[{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0035-8711"],"eissn":["1365-2966"]},"date_created":"2022-07-07T10:40:17Z","acknowledgement":"SC and GP gratefully acknowledge support from Swiss National Science Foundation grant PP00P2 163824. MK acknowledges support by DLR500R1904.","article_processing_charge":"No","page":"1874-1887","year":"2020","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","title":"Probing the AGN unification model at redshift z ∼ 3 with MUSE observations of giant Lyα nebulae","external_id":{"arxiv":["2005.01732"]},"article_type":"original","volume":495,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","intvolume":"       495","type":"journal_article","citation":{"ama":"den Brok JS, Cantalupo S, Mackenzie R, et al. Probing the AGN unification model at redshift z ∼ 3 with MUSE observations of giant Lyα nebulae. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2020;495(2):1874-1887. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1269\">10.1093/mnras/staa1269</a>","ista":"den Brok JS, Cantalupo S, Mackenzie R, Marino RA, Pezzulli G, Matthee JJ, Johnson SD, Krumpe M, Urrutia T, Kollatschny W. 2020. Probing the AGN unification model at redshift z ∼ 3 with MUSE observations of giant Lyα nebulae. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 495(2), 1874–1887.","mla":"den Brok, J. S., et al. “Probing the AGN Unification Model at Redshift z ∼ 3 with MUSE Observations of Giant Lyα Nebulae.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 495, no. 2, Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 1874–87, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1269\">10.1093/mnras/staa1269</a>.","ieee":"J. S. den Brok <i>et al.</i>, “Probing the AGN unification model at redshift z ∼ 3 with MUSE observations of giant Lyα nebulae,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 495, no. 2. Oxford University Press, pp. 1874–1887, 2020.","chicago":"den Brok, J S, S Cantalupo, R Mackenzie, R A Marino, G Pezzulli, Jorryt J Matthee, S D Johnson, M Krumpe, T Urrutia, and W Kollatschny. “Probing the AGN Unification Model at Redshift z ∼ 3 with MUSE Observations of Giant Lyα Nebulae.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1269\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1269</a>.","apa":"den Brok, J. S., Cantalupo, S., Mackenzie, R., Marino, R. A., Pezzulli, G., Matthee, J. J., … Kollatschny, W. (2020). Probing the AGN unification model at redshift z ∼ 3 with MUSE observations of giant Lyα nebulae. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1269\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1269</a>","short":"J.S. den Brok, S. Cantalupo, R. Mackenzie, R.A. Marino, G. Pezzulli, J.J. Matthee, S.D. Johnson, M. Krumpe, T. Urrutia, W. Kollatschny, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 495 (2020) 1874–1887."},"keyword":["Space and Planetary Science","Astronomy and Astrophysics","galaxies: active","galaxies: high-redshift","intergalactic medium","quasars: emission lines","quasars: general"],"quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"full_name":"den Brok, J S","last_name":"den Brok","first_name":"J S"},{"full_name":"Cantalupo, S","last_name":"Cantalupo","first_name":"S"},{"full_name":"Mackenzie, R","first_name":"R","last_name":"Mackenzie"},{"full_name":"Marino, R A","last_name":"Marino","first_name":"R A"},{"full_name":"Pezzulli, G","last_name":"Pezzulli","first_name":"G"},{"full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","first_name":"Jorryt J","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","last_name":"Matthee"},{"full_name":"Johnson, S D","first_name":"S D","last_name":"Johnson"},{"last_name":"Krumpe","first_name":"M","full_name":"Krumpe, M"},{"full_name":"Urrutia, T","last_name":"Urrutia","first_name":"T"},{"full_name":"Kollatschny, W","last_name":"Kollatschny","first_name":"W"}],"_id":"11530","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01732","open_access":"1"}],"month":"06","doi":"10.1093/mnras/staa1269","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","abstract":[{"text":"A prediction of the classic active galactic nucleus (AGN) unification model is the presence of ionization cones with different orientations depending on the AGN type. Confirmations of this model exist for present times, but it is less clear in the early Universe. Here, we use the morphology of giant Ly α nebulae around AGNs at redshift z ∼ 3 to probe AGN emission and therefore the validity of the AGN unification model at this redshift. We compare the spatial morphology of 19 nebulae previously found around type I AGNs with a new sample of four Ly α nebulae detected around type II AGNs. Using two independent techniques, we find that nebulae around type II AGNs are more asymmetric than around type I, at least at radial