[{"year":"2026","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","day":"10","DOAJ_listed":"1","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2026_AstrophysicalJour_Lewis.pdf","file_size":1854628,"access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2026-07-13T07:35:16Z","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2026-07-13T07:35:16Z","success":1,"checksum":"9b13fbbc5e5e921c04676ebc532d9c42","file_id":"22273","creator":"dernst"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0004-637X"],"eissn":["1538-4357"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"supplementarymaterial":"no","publisher":"IOP Publishing","article_number":"159","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The correlation between galaxy stellar mass and gas-phase metallicity, known as the mass–metallicity relation (MZR), gives key insights into the processes that govern galaxy evolution. However, unquantified observational and selection biases can result in systematic errors in attempts to recover the intrinsic MZR, particularly at higher redshifts. We characterize the MZR at z ∼ 3–6 within a fully Bayesian framework using JWST/NIRSpec spectra of 191 galaxies from the RUBIES survey. We forward model the observed mass–metallicity surface using prospector-generated spectra to account for two selection biases: the survey selection function and the success in observing high signal-to-noise ratio emission lines. We demonstrate that the RUBIES selection function, based on F444W magnitude and F150W – F444W color, has a negligible effect on our measured MZR. A correct treatment of the non-Gaussian metallicity uncertainties from strong-line calibrations lowers the derived MZR normalization by 0.2 dex and flattens the slope by ∼20%; forward modeling the effect of emission line observability steepens the slope by ∼15%. Both of these biases must be taken into account in order to properly measure the intrinsic MZR. This novel forward-modeling process motivates careful consideration of selection functions in future surveys, and paves the way for robust, high-redshift chemical enrichment studies that trace the evolution of the MZR across cosmic time."}],"OA_place":"publisher","das_tickbox":"1","dataavailabilitystatement":"The specific observations analyzed can be accessed via doi:10.17909/qk5z-7p30. The scripts used to generate the data and results in this work can be found in Zenodo at doi:10.5281/zenodo.20513668 and GitHub https://github.com/zachlewis99/rubies_mzr","acknowledgement":"This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with program ID 4233. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. 2137424 as well as work supported by NASA under Award No. 2025_3-0, issued through the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium, and JWST-GO-4233. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Support for program ID 4233 was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127. M.V.M. is supported by the National Science Foundation via grant AAG 2205519. A.d.G. acknowledges support from a Clay Fellowship awarded by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. T.B.M. was supported by a CIERA Fellowship. Part of the computations for this research were performed on the Pennsylvania State University’s Institute for Computational and Data Sciences’ Roar supercomputer. Some/all of the data presented in this article were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) at the Space Telescope Science Institute. The specific observations analyzed can be accessed via doi:10.17909/qk5z-7p30. The scripts used to generate the data and results in this work can be found in Zenodo at doi:10.5281/zenodo.20513668 and GitHub  \r\nhttps://github.com/zachlewis99/rubies_mzr ","citation":{"apa":"Lewis, Z., Maseda, M. V., De Graaff, A., Leja, J., Wang, B., Rix, H. W., … Williams, C. C. (2026). The mass–metallicity relation and its observational effects at z ∼ 3–6. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc\">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc</a>","ista":"Lewis Z, Maseda MV, De Graaff A, Leja J, Wang B, Rix HW, Mcconachie I, Cleri NJ, Bezanson R, Boogaard LA, Brammer G, Greene JE, Hirschmann M, Katz H, Labbé I, Matthee JJ, Miller TB, Naidu RP, Oesch PA, Setton DJ, Suess KA, Weibel A, Whitaker KE, Williams CC. 2026. The mass–metallicity relation and its observational effects at z ∼ 3–6. The Astrophysical Journal. 1005(2), 159.","ieee":"Z. Lewis <i>et al.</i>, “The mass–metallicity relation and its observational effects at z ∼ 3–6,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 1005, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2026.","short":"Z. Lewis, M.V. Maseda, A. De Graaff, J. Leja, B. Wang, H.W. Rix, I. Mcconachie, N.J. Cleri, R. Bezanson, L.A. Boogaard, G. Brammer, J.E. Greene, M. Hirschmann, H. Katz, I. Labbé, J.J. Matthee, T.B. Miller, R.P. Naidu, P.A. Oesch, D.J. Setton, K.A. Suess, A. Weibel, K.E. Whitaker, C.C. Williams, The Astrophysical Journal 1005 (2026).","chicago":"Lewis, Zach, Michael V. Maseda, Anna De Graaff, Joel Leja, Bingjie Wang, Hans Walter Rix, Ian Mcconachie, et al. “The Mass–Metallicity Relation and Its Observational Effects at z ∼ 3–6.