---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: free access
_id: '10406'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Multicellular organisms develop complex shapes from much simpler, single-celled
    zygotes through a process commonly called morphogenesis. Morphogenesis involves
    an interplay between several factors, ranging from the gene regulatory networks
    determining cell fate and differentiation to the mechanical processes underlying
    cell and tissue shape changes. Thus, the study of morphogenesis has historically
    been based on multidisciplinary approaches at the interface of biology with physics
    and mathematics. Recent technological advances have further improved our ability
    to study morphogenesis by bridging the gap between the genetic and biophysical
    factors through the development of new tools for visualizing, analyzing, and perturbing
    these factors and their biochemical intermediaries. Here, we review how a combination
    of genetic, microscopic, biophysical, and biochemical approaches has aided our
    attempts to understand morphogenesis and discuss potential approaches that may
    be beneficial to such an inquiry in the future.
acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank Feyza Nur Arslan, Suyash Naik, Diana
  Pinheiro, Alexandra Schauer, and Shayan Shamipour for their comments on the draft.
  N.M. is supported by an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship (H2020 Marie-Sklodowska-Curie
  COFUND Action).
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nikhil
  full_name: Mishra, Nikhil
  id: C4D70E82-1081-11EA-B3ED-9A4C3DDC885E
  last_name: Mishra
  orcid: 0000-0002-6425-5788
- first_name: Carl-Philipp J
  full_name: Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J
  id: 39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Heisenberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-0912-4566
citation:
  ama: Mishra N, Heisenberg C-PJ. Dissecting organismal morphogenesis by bridging
    genetics and biophysics. <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. 2021;55:209-233. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748">10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748</a>
  apa: Mishra, N., &#38; Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2021). Dissecting organismal morphogenesis
    by bridging genetics and biophysics. <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. Annual
    Reviews. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748</a>
  chicago: Mishra, Nikhil, and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “Dissecting Organismal Morphogenesis
    by Bridging Genetics and Biophysics.” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. Annual
    Reviews, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748</a>.
  ieee: N. Mishra and C.-P. J. Heisenberg, “Dissecting organismal morphogenesis by
    bridging genetics and biophysics,” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>, vol. 55.
    Annual Reviews, pp. 209–233, 2021.
  ista: Mishra N, Heisenberg C-PJ. 2021. Dissecting organismal morphogenesis by bridging
    genetics and biophysics. Annual Review of Genetics. 55, 209–233.
  mla: Mishra, Nikhil, and Carl-Philipp J. Heisenberg. “Dissecting Organismal Morphogenesis
    by Bridging Genetics and Biophysics.” <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>, vol. 55,
    Annual Reviews, 2021, pp. 209–33, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748">10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748</a>.
  short: N. Mishra, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, Annual Review of Genetics 55 (2021) 209–233.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2021-12-05T23:01:41Z
date_published: 2021-08-30T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T09:03:21Z
day: '30'
department:
- _id: CaHe
doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000747220900010'
  pmid:
  - '34460295'
intvolume: '        55'
isi: 1
keyword:
- morphogenesis
- forward genetics
- high-resolution microscopy
- biophysics
- biochemistry
- patterning
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 209-233
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '754411'
  name: ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships
publication: Annual Review of Genetics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1545-2948
  issn:
  - 0066-4197
publication_status: published
publisher: Annual Reviews
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Dissecting organismal morphogenesis by bridging genetics and biophysics
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 55
year: '2021'
...