distances r > 30 physical kpc (pkpc) from the ionizing source. We conclude that the type I and type II AGNs in our sample show evidence of different surrounding ionizing geometries. This suggests that the classical AGN unification model is also valid for high-redshift sources. Finally, we discuss how the lack of asymmetry in the inner parts (r ≲ 30 pkpc) and the associated high values of the He II to Ly α ratios in these regions could indicate additional sources of (hard) ionizing radiation originating within or in proximity of the AGN host galaxies. This work demonstrates that the morphologies of giant Ly α nebulae can be used to understand and study the geometry of high-redshift AGNs on circumnuclear scales and it lays the foundation for future studies using much larger statistical samples.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","extern":"1","status":"public","date_published":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","day":"01","arxiv":1,"issue":"2","date_updated":"2022-08-18T11:17:47Z","oa_version":"Preprint","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"date_published":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"text":"Despite recent progress in understanding Ly α emitters (LAEs), relatively little is known regarding their typical black hole activity across cosmic time. Here, we study the X-ray and radio properties of ∼4000 LAEs at 2.2 < z < 6 from the SC4K survey in the COSMOS field. We detect 254 (⁠6.8per cent±0.4per cent⁠) LAEs individually in the X-rays (S/N > 3) with an average luminosity of 1044.31±0.01ergs−1 and average black hole accretion rate (BHAR) of 0.72±0.01 M⊙ yr−1, consistent with moderate to high accreting active galactic neuclei (AGNs). We detect 120 sources in deep radio data (radio AGN fraction of 3.2per cent±0.3per cent⁠). The global AGN fraction (⁠8.6per cent±0.4per cent⁠) rises with Ly α luminosity and declines with increasing redshift. For X-ray-detected LAEs, Ly α luminosities correlate with the BHARs, suggesting that Ly α luminosity becomes a BHAR indicator. Most LAEs (⁠93.1per cent±0.6per cent⁠) at 2 < z < 6 have no detectable X-ray emission (BHARs < 0.017 M⊙ yr−1). The median star formation rate (SFR) of star-forming LAEs from Ly α and radio luminosities is 7.6+6.6−2.8 M⊙ yr−1. The black hole to galaxy growth ratio (BHAR/SFR) for LAEs is <0.0022, consistent with typical star-forming galaxies and the local BHAR/SFR relation. We conclude that LAEs at 2 < z < 6 include two different populations: an AGN population, where Ly α luminosity traces BHAR, and another with low SFRs which remain undetected in even the deepest X-ray stacks but is detected in the radio stacks.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","doi":"10.1093/mnras/staa476","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"04","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11672"}],"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"issue":"3","date_updated":"2022-08-18T11:25:31Z","oa_version":"Preprint","arxiv":1,"day":"01","external_id":{"arxiv":["1909.11672"]},"title":"The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Ly α emitters from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 6: Evidence for a diverse, evolving population","article_type":"original","volume":493,"year":"2020","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","page":"3341-3362","acknowledgement":"JM acknowledges the support of a Huygens PhD fellowship from Leiden University. We thank Camila Correa for help analysing snipshot merger trees. We thank the anonymous referee for constructive comments. We also thank Jarle Brinchmann, Rob Crain, Antonios Katsianis, Paola Popesso, and David Sobral for discussions and suggestions. We also thank the participants of the Lorentz Center workshop ‘A Decade of the Star-Forming Main Sequence’ held on 2017 September 4–8, for discussions and ideas. We have benefited from the public available programming language PYTHON, including the NUMPY, MATPLOTLIB, and SCIPY (Hunter 2007) packages and the TOPCAT analysis tool (Taylor 2013).","date_created":"2022-07-08T07:34:10Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1365-2966"],"issn":["0035-8711"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Calhau, João","first_name":"João","last_name":"Calhau"},{"full_name":"Sobral, David","last_name":"Sobral","first_name":"David"},{"first_name":"Sérgio","last_name":"Santos","full_name":"Santos, Sérgio"},{"first_name":"Jorryt J","last_name":"Matthee","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J"},{"full_name":"Paulino-Afonso, Ana","first_name":"Ana","last_name":"Paulino-Afonso"},{"last_name":"Stroe","first_name":"Andra","full_name":"Stroe, Andra"},{"last_name":"Simmons","first_name":"Brooke","full_name":"Simmons, Brooke"},{"full_name":"Barlow-Hall, Cassandra","first_name":"Cassandra","last_name":"Barlow-Hall"},{"full_name":"Adams, Benjamin","last_name":"Adams","first_name":"Benjamin"}],"_id":"11539","quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Calhau, João, David Sobral, Sérgio Santos, Jorryt J Matthee, Ana Paulino-Afonso, Andra Stroe, Brooke Simmons, Cassandra Barlow-Hall, and Benjamin Adams. “The X-Ray and Radio Activity of Typical and Luminous Ly α Emitters from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 6: Evidence for a Diverse, Evolving Population.