--- _id: '20833' abstract: - lang: eng text: Sex-chromosome systems are highly variable across animals, but how they transition from one to another is not well understood. Diptera have undergone multiple sex-chromosome turnovers and expansions while maintaining their general chromosomal content, which makes them an ideal clade to study such transitions. We analysed more than 100 dipteran whole-genome assemblies and identified 4 new lineages that underwent sex-chromosome turnover (in addition to the 5 previously reported). We find the majority of turnovers happened in the group Schizophora, which tend to have fewer genes on the F element (the chromosome homologous to the ancestral insect X chromosome) than lower dipterans, a factor previously hypothesized to facilitate turnover. Most derived X chromosomes have higher GC content than autosomes, consistent with a high prevalence of male-achiasmy in Diptera. In addition, an excess of gene movement out of the X is detected for most of these new X chromosomes, and many of these moved genes have high testis expression in Drosophila, suggesting that out-of-X gene movement contributes to the long-term demasculinization of X chromosomes. article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Lorena Alexandra full_name: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra id: 02814589-eb8f-11eb-b029-a70074f3f18f last_name: Layana Franco orcid: 0000-0002-1253-6297 - first_name: Melissa A full_name: Toups, Melissa A id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Toups orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380 - first_name: Beatriz full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Vicoso orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306 citation: ama: Layana Franco LA, Toups MA, Vicoso B. Research Data for “Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.” 2026. doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20833 apa: Layana Franco, L. A., Toups, M. A., & Vicoso, B. (2026). Research Data for “Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20833 chicago: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra, Melissa A Toups, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Research Data for ‘Causes and Consequences of Sex-Chromosome Turnovers in Diptera.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20833. ieee: L. A. Layana Franco, M. A. Toups, and B. Vicoso, “Research Data for ‘Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. ista: Layana Franco LA, Toups MA, Vicoso B. 2026. Research Data for ‘Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera’, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20833. mla: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra, et al. Research Data for “Causes and Consequences of Sex-Chromosome Turnovers in Diptera.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026, doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20833. short: L.A. Layana Franco, M.A. Toups, B. Vicoso, (2026). corr_author: '1' date_created: 2025-12-17T10:10:57Z date_published: 2026-01-08T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-06-10T09:21:49Z day: '8' department: - _id: BeVi doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20833 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 0b79be6229f2ad9ac117ef00fc4f5c0e content_type: text/plain creator: llayanaf date_created: 2025-12-17T10:09:25Z date_updated: 2025-12-17T10:09:25Z file_id: '20834' file_name: README.txt file_size: 1201 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: daf1c03149dd170b14e5c8e109ee3c77 content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2025-12-17T10:10:11Z date_updated: 2025-12-17T10:10:11Z file_id: '20835' file_name: Supplementary_Datasets.zip file_size: 19052849 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: 251e7aab01917c2ad2fbccf465492ea1 content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2025-12-17T10:12:05Z date_updated: 2025-12-17T10:12:05Z file_id: '20837' file_name: Perl_scripts.zip file_size: 4575 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: 3cabf143b8cd286eae48c598da2b03bd content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2026-01-08T01:35:08Z date_updated: 2026-01-08T01:35:08Z file_id: '20959' file_name: Supplementary_Tables.zip file_size: 572362 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-01-08T01:35:08Z has_accepted_license: '1' keyword: - Schizophora - sex chromosomes - sex-chromosome turnover - Diptera - genomic features - out-of-X movement. month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria status: public title: Research Data for 'Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: research_data user_id: 68b8ca59-c5b3-11ee-8790-cd641c68093d year: '2026' ... --- _id: '21116' abstract: - lang: eng text: Sex-chromosome systems are highly variable across animals, but how they transition from one to another is not well understood. Diptera have undergone multiple sex-chromosome turnovers and expansions while maintaining their general chromosomal content, which makes them an ideal clade to study such transitions. We analyzed more than 100 dipteran whole-genome assemblies and identified 4 new lineages that underwent sex-chromosome turnover (in addition to the 5 previously reported). We find that the majority of turnovers happened in the group Schizophora, which tend to have fewer genes on Muller element F (the chromosome homologous to the ancestral insect X chromosome) than lower dipterans, a factor previously hypothesized to facilitate turnover. Most derived X chromosomes have higher GC content than autosomes, consistent with a high prevalence of male achiasmy in Diptera. In addition, an excess of gene movement out of the X is detected for most of these new X chromosomes, and many of these moved genes have high testis expression in Drosophila, suggesting that out-of-X gene movement contributes to the long-term demasculinization of X chromosomes. article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Lorena Alexandra full_name: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra id: 02814589-eb8f-11eb-b029-a70074f3f18f last_name: Layana Franco orcid: 0000-0002-1253-6297 - first_name: Melissa A full_name: Toups, Melissa A id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Toups orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380 - first_name: Beatriz full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Vicoso orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306 citation: ama: Layana Franco LA, Toups MA, Vicoso B. Research Data for “Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.” 2026. doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-21116 apa: Layana Franco, L. A., Toups, M. A., & Vicoso, B. (2026). Research Data for “Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21116 chicago: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra, Melissa A Toups, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Research Data for ‘Causes and Consequences of Sex-Chromosome Turnovers in Diptera.