[{"extern":"1","type":"journal_article","publication_status":"published","issue":"2","date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:53:46Z","title":"Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using multispectral satellite images","article_processing_charge":"No","quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201"}],"author":[{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Kneib, M.","last_name":"Kneib"},{"last_name":"Miles","full_name":"Miles, E.S.","first_name":"E.S."},{"last_name":"Jola","first_name":"S.","full_name":"Jola, S."},{"last_name":"Buri","first_name":"P.","full_name":"Buri, P."},{"last_name":"Herreid","full_name":"Herreid, S.","first_name":"S."},{"last_name":"Bhattacharya","first_name":"A.","full_name":"Bhattacharya, A."},{"last_name":"Watson","first_name":"C.S.","full_name":"Watson, C.S."},{"first_name":"T.","full_name":"Bolch, T.","last_name":"Bolch"},{"first_name":"D.","full_name":"Quincey, D.","last_name":"Quincey"},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","first_name":"Francesca"}],"publisher":"Elsevier","keyword":["Computers in Earth Sciences","Geology","Soil Science"],"article_type":"original","day":"01","volume":253,"year":"2021","citation":{"apa":"Kneib, M., Miles, E. S., Jola, S., Buri, P., Herreid, S., Bhattacharya, A., … Pellicciotti, F. (2021). Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using multispectral satellite images. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201</a>","chicago":"Kneib, M., E.S. Miles, S. Jola, P. Buri, S. Herreid, A. Bhattacharya, C.S. Watson, T. Bolch, D. Quincey, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Mapping Ice Cliffs on Debris-Covered Glaciers Using Multispectral Satellite Images.” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201</a>.","ieee":"M. Kneib <i>et al.</i>, “Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using multispectral satellite images,” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 253, no. 2. Elsevier, 2021.","ama":"Kneib M, Miles ES, Jola S, et al. Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using multispectral satellite images. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. 2021;253(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201\">10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201</a>","short":"M. Kneib, E.S. Miles, S. Jola, P. Buri, S. Herreid, A. Bhattacharya, C.S. Watson, T. Bolch, D. Quincey, F. Pellicciotti, Remote Sensing of Environment 253 (2021).","ista":"Kneib M, Miles ES, Jola S, Buri P, Herreid S, Bhattacharya A, Watson CS, Bolch T, Quincey D, Pellicciotti F. 2021. Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using multispectral satellite images. Remote Sensing of Environment. 253(2), 112201.","mla":"Kneib, M., et al. “Mapping Ice Cliffs on Debris-Covered Glaciers Using Multispectral Satellite Images.” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 253, no. 2, 112201, Elsevier, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201\">10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201</a>."},"oa_version":"Published Version","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201","intvolume":"       253","_id":"12590","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Ice cliffs play a key role in the mass balance of debris-covered glaciers, but assessing their importance is limited by a lack of datasets on their distribution and evolution at scales larger than an individual glacier. These datasets are often derived using operator-biased and time-consuming manual delineation approaches, despite the recent emergence of semi-automatic mapping methods. These methods have used elevation or multispectral data, but the varying slope and mixed spectral signal of these dynamic features makes the transferability of these approaches particularly challenging. We develop three semi-automated and objective new approaches, based on the Spectral Curvature and Linear Spectral Unmixing of multispectral images, to map these features at a glacier to regional scale. The transferability of each method is assessed by applying it to three sites in the Himalaya, where debris-covered glaciers are widespread, with varying lithologic, glaciological and climatic settings, and encompassing different periods of the melt season. We develop the new methods keeping in mind the wide range of remote sensing platforms currently in use, and focus in particular on two products: we apply the three approaches at each site to near-contemporaneous atmospherically-corrected Pléiades (2 m resolution) and Sentinel-2 (10 m resolution) images and assess the effects of spatial and spectral resolution on the results. We find that the Spectral Curvature method works best for the high spatial resolution, four band Pléaides images, while a modification of the Linear Spectral Unmixing using the scaling factor of the unmixing is best for the coarser spatial resolution, but additional spectral information of Sentinel-2 products. In both cases ice cliffs are mapped with a Dice