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa476\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa476</a>.","apa":"Calhau, J., Sobral, D., Santos, S., Matthee, J. J., Paulino-Afonso, A., Stroe, A., … Adams, B. (2020). The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Ly α emitters from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 6: Evidence for a diverse, evolving population. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa476\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa476</a>","short":"J. Calhau, D. Sobral, S. Santos, J.J. Matthee, A. Paulino-Afonso, A. Stroe, B. Simmons, C. Barlow-Hall, B. Adams, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493 (2020) 3341–3362.","ama":"Calhau J, Sobral D, Santos S, et al. The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Ly α emitters from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 6: Evidence for a diverse, evolving population. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2020;493(3):3341-3362. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa476\">10.1093/mnras/staa476</a>","ista":"Calhau J, Sobral D, Santos S, Matthee JJ, Paulino-Afonso A, Stroe A, Simmons B, Barlow-Hall C, Adams B. 2020. The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Ly α emitters from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 6: Evidence for a diverse, evolving population. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 493(3), 3341–3362.","mla":"Calhau, João, et al. “The X-Ray and Radio Activity of Typical and Luminous Ly α Emitters from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 6: Evidence for a Diverse, Evolving Population.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 493, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 3341–62, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa476\">10.1093/mnras/staa476</a>.","ieee":"J. Calhau <i>et al.</i>, “The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Ly α emitters from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 6: Evidence for a diverse, evolving population,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 493, no. 3. Oxford University Press, pp. 3341–3362, 2020."},"keyword":["Space and Planetary Science","Astronomy and Astrophysics","galaxies: active","galaxies: evolution","galaxies: high-redshift","quasars: supermassive black holes","galaxies: star formation","cosmology: observations","X-rays: galaxies"],"type":"journal_article","intvolume":"       493","publisher":"Oxford University Press"},{"month":"06","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10102","open_access":"1"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","doi":"10.1093/mnras/sty782","extern":"1","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Deep narrow-band surveys have revealed a large population of faint Ly α emitters (LAEs) in the distant Universe, but relatively little is known about the most luminous sources (⁠LLyα≳1042.7 erg s−1; LLyα≳L∗Lyα⁠). Here we present the spectroscopic follow-up of 21 luminous LAEs at z ∼ 2–3 found with panoramic narrow-band surveys over five independent extragalactic fields (≈4 × 106 Mpc3 surveyed at z ∼ 2.2 and z ∼ 3.1). We use WHT/ISIS, Keck/DEIMOS, and VLT/X-SHOOTER to study these sources using high ionization UV lines. Luminous LAEs at z ∼ 2–3 have blue UV slopes (⁠β=−2.0+0.3−0.1⁠) and high Ly α escape fractions (⁠50+20−15 per cent) and span five orders of magnitude in UV luminosity (MUV ≈ −19 to −24). Many (70 per cent) show at least one high ionization rest-frame UV line such as C IV, N V, C III], He II or O III], typically blue-shifted by ≈100–200 km s−1 relative to Ly α. Their Ly α profiles reveal a wide variety of shapes, including significant blue-shifted components and widths from 200 to 4000 km s−1. Overall, 60 ± 11  per cent appear to be active galactic nucleus (AGN) dominated, and at LLyα > 1043.3 erg s−1 and/or MUV < −21.5 virtually all LAEs are AGNs with high ionization parameters (log U = 0.6 ± 0.5) and with metallicities of ≈0.5 − 1 Z⊙. Those lacking signatures of AGNs (40 ± 11  per cent) have lower ionization parameters (⁠logU=−3.0+1.6−0.9 and log ξion = 25.4 ± 0.2) and are apparently metal-poor sources likely powered by young, dust-poor ‘maximal’ starbursts. Our results show that luminous LAEs at z ∼ 2–3 are a diverse population and that 2×L∗Lyα and 2×M∗UV mark a sharp transition in the nature of LAEs, from star formation dominated to AGN dominated."