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc\">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc</a>.","ama":"Lewis Z, Maseda MV, De Graaff A, et al. The mass–metallicity relation and its observational effects at z ∼ 3–6. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2026;1005(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc\">10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc</a>","mla":"Lewis, Zach, et al. “The Mass–Metallicity Relation and Its Observational Effects at z ∼ 3–6.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 1005, no. 2, 159, IOP Publishing, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc\">10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc</a>."},"publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Published Version","arxiv":1,"type":"journal_article","intvolume":"      1005","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc","oa":1,"date_created":"2026-07-12T22:02:17Z","issue":"2","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ae7bfc","status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","month":"07","publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","date_published":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","researchdata_availability":"yes","department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"keyword":["Galaxy evolution","Chemical enrichment","Metallicity","Galaxy abundances","Scaling relations"],"PlanS_conform":"1","ddc":["520"],"author":[{"full_name":"Lewis, Zach","last_name":"Lewis","first_name":"Zach"},{"first_name":"Michael V.","last_name":"Maseda","full_name":"Maseda, Michael V."},{"full_name":"De Graaff, Anna","last_name":"De Graaff","first_name":"Anna"},{"first_name":"Joel","last_name":"Leja","full_name":"Leja, Joel"},{"first_name":"Bingjie","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Bingjie"},{"full_name":"Rix, Hans Walter","last_name":"Rix","first_name":"Hans Walter"},{"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Mcconachie","full_name":"Mcconachie, Ian"},{"full_name":"Cleri, Nikko J.","last_name":"Cleri","first_name":"Nikko J."},{"first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Bezanson","full_name":"Bezanson, Rachel"},{"full_name":"Boogaard, Leindert A.","first_name":"Leindert A.","last_name":"Boogaard"},{"first_name":"Gabriel","last_name":"Brammer","full_name":"Brammer, Gabriel"},{"full_name":"Greene, Jenny E.","last_name":"Greene","first_name":"Jenny E."},{"first_name":"Michaela","last_name":"Hirschmann","full_name":"Hirschmann, Michaela"},{"first_name":"Harley","last_name":"Katz","full_name":"Katz, Harley"},{"last_name":"Labbé","first_name":"Ivo","full_name":"Labbé, Ivo"},{"id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","last_name":"Matthee","first_name":"Jorryt J"},{"first_name":"Tim B.","last_name":"Miller","full_name":"Miller, Tim B."},{"first_name":"Rohan P.","last_name":"Naidu","full_name":"Naidu, Rohan P."},{"full_name":"Oesch, Pascal A.","first_name":"Pascal A.","last_name":"Oesch"},{"full_name":"Setton, David J.","first_name":"David J.","last_name":"Setton"},{"full_name":"Suess, Katherine A.","last_name":"Suess","first_name":"Katherine A."},{"full_name":"Weibel, Andrea","last_name":"Weibel","first_name":"Andrea"},{"last_name":"Whitaker","first_name":"Katherine E.","full_name":"Whitaker, Katherine E."},{"last_name":"Williams","first_name":"Christina C.","full_name":"Williams, Christina C."}],"OA_type":"gold","_id":"22264","scopus_import":"1","volume":1005,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","file_date_updated":"2026-07-13T07:35:16Z","external_id":{"arxiv":["2512.03134"]},"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"has_accepted_license":"1","date_updated":"2026-07-13T07:40:41Z","title":"The mass–metallicity relation and its observational effects at z ∼ 3–6","article_processing_charge":"Yes"},{"das_tickbox":"0","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The depth poset of a filtered Lefschetz complex reflects the dependencies between the cancellations of different shallow birth-death pairs. Using the fast algorithms for computing the depth poset in [Edelsbrunner et al., 2026] and for updating the persistence diagram under transpositions in [Cohen-Steiner et al., 2006], we give a complete case analysis of how transpositions of cells in the filter affect the depth poset. In addition, we present statistics on the depth poset for random point data and its sensitivity to the transpositions that occur in random straight-line homotopies."}],"article_number":"41:1-41:18","OA_place":"publisher","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"supplementarymaterial":"no","publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783959774185"],"eissn":["1868-8969"]},"file":[{"success":1,"checksum":"9dfb96ee66985c724b499b0e5888dc8e","file_id":"22329","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2026-07-14T06:08:05Z","date_updated":"2026-07-14T06:08:05Z","relation":"main_file","file_name":"2026_LIPIcSSoCG_Edelsbrunner.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":2902144}],"year":"2026","corr_author":"1","day":"27","date_created":"2026-07-13T09:56:38Z","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41","intvolume":"       367","oa":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","arxiv":1,"type":"conference","citation":{"ista":"Edelsbrunner H, Lipiński M, Mrozek M, Soriano Trigueros M, Zimin F. 2026. The depth poset under transpositions in the filter. 