[{"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)","short":"CC BY (3.0)"},"has_accepted_license":"1","_id":"22540","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","issue":"10","OA_place":"publisher","publication":"Environmental Research Letters","day":"05","date_created":"2026-07-27T12:30:24Z","article_type":"letter_note","year":"2018","DOAJ_listed":"1","oa":1,"extern":"1","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/aae267","intvolume":"        13","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["550"],"author":[{"first_name":"Athanasios","last_name":"Paschalis","full_name":"Paschalis, Athanasios"},{"full_name":"Fatichi, Simone","id":"cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6","first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Fatichi"},{"first_name":"Christoforos","last_name":"Pappas","full_name":"Pappas, Christoforos"},{"full_name":"Or, Dani","last_name":"Or","first_name":"Dani"}],"publisher":"IOP Publishing ","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae267","open_access":"1"}],"das_tickbox":"1","citation":{"apa":"Paschalis, A., Fatichi, S., Pappas, C., &#38; Or, D. (2018). Covariation of vegetation and climate constrains present and future T/ET variability. <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>. IOP Publishing . <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae267\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae267</a>","chicago":"Paschalis, Athanasios, Simone Fatichi, Christoforos Pappas, and Dani Or. “Covariation of Vegetation and Climate Constrains Present and Future T/ET Variability.” <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>. IOP Publishing , 2018. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae267\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae267</a>.","mla":"Paschalis, Athanasios, et al. “Covariation of Vegetation and Climate Constrains Present and Future T/ET Variability.” <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>, vol. 13, no. 10, 104012, IOP Publishing , 2018, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae267\">10.1088/1748-9326/aae267</a>.","short":"A. Paschalis, S. Fatichi, C. Pappas, D. Or, Environmental Research Letters 13 (2018).","ista":"Paschalis A, Fatichi S, Pappas C, Or D. 2018. Covariation of vegetation and climate constrains present and future T/ET variability. Environmental Research Letters. 13(10), 104012.","ieee":"A. Paschalis, S. Fatichi, C. Pappas, and D. Or, “Covariation of vegetation and climate constrains present and future T/ET variability,” <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>, vol. 13, no. 10. IOP Publishing , 2018.","ama":"Paschalis A, Fatichi S, Pappas C, Or D. Covariation of vegetation and climate constrains present and future T/ET variability. <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>. 2018;13(10). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae267\">10.1088/1748-9326/aae267</a>"},"article_number":"104012","scopus_import":"1","keyword":["T/ET","Evapotranspiration partitioning","Ecohydrology","Modelling","Climate change"],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The reliable partitioning of the terrestrial latent heat flux into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) is important for linking carbon and water cycles and for better understanding ecosystem functioning at local, regional and global scales. Previous research revealed that the transpiration-to-evapotranspiration ratio (T/ET) is well constrained across ecosystems and is nearly independent of vegetation characteristics and climate. Here we investigated the reasons for such a global constancy in present-day T/ET by jointly analysing observations and process-based model simulations. Using this framework, we also quantified how the ratio T/ET could be influenced by changing climate. For present conditions, we found that the various components of land surface evaporation (bare soil evaporation, below canopy soil evaporation, evaporation from interception), and their respective ratios to plant transpiration, depend largely on local climate and equilibrium vegetation properties. The systematic covariation between local vegetation characteristics and climate, resulted in a globally constrained value of T/ET = ∼70 ± 9% for undisturbed ecosystems, nearly independent of specific climate and vegetation attributes. Moreover, changes in precipitation amounts and patterns, increasing air temperatures, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and specific leaf area (the ratio of leaf area per leaf mass) was found to affect T/ET in various manners. However, even extreme changes in the aforementioned factors did not significantly modify T/ET."