}],"date_published":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","day":"01","date_updated":"2022-08-19T07:01:08Z","oa_version":"Preprint","issue":"2","arxiv":1,"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"We thank the anonymous reviewer for their timely and constructive comments that greatly helped us to improve the manuscript. DS acknowledges financial support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific research (NWO) through a Veni fellowship and from Lancaster University through an Early Career Internal Grant A100679. JM acknowledges the support of a Huygens PhD fellowship from Leiden University. BD acknowledges financial support from NASA through the Astrophysics Data Analysis Program (ADAP), grant number NNX12AE20G, and the National Science Foundation, grant number 1716907. IRS acknowledges support from the ERC Advanced Grant DUSTYGAL (321334), STFC (ST/P000541/1), and a Royal Society/Wolfson Merit Award. PNB is grateful for support from STFC via grant ST/M001229/1. We thank Anne Verhamme, Kimihiko Nakajima, Ryan Trainor, Sangeeta Malhotra, Max Gronke, James Rhoads, Fang Xia An, Matthew Hayes, Takashi Kojima, Mark Dijkstra, and Anne Jaskot for many helpful and engaging discussions, particularly during the SnowCLAW Ly α workshop. We thank Bruno Ribeiro, Stephane Charlot, and Joseph Caruana for comments on the manuscript. The authors would also like to thank Ingrid Tengs, Meg Singleton, Ali Khostovan, and Sara Perez for participating in part of the observations. We also thank Joao Calhau, Leah Morabito, Sergio Santos, and Aayush Saxena for their assistance with the narrow-band observations which allowed to select some of the sour ces. Based on observations obtained with the William Herschel Telescope, program: W16AN004; the Very Large Telescope, programs: 098.A-0819 & 099.A-0254; and the Keck II telescope, program: C267D. Based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under ESO programme IDs 294.A-5018, 294.A-5039, 092.A-0786, 093.A-0561, 097.A-0943, 098.A-0819, 099.A-0254 and 179.A-2005. The authors acknowledge the award of service time (SW2014b20) on the WHT. WHT and its service programme are operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The authors would also like to thank all the extremely helpful observatory staff that have greatly contributed towards our observations, particularly Fiona Riddick, Lilian Dominguez, Florencia Jimenez, and Ian Skillen. We have benefited greatly from the publicly available programming language PYTHON, including the NUMPY & SCIPY (Van Der Walt, Colbert & Varoquaux 2011; Jones et al. 2001), MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007), ASTROPY (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013), and the TOPCAT analysis program (Taylor 2013). This research has made use of the VizieR catalogue access tool, CDS, Strasbourg, France.","date_created":"2022-07-12T07:18:02Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0035-8711"],"eissn":["1365-2966"]},"page":"2817-2840","volume":477,"external_id":{"arxiv":["1802.10102"]},"title":"The nature of luminous Ly α emitters at z ∼ 2–3: Maximal dust-poor starbursts and highly ionizing AGN","article_type":"original","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","year":"2018","intvolume":"       477","publisher":"Oxford University Press","type":"journal_article","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","keyword":["Space and Planetary Science","Astronomy and Astrophysics","galaxies: active","galaxies: evolution","galaxies: high-redshift","galaxies: ISM","galaxies: starburst","cosmology: observations"],"citation":{"ama":"Sobral D, Matthee JJ, Darvish B, et al. The nature of luminous Ly α emitters at z ∼ 2–3: Maximal dust-poor starbursts and highly ionizing AGN. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2018;477(2):2817-2840. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty782\">10.1093/mnras/sty782</a>","ieee":"D. Sobral <i>et al.</i>, “The nature of luminous Ly α emitters at z ∼ 2–3: Maximal dust-poor starbursts and highly ionizing AGN,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 477, no. 2. Oxford University Press, pp. 2817–2840, 2018.","mla":"Sobral, David, et al. “The Nature of Luminous Ly α Emitters at z ∼ 2–3: Maximal Dust-Poor Starbursts and Highly Ionizing AGN.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 477, no. 2, Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 2817–40, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty782\">10.1093/mnras/sty782</a>.","ista":"Sobral D, Matthee JJ, Darvish B, Smail I, Best PN, Alegre L, Röttgering H, Mobasher B, Paulino-Afonso A, Stroe A, Oteo I. 2018. The nature of luminous Ly α emitters at z ∼ 2–3: Maximal dust-poor starbursts and highly ionizing AGN. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 477(2), 2817–2840.","chicago":"Sobral, David, Jorryt J Matthee, Behnam Darvish, Ian Smail, Philip N Best, Lara Alegre, Huub Röttgering, et al. “The Nature of Luminous Ly α Emitters at z ∼ 2–3: Maximal Dust-Poor Starbursts and Highly Ionizing AGN.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2018. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty782\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty782</a>.","apa":"Sobral, D., Matthee, J. J., Darvish, B., Smail, I., Best, P. N., Alegre, L., … Oteo, I. (2018). The nature of luminous Ly α emitters at z ∼ 2–3: Maximal dust-poor starbursts and highly ionizing AGN. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty782\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty782</a>","short":"D. Sobral, J.J. Matthee, B. Darvish, I. Smail, P.N. Best, L. Alegre, H. Röttgering, B. Mobasher, A. Paulino-Afonso, A. Stroe, I. Oteo, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 477 (2018) 2817–2840."},"_id":"11557","author":[{"last_name":"Sobral","first_name":"David","full_name":"Sobral, David"},{"first_name":"Jorryt J","last_name":"Matthee","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J"},{"full_name":"Darvish, Behnam","first_name":"Behnam","last_name":"Darvish"},{"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Smail","full_name":"Smail, Ian"},{"full_name":"Best, Philip N","first_name":"Philip N","last_name":"Best"},{"full_name":"Alegre, Lara","first_name":"Lara","last_name":"Alegre"},{"full_name":"Röttgering, Huub","last_name":"Röttgering","first_name":"Huub"},{"last_name":"Mobasher","first_name":"Bahram","full_name":"Mobasher, Bahram"},{"full_name":"Paulino-Afonso, Ana","first_name":"Ana","last_name":"Paulino-Afonso"},{"last_name":"Stroe","first_name":"Andra","full_name":"Stroe, Andra"},{"first_name":"Iván","last_name":"Oteo","full_name":"Oteo, Iván"}]},{"page":"2558-2574","volume":471,"article_type":"original","external_id":{"arxiv":["1703.10169"]},"title":"A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – I. Nature, morphologies and equivalent widths ","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","year":"2017","article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank the anonymous referee for her/his valuable input that helped improve the clarity and interpretation of our results. DS acknowledges financial support from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific research (NWO), through a Veni fellowship. IO acknowledges support from the European Research Council in the form of the Advanced Investigator Programme, 321302, COSMICISM. CALYMHA data are based on observations made with the Isaac Newton Telescope (proposals 13AN002, I14AN002, 088-INT7/14A, I14BN006, 118-INT13/14B, I15AN008) operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. Also based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under ESO programme IDs 098.A-0819 and 179.A-2005. We are grateful to E. L. Wright and J. Schombert for their cosmology calculator. We would like to thank the authors of NUMPY (van der Walt et al. 2011), SCIPY (Jones et al. 2001), MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007) and ASTROPY (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013) for making these packages publicly available. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is ","date_created":"2022-07-12T12:33:16Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1365-2966"],"issn":["0035-8711"]},"scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","keyword":["Space and Planetary Science","Astronomy and Astrophysics","galaxies: active","galaxies: high-redshift","quasars: emission lines","galaxies: star formation","cosmology: observations"],"citation":{"chicago":"Stroe, Andra, David Sobral, Jorryt J Matthee, João Calhau, and Ivan Oteo. “A 1.4 Deg2 Blind Survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – I. Nature, Morphologies and Equivalent Widths .” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1712\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1712</a>.","apa":"Stroe, A., Sobral, D., Matthee, J. J., Calhau, J., &#38; Oteo, I. (2017). A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – I. Nature, morphologies and equivalent widths . <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1712\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1712</a>","short":"A. Stroe, D. Sobral, J.J. Matthee, J. Calhau, I. Oteo, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 471 (2017) 2558–2574.","ama":"Stroe A, Sobral D, Matthee JJ, Calhau J, Oteo I. A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – I. Nature, morphologies and equivalent widths . <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2017;471(3):2558-2574. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1712\">10.1093/mnras/stx1712</a>","ista":"Stroe A, Sobral D, Matthee JJ, Calhau J, Oteo I. 2017. A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – I. Nature, morphologies and equivalent widths . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 471(3), 2558–2574.","ieee":"A. Stroe, D. Sobral, J. J. Matthee, J. Calhau, and I. Oteo, “A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – I. Nature, morphologies and equivalent widths ,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 471, no. 3. Oxford University Press, pp. 2558–2574, 2017.","mla":"Stroe, Andra, et al. “A 1.4 Deg2 Blind Survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – I. Nature, Morphologies and Equivalent Widths .” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 471, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 2558–74, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1712\">10.1093/mnras/stx1712</a>."},"_id":"11566","author":[{"full_name":"Stroe, Andra","first_name":"Andra","last_name":"Stroe"},{"last_name":"Sobral","first_name":"David","full_name":"Sobral, David"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","last_name":"Matthee","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","first_name":"Jorryt J","full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J"},{"full_name":"Calhau, João","last_name":"Calhau","first_name":"João"},{"first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Oteo","full_name":"Oteo, Ivan"}],"intvolume":"       471","publisher":"Oxford University Press","type":"journal_article","extern":"1","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"While traditionally associated with active galactic nuclei (AGN), the properties of the C II] (λ = 2326 Å), C III] (λ, λ = 1907, 1909 Å) and C IV (λ, λ = 1549, 1551 Å) emission lines are still uncertain as large, unbiased samples of sources are scarce. We present the first blind, statistical study of C II], C III] and C IV emitters at z ∼ 0.68, 1.05, 1.53, respectively, uniformly selected down to a flux limit of ∼4 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−1 through a narrow-band survey covering an area of ∼1.4 deg2 over COSMOS and UDS. We detect 16 C II], 35 C III] and 17 C IV emitters, whose nature we investigate using optical colours as well as Hubble Space Telescope (HST), X-ray, radio and far-infrared data. We find that z ∼ 0.7 C II] emitters are consistent with a mixture of blue (UV slope β = −2.0 ± 0.4) star-forming (SF) galaxies with discy HST structure and AGN with Seyfert-like morphologies. Bright C II] emitters have individual X-ray detections as well as high average black hole accretion rates (BHARs) of ∼0.1 M⊙ yr−1. C III] emitters at z ∼ 1.05 trace a general population of SF galaxies, with β = −0.8 ± 1.1, a variety of optical morphologies, including isolated and interacting galaxies and low BHAR (<0.02 M⊙ yr−1). Our C IV emitters at z ∼ 1.5 are consistent with young, blue quasars (β ∼ −1.9) with point-like optical morphologies, bright X-ray counterparts and large BHAR (0.8  M⊙ yr−1). We also find some surprising C II], C III] and C IV emitters with rest-frame equivalent widths (EWs) that could be as large as 50–100 Å. AGN or spatial offsets between the UV continuum stellar disc and the line-emitting regions may explain the large EW. These bright C II], C III] and C IV emitters are ideal candidates for spectroscopic follow-up to fully unveil their nature."}],"date_published":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","month":"11","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10169","open_access":"1"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","doi":"10.1093/mnras/stx1712","oa_version":"Preprint","date_updated":"2022-08-19T07:59:57Z","issue":"3","arxiv":1,"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"01"},{"oa_version":"Preprint","date_updated":"2022-08-19T08:02:04Z","issue":"3","arxiv":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"day":"01","extern":"1","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"text":"Recently, the C III] and C IV emission lines have been observed in galaxies in the early Universe (z > 5), providing new ways to measure their redshift and study their stellar populations and active galactic nuclei (AGN). We explore the first blind C II], C III] and C IV survey (z ∼ 0.68, 1.05, 1.53, respectively) presented in Stroe et al. (2017). We derive luminosity functions (LF) and study properties of C II], C III] and C IV line emitters through comparisons to the LFs of H α and Ly α emitters, UV selected star-forming (SF) galaxies and quasars