42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry. SoCG: Symposium on Computational Geometry, LIPIcs, vol. 367, 41:1-41:18.","apa":"Edelsbrunner, H., Lipiński, M., Mrozek, M., Soriano Trigueros, M., &#38; Zimin, F. (2026). The depth poset under transpositions in the filter. In <i>42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry</i> (Vol. 367). New Brunswick, NJ, United States: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41</a>","ieee":"H. Edelsbrunner, M. Lipiński, M. Mrozek, M. Soriano Trigueros, and F. Zimin, “The depth poset under transpositions in the filter,” in <i>42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry</i>, New Brunswick, NJ, United States, 2026, vol. 367.","ama":"Edelsbrunner H, Lipiński M, Mrozek M, Soriano Trigueros M, Zimin F. The depth poset under transpositions in the filter. In: <i>42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry</i>. Vol 367. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41\">10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41</a>","mla":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. “The Depth Poset under Transpositions in the Filter.” <i>42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry</i>, vol. 367, 41:1-41:18, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41\">10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41</a>.","short":"H. Edelsbrunner, M. Lipiński, M. Mrozek, M. Soriano Trigueros, F. Zimin, in:, 42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2026.","chicago":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert, Michał Lipiński, Marian Mrozek, Manuel Soriano Trigueros, and Fedor Zimin. “The Depth Poset under Transpositions in the Filter.” In <i>42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry</i>, Vol. 367. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41</a>."},"publication_status":"published","acknowledgement":"The authors thank Jakub Leśkiewicz and Bartosz Furmanek for discussions\r\nthat helped improve the paper. Herbert Edelsbrunner: DFG Collaborative Research Center TRR 109, Austrian Science\r\nFund (FWF), grant no. I 02979-N35\r\nMichał Lipiński: European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the\r\nMarie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 101034413\r\nMarian Mrozek: Polish National Science Center under Opus Grant 2019/35/B/ST1/00874 and Opus\r\nGrant 2025/57/B/ST1/00550","project":[{"call_identifier":"FWF","name":"Persistence and stability of geometric complexes","grant_number":"I02979-N35","_id":"2561EBF4-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101034413","name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c"}],"keyword":["Algebraic topology","Lefschetz complexes","persistent homology","vines and vineyards","birth-death pairs","shallow pairs","relations","partial orders","transpositions","Theory of computation → Computational geometry"],"ec_funded":1,"department":[{"_id":"HeEd"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"date_published":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","researchdata_availability":"no","publication":"42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry","month":"05","quality_controlled":"1","doi":"10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2026.41","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-08-12T09:02:56Z","article_processing_charge":"Yes","title":"The depth poset under transpositions in the filter","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"has_accepted_license":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-07-14T06:08:05Z","external_id":{"arxiv":["2511.21961"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"22299","scopus_import":"1","volume":367,"OA_type":"gold","conference":{"name":"SoCG: Symposium on Computational Geometry","start_date":"2026-06-02","end_date":"2026-06-05","location":"New Brunswick, NJ, United States"},"author":[{"id":"3FB178DA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert","orcid":"0000-0002-9823-6833","last_name":"Edelsbrunner","first_name":"Herbert"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9789-9750","full_name":"Lipiński, Michał","id":"dfffb474-4317-11ee-8f5c-fe3fc95a425e","first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Lipiński"},{"full_name":"Mrozek, Marian","orcid":"0000-0002-0619-6417","first_name":"Marian","last_name":"Mrozek"},{"id":"15ebd7cf-15bf-11ee-aebd-bb4bb5121ea8","orcid":"0000-0003-2449-1433","full_name":"Soriano Trigueros, Manuel","last_name":"Soriano Trigueros","first_name":"Manuel"},{"id":"afd27eda-91c1-11f0-aad8-c6edbec24c04","full_name":"Zimin, Fedor","last_name":"Zimin","first_name":"Fedor"}],"ddc":["500"]},{"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","date_updated":"2026-08-12T13:59:36Z","title":"Reconciling observations with modeling: The fate of water and carbon allocation in a mature deciduous forest exposed to elevated CO2","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Fatichi","full_name":"Fatichi, Simone","id":"cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6"},{"full_name":"Leuzinger, Sebastian","first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Leuzinger"}],"OA_type":"closed