@article{21987,
  abstract     = {We introduce JODIE, a genetic joint modeling approach that estimates how DNA loci influence human traits by partitioning genetic effects into four components: direct effects (from a child’s alleles), indirect maternal and paternal effects (from parents’ alleles), and parent-of-origin (PofO) effects (dependent on parental transmission of alleles), while uniquely accounting for assortative mating. We analyze 30,000 child-mother-father trios from the Estonian Biobank and the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort, focusing on height, body mass index, and childhood educational test scores. We find direct effects to be the largest contributor to trait variation, but combined, indirect parental and PofO effects are similarly substantial. We support our results by within-family genome-wide association testing and identify 276 independently associated DNA regions with a complex interplay between direct, indirect, and PofO effects. By joint modeling, we show that direct, indirect, and PofO effects collectively shape human phenotypic variation across loci genome-wide.},
  author       = {Krätschmer, Ilse and Hegemann, Laura and Hofmeister, Robin J. and Corfield, Elizabeth C. and Mahmoudi, Mahdi and Delaneau, Olivier and Andreassen, Ole A. and Campbell, Archie and Hayward, Caroline and Marioni, Riccardo E. and Ystrom, Eivind and Havdahl, Alexandra and Robinson, Matthew Richard},
  issn         = {2666-979X},
  journal      = {Cell Genomics},
  keywords     = {direct genetic effects, DGE, indirect genetic effects, IGE, parent-of-origin effects, phenotypic variation, assortative mating, within-family GWAS, MoBa, EstBB},
  number       = {7},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Separating direct, indirect, and parent-of-origin genetic effects in the human population}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.xgen.2026.101277},
  volume       = {6},
  year         = {2026},
}

@misc{5553,
  abstract     = {Genotypic, phenotypic and demographic data for 2128 wild snapdragons and 1127 open-pollinated progeny from a natural hybrid zone, collected as part of Tom Ellis' PhD thesis (submitted) February 2016).

Tissue samples were sent to LGC Genomics in Berlin for DNA extraction, and genotyping at 70 SNP markers by KASPR genotyping. 29 of these SNPs failed to amplify reliably, and have been removed from this dataset.

Other data were retreived from an online database of this population at www.antspec.org.},
  author       = {Field, David and Ellis, Thomas},
  keywords     = {paternity assignment, pedigree, matting patterns, assortative mating, Antirrhinum majus, frequency-dependent selection, plant-pollinator interaction},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Inference of mating patterns among wild snapdragons in a natural hybrid zone in 2012}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:37},
  year         = {2016},
}