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In addition, an excess of gene movement out of the X is detected for most of these new X chromosomes, and many of these moved genes have high testis expression in Drosophila, suggesting that out-of-X gene movement contributes to the long-term demasculinization of X chromosomes.","lang":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"BeVi"}],"oa":1,"day":"8","date_created":"2025-12-17T10:10:57Z","_id":"20833","author":[{"id":"02814589-eb8f-11eb-b029-a70074f3f18f","orcid":"0000-0002-1253-6297","full_name":"Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra","first_name":"Lorena Alexandra","last_name":"Layana Franco"},{"first_name":"Melissa A","last_name":"Toups","orcid":"0000-0002-9752-7380","id":"4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Toups, Melissa A"},{"full_name":"Vicoso, Beatriz","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","last_name":"Vicoso","first_name":"Beatriz"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","citation":{"short":"L.A. 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Diptera have undergone multiple sex-chromosome turnovers and expansions while maintaining their general chromosomal content, which makes them an ideal clade to study such transitions. We analyzed more than 100 dipteran whole-genome assemblies and identified 4 new lineages that underwent sex-chromosome turnover (in addition to the 5 previously reported). We find that the majority of turnovers happened in the group Schizophora, which tend to have fewer genes on Muller element F (the chromosome homologous to the ancestral insect X chromosome) than lower dipterans, a factor previously hypothesized to facilitate turnover. Most derived X chromosomes have higher GC content than autosomes, consistent with a high prevalence of male achiasmy in Diptera. In addition, an excess of gene movement out of the X is detected for most of these new X chromosomes, and many of these moved genes have high testis expression in Drosophila, suggesting that out-of-X gene movement contributes to the long-term demasculinization of X chromosomes.","lang":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"BeVi"}],"oa":1,"day":"2","date_created":"2026-01-30T11:04:14Z","_id":"21116","author":[{"last_name":"Layana Franco","first_name":"Lorena Alexandra","orcid":"0000-0002-1253-6297","id":"02814589-eb8f-11eb-b029-a70074f3f18f","full_name":"Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-9752-7380","id":"4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Toups, Melissa A","first_name":"Melissa A","last_name":"Toups"},{"last_name":"Vicoso","first_name":"Beatriz","full_name":"Vicoso, Beatriz","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"citation":{"apa":"Layana Franco, L. A., Toups, M. A., &#38; Vicoso, B. (2026). 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Diptera have undergone multiple sex-chromosome turnovers and expansions while maintaining their general chromosomal content, which makes them an ideal clade to study such transitions. We analysed more than 100 dipteran whole-genome assemblies and identified 4 new lineages that underwent sex-chromosome turnover (in addition to the 5 previously reported). We find the majority of turnovers happened in the group Schizophora, which tend to have fewer genes on the F element (the chromosome homologous to the ancestral insect X chromosome) than lower dipterans, a factor previously hypothesized to facilitate turnover. Most derived X chromosomes have higher GC content than autosomes, consistent with a high prevalence of male-achiasmy in Diptera. 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Since recessive X-linked mutations are always exposed to selection in males,\r\nselection is more efficient on the X chromosome than on autosomes on recessive\r\nmutations, leading to faster adaptation on the X chromosome than other genomic\r\nregions, if beneficial mutations are on average recessive (known as the Faster-X\r\neffect). In the presence of the functional, but non-recombining gametolog on the Y (as\r\nis often the case in young non-recombining regions), recessive mutations are\r\nsheltered from selection on the X chromosome. We model this scenario and show that\r\nthe efficiency of selection is reduced on diploid X loci due to sheltering by the Y\r\nchromosome. Reduced efficiency of selection leads to slower adaptation and\r\nincreased accumulation of deleterious mutations (Slower-X effect). We extended this\r\nmodel to explore the effect of sex-specific selection on degeneration of sex\r\nchromosomes, showing theoretically that male-limited genes degenerate on the X\r\nchromosome and female-biased genes degenerate on the Y chromosome. This\r\nprediction depends on the effective population size and the mutation rate, explaining\r\nthe variety of sex chromosome degeneration patterns observed in nature.\r\nTo test for direct evidence of a Slower-X (or Slower-Z) effect, we analyzed the\r\nZW sex chromosomes of the flatworm Schistosoma japonicum, which have a very\r\nyoung non-recombining region with non-degenerated W. Diploid Z-linked genes have\r\nhigher ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms than autosomal\r\ngenes, supporting reduced efficiency of selection on the diploid Z region. These results\r\nprovide evidence of sheltering by the W chromosome, a mechanism that could\r\ncontribute to Z (X) chromosome degeneration, and illustrate contrasting evolutionary\r\npatterns in old and young sex chromosome regions. In addition, genes with sexspecific patterns of expression show opposite patterns of selection in the young\r\n(diploid) and old (hemizygous) Z, showing the complex manner in which sex-specific selection shapes the evolutionary patterns of sex chromosomes. "}],"oa":1,"date_created":"2024-11-11T08:40:45Z","day":"11","author":[{"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Mrnjavac","full_name":"Mrnjavac, Andrea","id":"353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425"}],"citation":{"ieee":"A. Mrnjavac, “Early stages of sex chromosome evolution,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2024.","apa":"Mrnjavac, A. (2024). <i>Early stages of sex chromosome evolution</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531</a>","chicago":"Mrnjavac, Andrea. “Early Stages of Sex Chromosome Evolution.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531</a>.","ama":"Mrnjavac A. Early stages of sex chromosome evolution. 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531\">10.15479/at:ista:18531</a>","short":"A. Mrnjavac, Early Stages of Sex Chromosome Evolution, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2024.","mla":"Mrnjavac, Andrea. <i>Early Stages of Sex Chromosome Evolution</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531\">10.15479/at:ista:18531</a>.","ista":"Mrnjavac A. 2024. Early stages of sex chromosome evolution. Institute of Science and Technology Austria."