---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '21955'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'AgRP neurons cause hunger, the drive to seek and consume food. Their activation
    by fasting is key for survival and is thought to be triggered by feedback when
    energy stores are low. However, we know that environmental cues can also regulate
    AgRP neurons since cues that predict future food intake rapidly inhibit AgRP neurons,
    but is the converse true: can the prediction of future fasting rapidly activate
    AgRP neurons? Here, we show in mice that such rapid fasting activation of AgRP
    neurons does occur. This rapid activation is driven by excitatory input from paraventricular
    hypothalamic (PVH) neurons expressing Sim2, which are bidirectionally sensitive
    to predictions of future energy state. Thus, cognitively processed contextual
    information conveyed by PVHSim2 neurons strongly activates AgRP neurons. Lastly,
    chronic silencing of PVHSim2 neurons causes persistent hypophagia. This PVHSim2-to-AgRP-neuron
    circuit, by anticipating and preventing negative energy balance, provides an important
    new dimension of hunger regulation.'
acknowledgement: "We thank all members of the B.B.L. laboratory for helpful discussions.
  We\r\nthank the BADERC and BNORC transgenic cores (NIH P30DK057521 and\r\nP30DK046200)
  for performing embryo injections to generate knockin mouse\r\nlines. We also thank
  the BIDMC Energy Balance Core (supported by NIH\r\nS10OD028635 and the Boston Area
  Diabetes Endocrinology Research Centers, P30DK135043), where Marissa Cortopassi
  performed indirect calorimetry experiments and Alexander Banks assisted with data
  analysis and interpretation. Confocal imaging was performed at BIDMC’s Confocal
  Imaging\r\nCore. We thank Chen Wu for assistance in designing knockin mouse lines.\r\nThis
  work was supported by the NIH (R01DK134427, R01DK096010, and\r\nR01DK075632 to B.B.L.).
  Authors were supported by an EMBO Long-Term\r\nFellowship (770-2018, S.J.W.), a
  T32 Postdoctoral Training Fellowship\r\n(5T32DK007516, E.D.L.), the Charles A. King
  Trust Postdoctoral Research\r\nFellowship program (A.M.D.), and a K99 Career Development
  Award\r\n(K99HL144923, J.M.R.)."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Samuel J.
  full_name: Walker, Samuel J.
  last_name: Walker
- first_name: Elijah D.
  full_name: Lowenstein, Elijah D.
  last_name: Lowenstein
- first_name: Amelia May Barnett
  full_name: Douglass, Amelia May Barnett
  id: de5f6fda-80fb-11ef-996f-a8c4ecd8e289
  last_name: Douglass
  orcid: 0000-0001-5398-6473
- first_name: Callum M.P.
  full_name: Thomas, Callum M.P.
  last_name: Thomas
- first_name: Joseph C.
  full_name: Madara, Joseph C.
  last_name: Madara
- first_name: Hakan
  full_name: Kucukdereli, Hakan
  last_name: Kucukdereli
- first_name: Eunice A.
  full_name: Barbosa-Meillon, Eunice A.
  last_name: Barbosa-Meillon
- first_name: Jenkang
  full_name: Tao, Jenkang
  last_name: Tao
- first_name: Jon M.
  full_name: Resch, Jon M.
  last_name: Resch
- first_name: Bradford B.
  full_name: Lowell, Bradford B.
  last_name: Lowell
citation:
  ama: Walker SJ, Lowenstein ED, Douglass AM, et al. A hypothalamic circuit for anticipating
    future changes in energy balance. <i>Neuron</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010">10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010</a>
  apa: Walker, S. J., Lowenstein, E. D., Douglass, A. M., Thomas, C. M. P., Madara,
    J. C., Kucukdereli, H., … Lowell, B. B. (n.d.). A hypothalamic circuit for anticipating
    future changes in energy balance. <i>Neuron</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010</a>
  chicago: Walker, Samuel J., Elijah D. Lowenstein, Amelia M. Douglass, Callum M.P.
    Thomas, Joseph C. Madara, Hakan Kucukdereli, Eunice A. Barbosa-Meillon, Jenkang
    Tao, Jon M. Resch, and Bradford B. Lowell. “A Hypothalamic Circuit for Anticipating
    Future Changes in Energy Balance.” <i>Neuron</i>. Elsevier, n.d. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010</a>.
  ieee: S. J. Walker <i>et al.</i>, “A hypothalamic circuit for anticipating future
    changes in energy balance,” <i>Neuron</i>. Elsevier.
  ista: Walker SJ, Lowenstein ED, Douglass AM, Thomas CMP, Madara JC, Kucukdereli
    H, Barbosa-Meillon EA, Tao J, Resch JM, Lowell BB. A hypothalamic circuit for
    anticipating future changes in energy balance. Neuron.
  mla: Walker, Samuel J., et al. “A Hypothalamic Circuit for Anticipating Future Changes
    in Energy Balance.” <i>Neuron</i>, Elsevier, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010">10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010</a>.