coefficient higher than 0.48. Comparison of the Pléiades results with other existing methods shows that the Spectral Curvature approach performs better and is more robust than any other existing automated or semi-automated approaches. Both methods outline a high number of small, sometimes shallow-sloping and thinly debris-covered ice patches that differ from our traditional understanding of cliffs but may have non-negligible impact on the mass balance of debris-covered glaciers. Overall these results pave the way for large scale efforts of ice cliff mapping that can enable inclusion of these features in debris-covered glacier melt models, as well as allow the generation of multiple datasets to study processes of cliff formation, evolution and decline.","lang":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"date_created":"2023-02-20T08:12:00Z","month":"02","publication":"Remote Sensing of Environment","status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_published":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","article_number":"112201","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0034-4257"]}},{"scopus_import":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A.","first_name":"P.D.A.","last_name":"Kraaijenbrink"},{"full_name":"Shea, J.M.","first_name":"J.M.","last_name":"Shea"},{"first_name":"Francesca","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70"},{"last_name":"Jong","first_name":"S.M. de","full_name":"Jong, S.M. de"},{"first_name":"W.W.","full_name":"Immerzeel, W.W.","last_name":"Immerzeel"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Debris-covered glaciers in the Himalaya may have spatially-averaged rates of surface height change that are similar to those observed on bare-ice glaciers, despite the insulating effects of thick debris. Spatially heterogeneous melt patterns caused by the development and evolution of ice cliffs and supraglacial pond systems result in substantial mass losses over time. However, mechanisms controlling the formation and survival of cliffs and ponds remain largely unknown. To study the distribution and characteristics of these surface features we deploy an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) over a stretch of the debris-covered Langtang Glacier, Nepal. Acquired images are processed into high-resolution orthomosaics and elevation models with the Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry algorithm. Ice cliffs and ponds are classified using object-based image analysis (OBIA) and their morphology and spatial distribution are analysed and evaluated using object, pixel and point cloud approaches. Results show that ice cliffs are predominantly north-facing, and larger ice cliffs are generally coupled with supraglacial ponds, which may affect their evolution considerably. The spatial distribution of ice cliffs indicates that they are more likely to form in areas where high strain rates are expected. The spatial configuration of ponds over the entire tongue reveals high pond density near confluences, possibly due to closure of conduits via transverse compression. We conclude that the combination of OBIA and UAV imagery is a valuable tool in the semi-automatic and objective analysis of surface features on debris-covered glaciers. The technique may also have potential for upscaling to the use of spaceborne imagery, and the use of UAV-derived point clouds to analyse ice cliff undercuts is promising."}],"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier","month":"12","publication":"Remote Sensing of Environment","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:14:35Z","_id":"12614","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       186","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"None","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013","extern":"1","citation":{"ama":"Kraaijenbrink PDA, Shea JM, Pellicciotti F, Jong SM de, Immerzeel WW. Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. 2016;186:581-595. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013\">10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013</a>","chicago":"Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A., J.M. Shea, Francesca Pellicciotti, S.M. de Jong, and W.W. Immerzeel. “Object-Based Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery to Map and Characterise Surface Features on a Debris-Covered Glacier.” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013</a>.","ieee":"P. D. A. Kraaijenbrink, J. M. Shea, F. Pellicciotti, S. M. de Jong, and W. W. Immerzeel, “Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier,” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 186. Elsevier, pp. 581–595, 2016.","apa":"Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Shea, J. M., Pellicciotti, F., Jong, S. M. de, &#38; Immerzeel, W. W. (2016). Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013</a>","short":"P.D.A. Kraaijenbrink, J.M. Shea, F. Pellicciotti, S.M. de Jong, W.W. Immerzeel, Remote Sensing of Environment 186 (2016) 581–595.","mla":"Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., et al. “Object-Based Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery to Map and Characterise Surface Features on a Debris-Covered Glacier.” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 186, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 581–95, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013\">10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013</a>.","ista":"Kraaijenbrink PDA, Shea JM, Pellicciotti F, Jong SM de, Immerzeel WW. 2016. Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier. Remote Sensing of Environment. 186, 581–595."},"article_processing_charge":"No","page":"581-595","title":"Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2023-02-24T11:31:58Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0034-4257"]},"year":"2016","volume":186,"day":"01","date_published":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","article_type":"original","keyword":["Computers in Earth Sciences","Geology","Soil Science"]},{"citation":{"short":"W.W. Immerzeel, P.D.A. Kraaijenbrink, J.M. Shea, A.B. Shrestha, F. Pellicciotti, M.F.P. Bierkens, S.M. de Jong, Remote Sensing of Environment 150 (2014) 93–103.","ista":"Immerzeel WW, Kraaijenbrink PDA, Shea JM, Shrestha AB, Pellicciotti F, Bierkens MFP, de Jong SM. 2014. High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles. Remote Sensing of Environment. 150(7), 93–103.","mla":"Immerzeel, W. W., et al. “High-Resolution Monitoring of Himalayan Glacier Dynamics Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 150, no. 7, Elsevier, 2014, pp. 93–103, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025\">10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025</a>.","ama":"Immerzeel WW, Kraaijenbrink PDA, Shea JM, et al. High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. 2014;150(7):93-103. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025\">10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025</a>","chicago":"Immerzeel, W.W., P.D.A. Kraaijenbrink, J.M. Shea, A.B. Shrestha, Francesca Pellicciotti, M.F.P. Bierkens, and S.M. de Jong. “High-Resolution Monitoring of Himalayan Glacier Dynamics Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier, 2014. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025</a>.","ieee":"W. W. Immerzeel <i>et al.</i>, “High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles,” <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>, vol. 150, no. 7. Elsevier, pp. 93–103, 2014.","apa":"Immerzeel, W. W., Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Shea, J. M., Shrestha, A. B., Pellicciotti, F., Bierkens, M. F. P., &#38; de Jong, S. M. (2014). High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025</a>"},"doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025","oa_version":"None","intvolume":"       150","_id":"12636","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"93-103","scopus_import":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Himalayan glacier tongues are commonly debris covered and they are an important source of melt water. However, they remain relatively unstudied because of the inaccessibility of the terrain and the difficulties in field work caused by the thick debris mantles. Observations of debris-covered glaciers are therefore scarce and airborne remote sensing may bridge the gap between scarce field observations and coarse resolution space-borne remote sensing. In this study we deploy an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) before and after the melt and monsoon season (May and October 2013) over the debris-covered tongue of the Lirung Glacier in Nepal. Based on stereo-imaging and the structure for motion algorithm we derive highly detailed ortho-mosaics and digital elevation models (DEMs), which we geometrically correct using differential GPS observations collected in the field. Based on DEM differencing and manual feature tracking we derive the mass loss and the surface velocity of the glacier at a high spatial accuracy. On average, mass loss is limited and the surface velocity is very small. However, the spatial variability of melt rates is very high, and ice cliffs and supra-glacial ponds show mass losses that can be an order of magnitude higher than the average. We suggest that future research should focus on the interaction between supra-glacial ponds, ice cliffs and englacial hydrology to further understand the dynamics of debris-covered glaciers. Finally, we conclude that UAV deployment has large potential in glaciology and it may revolutionize methods currently applied in studying glacier surface features.","lang":"eng"}],"month":"07","publication":"Remote Sensing of Environment","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:16:56Z","status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_published":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0034-4257"]},"extern":"1","type":"journal_article","publication_status":"published","issue":"7","date_updated":"2023-02-24T08:32:39Z","title":"High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles","article_processing_charge":"No","quality_controlled":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Immerzeel","first_name":"W.W.","full_name":"Immerzeel, W.W."