},"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","date_updated":"2026-09-24T11:18:17Z","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png"},"title":"Early stages of sex chromosome evolution","status":"public","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"},{"_id":"CampIT"}],"OA_place":"publisher","ddc":["576"],"degree_awarded":"PhD","oa_version":"Published Version"},{"isi":1,"corr_author":"1","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","file_date_updated":"2022-05-06T09:47:18Z","das_tickbox":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","issue":"12","_id":"10167","intvolume":"       138","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1537-1719"],"issn":["0737-4038"]},"pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"19386"}]},"doi":"10.1093/molbev/msab178","type":"journal_article","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","page":"5345-58","month":"06","date_published":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","scopus_import":"1","acknowledgement":"The authors thank IT support at IST Austria for providing an optimal environment for bioinformatic analyses. This work was supported by an Austrian Science Foundation FWF grant (Project P28842) to B.V.","keyword":["sex chromosomes","evolutionary strata","W-linked gene","sex determining gene","schistosome parasites"],"file":[{"creator":"dernst","file_id":"11352","date_updated":"2022-05-06T09:47:18Z","file_size":1008594,"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2021_MolecularBiolEvolution_Elkrewi.pdf","checksum":"1b096702fb356d9c0eb88e1b3fcff5f8","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"date_created":"2022-05-06T09:47:18Z"}],"publication":"Molecular Biology and Evolution","external_id":{"isi":["000741368600009"],"pmid":["34146097"]},"project":[{"_id":"250ED89C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"P28842-B22","name":"Sex chromosome evolution under male- and female- heterogamety","call_identifier":"FWF"}],"year":"2021","publisher":"Oxford University Press","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","full_name":"Elkrewi, Marwan N","first_name":"Marwan N","last_name":"Elkrewi"},{"full_name":"Moldovan, Mikhail A.","id":"c8bb7f32-3315-11ec-b58b-e5950e6c14a0","orcid":"0000-0002-8876-6494","first_name":"Mikhail A.","last_name":"Moldovan"},{"last_name":"Picard","first_name":"Marion A L","full_name":"Picard, Marion A L","id":"2C921A7A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8101-2518"},{"first_name":"Beatriz","last_name":"Vicoso","full_name":"Vicoso, Beatriz","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"citation":{"apa":"Elkrewi, M. N., Moldovan, M. A., Picard, M. A. L., &#38; Vicoso, B. (2021). Schistosome W-linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178\">https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178</a>","ieee":"M. N. Elkrewi, M. A. Moldovan, M. A. L. Picard, and B. Vicoso, “Schistosome W-linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination,” <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>, vol. 138, no. 12. Oxford University Press, pp. 5345–58, 2021.","chicago":"Elkrewi, Marwan N, Mikhail A. Moldovan, Marion A L Picard, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Schistosome W-Linked Genes Inform Temporal Dynamics of Sex Chromosome Evolution and Suggest Candidate for Sex Determination.” <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. Oxford University Press, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178\">https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178</a>.","short":"M.N. Elkrewi, M.A. Moldovan, M.A.L. Picard, B. Vicoso, Molecular Biology and Evolution 138 (2021) 5345–58.","ama":"Elkrewi MN, Moldovan MA, Picard MAL, Vicoso B. Schistosome W-linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. 2021;138(12):5345-5358. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178\">10.1093/molbev/msab178</a>","ista":"Elkrewi MN, Moldovan MA, Picard MAL, Vicoso B. 2021. Schistosome W-linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 138(12), 5345–58.","mla":"Elkrewi, Marwan N., et al. “Schistosome W-Linked Genes Inform Temporal Dynamics of Sex Chromosome Evolution and Suggest Candidate for Sex Determination.” <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>, vol. 138, no. 12, Oxford University Press, 2021, pp. 5345–58, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178\">10.1093/molbev/msab178</a>."},"date_created":"2021-10-21T07:49:12Z","day":"19","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"BeVi"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Schistosomes, the human parasites responsible for snail fever, are female-heterogametic. Different parts of their ZW sex chromosomes have stopped recombining in distinct lineages, creating “evolutionary strata” of various ages. Although the Z-chromosome is well characterized at the genomic and molecular level, the W-chromosome has remained largely unstudied from an evolutionary perspective, as only a few W-linked genes have been detected outside of the model species Schistosoma mansoni. Here, we characterize the gene content and evolution of the W-chromosomes of S. mansoni and of the divergent species S. japonicum. We use a combined RNA/DNA k-mer based pipeline to assemble around 100 candidate W-specific transcripts in each of the species. About half of them map to known protein coding genes, the majority homologous to S. mansoni Z-linked genes. We perform an extended analysis of the evolutionary strata present in the two species (including characterizing a previously undetected young stratum in S. japonicum) to infer patterns of sequence and expression evolution of W-linked genes at different time points after recombination was lost. W-linked genes show evidence of degeneration, including high rates of protein evolution and reduced expression. Most are found in young lineage-specific strata, with only a few high expression ancestral W-genes remaining, consistent with the progressive erosion of nonrecombining regions. Among these, the splicing factor u2af2 stands out as a promising candidate for primary sex determination, opening new avenues for understanding the molecular basis of the reproductive biology of this group.","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"ddc":["610"],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"status":"public","title":"Schistosome W-linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination","date_updated":"2026-09-26T22:31:12Z","volume":138}]