) near-infrared, multi-integral field unit instrument on the Very Large Telescope (VLT), in order to obtain their dynamics and metallicity gradients. The majority of our galaxies have a metallicity gradient consistent with being flat or negative (i.e. higher metallicity cores than outskirts). Intriguingly, we find a trend between metallicity gradient and specific star formation rate (sSFR), such that galaxies with a high sSFR tend to have relatively metal poor centres, a result which is strengthened when combined with data sets from the literature. This result appears to explain the discrepancies reported between different high-redshift studies and varying claims for evolution. From a galaxy evolution perspective, the trend we see would mean that a galaxy's sSFR is governed by the amount of metal-poor gas that can be funnelled into its core, triggered either by merging or through efficient accretion. In fact, merging may play a significant role as it is the starburst galaxies at all epochs, which have the more positive metallicity gradients. Our results may help to explain the origin of the fundamental metallicity relation, in which galaxies at a fixed mass are observed to have lower metallicities at higher star formation rates, especially if the metallicity is measured in an aperture encompassing only the central regions of the galaxy. Finally, we note that this study demonstrates the power of KMOS as an efficient instrument for large-scale resolved galaxy surveys.},
  author       = {Stott, John P. and Sobral, David and Swinbank, A. M. and Smail, Ian and Bower, Richard and Best, Philip N. and Sharples, Ray M. and Geach, James E. and Matthee, Jorryt J},
  issn         = {1365-2966},
  journal      = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
  keywords     = {Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics, galaxies: abundances, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: kinematics and dynamics},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {2695--2704},
  publisher    = {Oxford University Press},
  title        = {{A relationship between specific star formation rate and metallicity gradient within z ∼ 1 galaxies from KMOS-HiZELS}},
  doi          = {10.1093/mnras/stu1343},
  volume       = {443},
  year         = {2014},
}