},{"last_name":"Kraaijenbrink","full_name":"Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A.","first_name":"P.D.A."},{"first_name":"J.M.","full_name":"Shea, J.M.","last_name":"Shea"},{"first_name":"A.B.","full_name":"Shrestha, A.B.","last_name":"Shrestha"},{"first_name":"Francesca","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70"},{"first_name":"M.F.P.","full_name":"Bierkens, M.F.P.","last_name":"Bierkens"},{"first_name":"S.M.","full_name":"de Jong, S.M.","last_name":"de Jong"}],"publisher":"Elsevier","keyword":["Computers in Earth Sciences","Geology","Soil Science"],"article_type":"original","day":"01","volume":150,"year":"2014"},{"author":[{"first_name":"V.M.","full_name":"Canuto, V.M.","last_name":"Canuto"},{"first_name":"A.M.","full_name":"Howard, A.M.","last_name":"Howard"},{"first_name":"Y.","full_name":"Cheng, Y.","last_name":"Cheng"},{"last_name":"Muller","orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b","first_name":"Caroline J","full_name":"Muller, Caroline J"},{"last_name":"Leboissetier","first_name":"A.","full_name":"Leboissetier, A."},{"last_name":"Jayne","full_name":"Jayne, S.R.","first_name":"S.R."}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We have found a new way to express the solutions of the RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) equations that allows us to present the turbulent diffusivities for heat, salt and momentum in a way that is considerably simpler and thus easier to implement than in previous work. The RSM provides the dimensionless mixing efficiencies Γα (α stands for heat, salt and momentum). However, to compute the diffusivities, one needs additional information, specifically, the dissipation ε. Since a dynamic equation for the latter that includes the physical processes relevant to the ocean is still not available, one must resort to different sources of information outside the RSM to obtain a complete Mixing Scheme usable in OGCMs.\r\nAs for the RSM results, we show that the Γα’s are functions of both Ri and Rρ (Richardson number and density ratio representing double diffusion, DD); the Γα are different for heat, salt and momentum; in the case of heat, the traditional value Γh = 0.2 is valid only in the presence of strong shear (when DD is inoperative) while when shear subsides, NATRE data show that Γh can be three times as large, a result that we reproduce. The salt Γs is given in terms of Γh. The momentum Γm has thus far been guessed with different prescriptions while the RSM provides a well defined expression for Γm(Ri, Rρ). Having tested Γh, we then test the momentum Γm by showing that the turbulent Prandtl number Γm/Γh vs. Ri reproduces the available data quite well.\r\n\r\nAs for the dissipation ε, we use different representations, one for the mixed layer (ML), one for the thermocline and one for the ocean’s bottom. For the ML, we adopt a procedure analogous to the one successfully used in PB (planetary boundary layer) studies; for the thermocline, we employ an expression for the variable εN−2 from studies of the internal gravity waves spectra which includes a latitude dependence; for the ocean bottom, we adopt the enhanced bottom diffusivity expression used by previous authors but with a state of the art internal tidal energy formulation and replace the fixed Γα = 0.2 with the RSM result that brings into the problem the Ri, Rρ dependence of the Γα; the unresolved bottom drag, which has thus far been either ignored or modeled with heuristic relations, is modeled using a formalism we previously developed and tested in PBL studies.\r\nWe carried out several tests without an OGCM. Prandtl and flux Richardson numbers vs. Ri. The RSM model reproduces both types of data satisfactorily. DD and Mixing efficiency Γh(Ri, Rρ). The RSM model reproduces well the NATRE data. Bimodal ε-distribution. NATRE data show that ε(Ri < 1) ≈ 10ε(Ri > 1), which our model reproduces. Heat to salt flux ratio. In the Ri ≫ 1 regime, the RSM predictions reproduce the data satisfactorily. NATRE mass diffusivity. The z-profile of the mass diffusivity reproduces well the measurements at NATRE. The local form of the mixing scheme is algebraic with one cubic equation to solve."}],"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier","month":"05","publication":"Ocean Modelling","date_created":"2021-02-15T14:40:19Z","publication_status":"published","_id":"9145","intvolume":"        34","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"None","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006","citation":{"chicago":"Canuto, V.M., A.M. Howard, Y. Cheng, Caroline J Muller, A. Leboissetier, and S.R. Jayne. “Ocean Turbulence, III: New GISS Vertical Mixing Scheme.” <i>Ocean Modelling</i>. Elsevier, 2010. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006</a>.","ieee":"V. M. Canuto, A. M. Howard, Y. Cheng, C. J. Muller, A. Leboissetier, and S. R. Jayne, “Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme,” <i>Ocean Modelling</i>, vol. 34, no. 3–4. Elsevier, pp. 70–91, 2010.","apa":"Canuto, V. M., Howard, A. M., Cheng, Y., Muller, C. J., Leboissetier, A., &#38; Jayne, S. R. (2010). Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme. <i>Ocean Modelling</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006</a>","ama":"Canuto VM, Howard AM, Cheng Y, Muller CJ, Leboissetier A, Jayne SR. Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme. <i>Ocean Modelling</i>. 2010;34(3-4):70-91. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006\">10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006</a>","short":"V.M. Canuto, A.M. Howard, Y. Cheng, C.J. Muller, A. Leboissetier, S.R. Jayne, Ocean Modelling 34 (2010) 70–91.","mla":"Canuto, V. M., et al. “Ocean Turbulence, III: New GISS Vertical Mixing Scheme.” <i>Ocean Modelling</i>, vol. 34, no. 3–4, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 70–91, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006\">10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006</a>.","ista":"Canuto VM, Howard AM, Cheng Y, Muller CJ, Leboissetier A, Jayne SR. 2010. Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme. Ocean Modelling. 34(3–4), 70–91."},"extern":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme","page":"70-91","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2022-01-24T13:51:35Z","issue":"3-4","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1463-5003"]},"year":"2010","volume":34,"day":"12","date_published":"2010-05-12T00:00:00Z","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","status":"public","article_type":"original","keyword":["Computer Science (miscellaneous)","Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology","Atmospheric Science","Oceanography"]},{"publist_id":"1736","day":"01","year":"1988","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-0-412-40050-6"],"eissn":["978-94-009-0435-4"]},"keyword":["biogeography","biology","complexity","distribution","evolution","geology"],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","editor":[{"full_name":"Myers, Alan","first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Myers"},{"full_name":"Giller, Paul","first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Giller"}],"date_published":"1988-01-01T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Springer","publication":"Analytical biogeography: An integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions","month":"01","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:13Z","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Nicholas H","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4#toc"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2022-02-08T09:19:50Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"edition":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Speciation","page":"185 - 218","doi":"10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4","oa_version":"None","citation":{"short":"N.H. Barton, in:, A. Myers, P. Giller (Eds.), Analytical Biogeography: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Animal and Plant Distributions, 1st ed., Springer, 1988, pp. 185–218.","ista":"Barton NH. 1988.Speciation. In: Analytical biogeography: An integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions. , 185–218.","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Speciation.” <i>Analytical Biogeography: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Animal and Plant Distributions</i>, edited by Alan Myers and Paul Giller, 1st ed., Springer, 1988, pp. 185–218, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4\">10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4</a>.","ama":"Barton NH. Speciation. In: Myers A, Giller P, eds. <i>Analytical Biogeography: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Animal and Plant Distributions</i>. 1st ed. Springer; 1988:185-218. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4\">10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4</a>","ieee":"N. H. Barton, “Speciation,” in <i>Analytical biogeography: An integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions</i>, 1st ed., A. Myers and P. Giller, Eds. Springer, 1988, pp. 185–218.","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Speciation.” In <i>Analytical Biogeography: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Animal and Plant Distributions</i>, edited by Alan Myers and Paul Giller, 1st ed., 185–218. Springer, 1988. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4</a>.","apa":"Barton, N. H. (1988). Speciation. In A. Myers &#38; P. Giller (Eds.), <i>Analytical biogeography: An integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions</i> (1st ed., pp. 185–218). Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0435-4</a>"},"extern":"1","publication_status":"published","_id":"4317","type":"book_chapter"}]