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21116. ieee: L. A. Layana Franco, M. A. Toups, and B. Vicoso, “Research Data for ‘Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. ista: Layana Franco LA, Toups MA, Vicoso B. 2026. Research Data for ‘Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera’, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 10.15479/AT-ISTA-21116. mla: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra, et al. Research Data for “Causes and Consequences of Sex-Chromosome Turnovers in Diptera.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026, doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-21116. short: L.A. Layana Franco, M.A. Toups, B. Vicoso, (2026). corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-30T11:04:14Z date_published: 2026-01-02T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-12T12:58:00Z day: '2' department: - _id: BeVi doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-21116 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 0b79be6229f2ad9ac117ef00fc4f5c0e content_type: text/plain creator: llayanaf date_created: 2026-01-30T11:00:24Z date_updated: 2026-01-30T11:00:24Z file_id: '21117' file_name: README.txt file_size: 1201 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: a3cda72e4177fa1e5d3f0f6a88f8a79b content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2026-01-30T11:00:36Z date_updated: 2026-01-30T11:00:36Z file_id: '21118' file_name: Supplementary_Tables.zip file_size: 572403 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: efb5b64698d6ca9e7b675204f6fc1c29 content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2026-01-30T11:00:48Z date_updated: 2026-01-30T11:00:48Z file_id: '21119' file_name: Supplementary_Datasets.zip file_size: 19054553 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: 254e050f648e9783ba8fe11adb3b49db content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2026-01-30T11:00:56Z date_updated: 2026-01-30T11:00:56Z file_id: '21120' file_name: Perl_scripts.zip file_size: 4575 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-01-30T11:00:56Z has_accepted_license: '1' keyword: - Schizophora - sex chromosomes - sex-chromosome turnover - Diptera - genomic features - out-of-X movement. month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria status: public title: Research Data for "Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera" tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: research_data user_id: 68b8ca59-c5b3-11ee-8790-cd641c68093d year: '2026' ... --- _id: '20780' abstract: - lang: eng text: Sex-chromosome systems are highly variable across animals, but how they transition from one to another is not well understood. Diptera have undergone multiple sex-chromosome turnovers and expansions while maintaining their general chromosomal content, which makes them an ideal clade to study such transitions. We analysed more than 100 dipteran whole-genome assemblies and identified 4 new lineages that underwent sex-chromosome turnover (in addition to the 5 previously reported). We find the majority of turnovers happened in the group Schizophora, which tend to have fewer genes on the F element (the chromosome homologous to the ancestral insect X chromosome) than lower dipterans, a factor previously hypothesized to facilitate turnover. Most derived X chromosomes have higher GC content than autosomes, consistent with a high prevalence of male-achiasmy in Diptera. In addition, an excess of gene movement out of the X is detected for most of these new X chromosomes, and many of these moved genes have high testis expression in Drosophila, suggesting that out-of-X gene movement contributes to the long-term demasculinization of X chromosomes. acknowledged_ssus: - _id: ScienComp article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Lorena Alexandra full_name: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra id: 02814589-eb8f-11eb-b029-a70074f3f18f last_name: Layana Franco orcid: 0000-0002-1253-6297 - first_name: Melissa A full_name: Toups, Melissa A id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Toups orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380 - first_name: Beatriz full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Vicoso orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306 citation: ama: Layana Franco LA, Toups MA, Vicoso B. Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera. 2025. doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20780 apa: Layana Franco, L. A., Toups, M. A., & Vicoso, B. (2025). Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20780 chicago: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra, Melissa A Toups, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Causes and Consequences of Sex-Chromosome Turnovers in Diptera.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20780. ieee: L. A. Layana Franco, M. A. Toups, and B. Vicoso, “Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. ista: Layana Franco LA, Toups MA, Vicoso B. 2025. Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20780. mla: Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra, et al. Causes and Consequences of Sex-Chromosome Turnovers in Diptera. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20780. short: L.A. Layana Franco, M.A. Toups, B. Vicoso, (2025). corr_author: '1' date_created: 2025-12-10T23:40:14Z date_published: 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-06-10T08:27:48Z department: - _id: BeVi doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20780 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 251e7aab01917c2ad2fbccf465492ea1 content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2025-12-11T10:47:15Z date_updated: 2025-12-11T10:47:15Z file_id: '20799' file_name: Perl_scripts.zip file_size: 4575 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: daf1c03149dd170b14e5c8e109ee3c77 content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2025-12-11T10:52:17Z date_updated: 2025-12-11T10:52:17Z file_id: '20800' file_name: Supplementary_Datasets.zip file_size: 19052849 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: 658d6e95a361b0a3db058b7b4e1733d4 content_type: application/zip creator: llayanaf date_created: 2025-12-11T10:52:11Z date_updated: 2025-12-11T10:52:11Z file_id: '20801' file_name: Supplementary_Tables.zip file_size: 566476 relation: main_file success: 1 - access_level: open_access checksum: 2a2b92eb9fade0015719190596a8c5b7 content_type: text/plain creator: llayanaf date_created: 2025-12-11T11:00:53Z date_updated: 2025-12-11T11:00:53Z file_id: '20802' file_name: README.txt file_size: 1204 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2025-12-11T11:00:53Z has_accepted_license: '1' keyword: - Schizophora - sex chromosomes - sex-chromosome turnover - Diptera - genomic features - out-of-X movement. month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria status: public title: Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: research_data user_id: 68b8ca59-c5b3-11ee-8790-cd641c68093d year: '2025' ...