}],"oa_version":"Published Version","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1748-9326"]},"status":"public","OA_type":"gold","title":"Covariation of vegetation and climate constrains present and future T/ET variability","date_published":"2018-10-05T00:00:00Z","article_processing_charge":"No","volume":13,"month":"10","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2026-08-06T07:46:04Z"},{"publication_status":"published","extern":"1","oa":1,"doi":"10.1073/pnas.1605036113","intvolume":"       113","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Fatichi, Simone","id":"cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6","last_name":"Fatichi","first_name":"Simone"},{"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Leuzinger","full_name":"Leuzinger, Sebastian"},{"last_name":"Paschalis","first_name":"Athanasios","full_name":"Paschalis, Athanasios"},{"full_name":"Langley, J. Adam","last_name":"Langley","first_name":"J. Adam"},{"first_name":"Alicia","last_name":"Donnellan Barraclough","full_name":"Donnellan Barraclough, Alicia"},{"full_name":"Hovenden, Mark J.","last_name":"Hovenden","first_name":"Mark J."}],"date_created":"2026-07-27T12:30:24Z","article_type":"original","year":"2016","OA_place":"publisher","publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","day":"08","page":"12757-12762","_id":"22536","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","issue":"45","pmid":1,"month":"11","external_id":{"pmid":["27791074"]},"quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2026-08-06T08:08:46Z","title":"Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO","date_published":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","article_processing_charge":"No","volume":113,"type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0027-8424"],"eissn":["1091-6490"]},"status":"public","OA_type":"free access","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113"}],"das_tickbox":"1","keyword":["carbon dioxide","modeling","FACE","soil moisture","evapotranspiration"],"citation":{"ieee":"S. Fatichi, S. Leuzinger, A. Paschalis, J. A. Langley, A. Donnellan Barraclough, and M. J. Hovenden, “Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 113, no. 45. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 12757–12762, 2016.","ama":"Fatichi S, Leuzinger S, Paschalis A, Langley JA, Donnellan Barraclough A, Hovenden MJ. Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 2016;113(45):12757-12762. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113\">10.1073/pnas.1605036113</a>","apa":"Fatichi, S., Leuzinger, S., Paschalis, A., Langley, J. A., Donnellan Barraclough, A., &#38; Hovenden, M. J. (2016). Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113</a>","chicago":"Fatichi, Simone, Sebastian Leuzinger, Athanasios Paschalis, J. Adam Langley, Alicia Donnellan Barraclough, and Mark J. Hovenden. “Partitioning Direct and Indirect Effects Reveals the Response of Water-Limited Ecosystems to Elevated CO.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113</a>.","mla":"Fatichi, Simone, et al. “Partitioning Direct and Indirect Effects Reveals the Response of Water-Limited Ecosystems to Elevated CO.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 113, no. 45, National Academy of Sciences, 2016, pp. 12757–62, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113\">10.1073/pnas.1605036113</a>.","short":"S. Fatichi, S. Leuzinger, A. Paschalis, J.A. Langley, A. Donnellan Barraclough, M.J. Hovenden, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (2016) 12757–12762.","ista":"Fatichi S, Leuzinger S, Paschalis A, Langley JA, Donnellan Barraclough A, Hovenden MJ. 2016. Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113(45), 12757–12762."},"scopus_import":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide are expected to affect carbon assimilation and evapotranspiration (ET), ultimately driving changes in plant growth, hydrology, and the global carbon balance. Direct leaf biochemical effects have been widely investigated, whereas indirect effects, although documented, elude explicit quantification in experiments. Here, we used a mechanistic model to investigate the relative contributions of direct (through carbon assimilation) and indirect (via soil moisture savings due to stomatal closure, and changes in leaf area index) effects of elevated CO2 across a variety of ecosystems. We specifically determined which ecosystems and climatic conditions maximize the indirect effects of elevated CO2. The simulations suggest that the indirect effects of elevated CO2 on net primary productivity are large and variable, ranging from less than 10% to more than 100% of the size of direct effects. For ET, indirect effects were, on average, 65% of the size of direct effects. Indirect effects tended to be considerably larger in water-limited ecosystems. As a consequence, the total CO2 effect had a significant, inverse relationship with the wetness index and was directly related to vapor pressure deficit. These results have major implications for our understanding of the CO2 response of ecosystems and for global projections of CO2 fertilization, because, although direct effects are typically understood and easily reproducible in models, simulations of indirect effects are far more challenging and difficult to constrain. Our findings also provide an explanation for the discrepancies between experiments in the total CO2 effect on net primary productivity."}],"oa_version":"Published Version"}]