  short: S.J. Walker, E.D. Lowenstein, A.M. Douglass, C.M.P. Thomas, J.C. Madara,
    H. Kucukdereli, E.A. Barbosa-Meillon, J. Tao, J.M. Resch, B.B. Lowell, Neuron
    (n.d.).
date_created: 2026-06-08T09:24:25Z
date_published: 2026-06-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-16T08:35:11Z
day: '03'
department:
- _id: AmDo
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '42235510'
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.010
keyword:
- hunger
- hypothalamus
- AGRP neurons
- neuroscience
- metabolism
- homeostasis
- feeding
- food intake
- energy balance
- appetite
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.27.678865
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
pmid: 1
publication: Neuron
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - ' 1097-4199'
  issn:
  - 0896-6273
publication_status: inpress
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A hypothalamic circuit for anticipating future changes in energy balance
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '9943'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Segmentation is the process of partitioning digital images into meaningful
    regions. The analysis of biological high content images often requires segmentation
    as a first step. We propose ilastik as an easy-to-use tool which allows the user
    without expertise in image processing to perform segmentation and classification
    in a unified way. ilastik learns from labels provided by the user through a convenient
    mouse interface. Based on these labels, ilastik infers a problem specific segmentation.
    A random forest classifier is used in the learning step, in which each pixel's
    neighborhood is characterized by a set of generic (nonlinear) features. ilastik
    supports up to three spatial plus one spectral dimension and makes use of all
    dimensions in the feature calculation. ilastik provides realtime feedback that
    enables the user to interactively refine the segmentation result and hence further
    fine-tune the classifier. An uncertainty measure guides the user to ambiguous
    regions in the images. Real time performance is achieved by multi-threading which
    fully exploits the capabilities of modern multi-core machines. Once a classifier
    has been trained on a set of representative images, it can be exported and used
    to automatically process a very large number of images (e.g. using the CellProfiler
    pipeline). ilastik is an open source project and released under the BSD license
    at www.ilastik.org.
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Christoph M
  full_name: Sommer, Christoph M
  id: 4DF26D8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Sommer
  orcid: 0000-0003-1216-9105
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Straehle, Christoph
  last_name: Straehle
- first_name: Ullrich
  full_name: Köthe, Ullrich
  last_name: Köthe
- first_name: Fred A.
  full_name: Hamprecht, Fred A.
  last_name: Hamprecht
citation:
  ama: 'Sommer CM, Straehle C, Köthe U, Hamprecht FA. Ilastik: Interactive learning
    and segmentation toolkit. In: <i>2011 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical
    Imaging: From Nano to Micro</i>. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers;
    2011. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394">10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394</a>'
  apa: 'Sommer, C. M., Straehle, C., Köthe, U., &#38; Hamprecht, F. A. (2011). Ilastik:
    Interactive learning and segmentation toolkit. In <i>2011 IEEE International Symposium
    on Biomedical Imaging: from Nano to Micro</i>. Chicago, Illinois, USA: Institute
    of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394">https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394</a>'
  chicago: 'Sommer, Christoph M, Christoph Straehle, Ullrich Köthe, and Fred A. Hamprecht.
    “Ilastik: Interactive Learning and Segmentation Toolkit.” In <i>2011 IEEE International
    Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Micro</i>. Institute of Electrical
    and Electronics Engineers, 2011. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394">https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. M. Sommer, C. Straehle, U. Köthe, and F. A. Hamprecht, “Ilastik: Interactive
    learning and segmentation toolkit,” in <i>2011 IEEE International Symposium on
    Biomedical Imaging: from Nano to Micro</i>, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2011.'
  ista: 'Sommer CM, Straehle C, Köthe U, Hamprecht FA. 2011. Ilastik: Interactive
    learning and segmentation toolkit. 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical
    Imaging: from Nano to Micro. ISBI: International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging.'
  mla: 'Sommer, Christoph M., et al. “Ilastik: Interactive Learning and Segmentation
    Toolkit.” <i>2011 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano
    to Micro</i>, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2011, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394">10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394</a>.'
  short: 'C.M. Sommer, C. Straehle, U. Köthe, F.A. Hamprecht, in:, 2011 IEEE International
    Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Micro, Institute of Electrical and
    Electronics Engineers, 2011.'
conference:
  end_date: 2011-04-02
  location: Chicago, Illinois, USA
  name: 'ISBI: International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging'
  start_date: 2011-03-30
date_created: 2021-08-19T11:49:58Z
date_published: 2011-06-09T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-23T14:13:38Z
day: '09'
department:
- _id: Bio
doi: 10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394
extern: '1'
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2011.5872394
keyword:
- image segmentation
- biomedical imaging
- three dimensional displays
- neurons
- retina
- observers
- image color analysis
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224241106_Ilastik_Interactive_learning_and_segmentation_toolkit
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
publication: '2011 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: from Nano to
  Micro'
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1945-8452
  isbn:
  - 978-1-4244-4127-3
  issn:
  - 1945-7928
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Ilastik: Interactive learning and segmentation toolkit'
type: conference
user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9
year: '2011'
...