at similar redshifts. The C II] LF at z ∼ 0.68 is equally well described by a Schechter or a power-law LF, characteristic of a mixture of SF and AGN activity. The C III] LF (z ∼ 1.05) is consistent to a scaled down version of the Schechter H α and Ly α LF at their redshift, indicating a SF origin. In stark contrast, the C IV LF at z ∼ 1.53 is well fit by a power-law, quasar-like LF. We find that the brightest UV sources (MUV < −22) will universally have C III] and C IV emission. However, on average, C III] and C IV are not as abundant as H α or Ly α emitters at the same redshift, with cosmic average ratios of ∼0.02–0.06 to H α and ∼0.01–0.1 to intrinsic Ly α. We predict that the C III] and C IV lines can only be truly competitive in confirming high-redshift candidates when the hosts are intrinsically bright and the effective Ly α escape fraction is below 1 per cent. While C III] and C IV were proposed as good tracers of young, relatively low-metallicity galaxies typical of the early Universe, we find that, at least at z ∼ 1.5, C IV is exclusively hosted by AGN/quasars, especially at large line equivalent widths.","lang":"eng"}],"date_published":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","month":"11","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10169","open_access":"1"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","doi":"10.1093/mnras/stx1713","quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","keyword":["Space and Planetary Science","Astronomy and Astrophysics","galaxies: active","galaxies: high redshift","galaxies: luminosity function","mass function","quasars: emission lines","star formation","cosmology: observations"],"citation":{"short":"A. Stroe, D. Sobral, J.J. Matthee, J. Calhau, I. Oteo, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 471 (2017) 2575–2586.","apa":"Stroe, A., Sobral, D., Matthee, J. J., Calhau, J., &#38; Oteo, I. (2017). A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – II. Luminosity functions and cosmic average line ratios. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1713\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1713</a>","chicago":"Stroe, Andra, David Sobral, Jorryt J Matthee, João Calhau, and Ivan Oteo. “A 1.4 Deg2 Blind Survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – II. Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Average Line Ratios.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1713\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1713</a>.","mla":"Stroe, Andra, et al. “A 1.4 Deg2 Blind Survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – II. Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Average Line Ratios.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 471, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 2575–86, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1713\">10.1093/mnras/stx1713</a>.","ieee":"A. Stroe, D. Sobral, J. J. Matthee, J. Calhau, and I. Oteo, “A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – II. Luminosity functions and cosmic average line ratios,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 471, no. 3. Oxford University Press, pp. 2575–2586, 2017.","ista":"Stroe A, Sobral D, Matthee JJ, Calhau J, Oteo I. 2017. A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – II. Luminosity functions and cosmic average line ratios. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 471(3), 2575–2586.","ama":"Stroe A, Sobral D, Matthee JJ, Calhau J, Oteo I. A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – II. Luminosity functions and cosmic average line ratios. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2017;471(3):2575-2586. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1713\">10.1093/mnras/stx1713</a>"},"_id":"11567","author":[{"full_name":"Stroe, Andra","last_name":"Stroe","first_name":"Andra"},{"first_name":"David","last_name":"Sobral","full_name":"Sobral, David"},{"full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","last_name":"Matthee","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","first_name":"Jorryt J"},{"first_name":"João","last_name":"Calhau","full_name":"Calhau, João"},{"full_name":"Oteo, Ivan","first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Oteo"}],"intvolume":"       471","publisher":"Oxford University Press","type":"journal_article","page":"2575-2586","volume":471,"title":"A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ∼ 0.7–1.5 – II. Luminosity functions and cosmic average line ratios","external_id":{"arxiv":["1703.10169"]},"article_type":"original","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","year":"2017","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2022-07-12T12:54:57Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1365-2966"],"issn":["0035-8711"]}}]