access","_id":"22476","scopus_import":"1","volume":"174-175","extern":"1","article_type":"original","date_published":"2013-06-15T00:00:00Z","keyword":["Ecohydrological modeling","Plant water relations","FACE experiments","Forest productivity","CO2 enrichment","Swiss Canopy Crane"],"doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005","status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","month":"06","publication":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","oa_version":"None","type":"journal_article","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005","date_created":"2026-07-27T12:30:23Z","citation":{"mla":"Fatichi, Simone, and Sebastian Leuzinger. “Reconciling Observations with Modeling: The Fate of Water and Carbon Allocation in a Mature Deciduous Forest Exposed to Elevated CO2.” <i>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</i>, vol. 174–175, Elsevier, 2013, pp. 144–57, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005\">10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005</a>.","ama":"Fatichi S, Leuzinger S. Reconciling observations with modeling: The fate of water and carbon allocation in a mature deciduous forest exposed to elevated CO2. <i>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</i>. 2013;174-175:144-157. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005\">10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005</a>","chicago":"Fatichi, Simone, and Sebastian Leuzinger. “Reconciling Observations with Modeling: The Fate of Water and Carbon Allocation in a Mature Deciduous Forest Exposed to Elevated CO2.” <i>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</i>. Elsevier, 2013. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005</a>.","short":"S. Fatichi, S. Leuzinger, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 174–175 (2013) 144–157.","apa":"Fatichi, S., &#38; Leuzinger, S. (2013). Reconciling observations with modeling: The fate of water and carbon allocation in a mature deciduous forest exposed to elevated CO2. <i>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.005</a>","ista":"Fatichi S, Leuzinger S. 2013. Reconciling observations with modeling: The fate of water and carbon allocation in a mature deciduous forest exposed to elevated CO2. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 174–175, 144–157.","ieee":"S. Fatichi and S. Leuzinger, “Reconciling observations with modeling: The fate of water and carbon allocation in a mature deciduous forest exposed to elevated CO2,” <i>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</i>, vol. 174–175. Elsevier, pp. 144–157, 2013."},"publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Elsevier","page":"144-157","abstract":[{"text":"Projections of the future carbon and water cycles rely on knowledge on how forests will respond to rising atmospheric CO2. Experiments with elevated CO2 are logistically challenging and carbon pools and fluxes are difficult to measure and upscale due to their spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Therefore, it is important to combine the knowledge derived from experimental results with modeling. Here, we systematically compare data from a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature deciduous forest in Switzerland with realizations from an ecohydrological model (Tethys–Chloris). We test whether a mechanistic ecohydrological model is able to simulate physiological plant responses under ambient and elevated CO2 concentration. We overcome measurement limitations by quantifying differences in response to ambient and elevated CO2 over ten years. The reliability of model realizations is demonstrated by comparing simulations with field observations of stomatal conductance, sap flow, leaf and fruit litter, and stem growth. The model successfully captures the observed CO2-induced difference in stomatal conductance and transpiration and its sensitivity to atmospheric demand, as well as qualitative changes in soil moisture. The simulated differences between CO2 scenarios generally fall within the uncertainty of experimental observations, both for the carbon and water balance. Simulated total evapotranspiration is 2.8% (18 mm yr−1) lower and soil moisture 1.2% higher in the CO2-enriched scenario. Latent and sensible heat are modified by ca. 1 W m−2. Net primary production is simulated to increase by 19.8% and allocation to stem growth is 53 gC yr−1 m−2 higher in the elevated CO2 scenario, which represents the limit of the detection threshold of the experiment. Results show that while ecohydrological models can be used to reliably simulate multi-year energy, water, and carbon fluxes at the stand level, testing carbon allocation remains critical with current accuracy of field measurements. Uncertainties due to the simplified carbon allocation scheme are shown to be more significant for carbon than for energy and water fluxes. Generally, we conclude that for this type of forest, differences in annual energy and water fluxes induced by elevated CO2 are likely to be less than 10%.","lang":"eng"}],"das_tickbox":"1","year":"2013","day":"15","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1873-2240"],"issn":["0168-1923"]}}]