---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '22715'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) is a relatively young technique
with important applications in thin-film technology and untapped potential when
it comes to 2D analysis on an absolute intensity scale. Approaching standardization
and reference methods early is foundational for reproducibility and comparability
across laboratories and reduction of systematic error sources. It underpins trust
in data obtained and accelerates innovation by ensuring that scientists work from
a common methodological baseline. Accordingly, obtaining reproducible results
from different GISAS instruments requires an agreement on how measurements are
performed, instruments calibrated and terms defined. To pave the way for standardization
and reference methods, we surveyed GISAS practitioners on what comes before an
experiment: hardware, software, sample alignment and instrument calibration. Twenty-two
questions were designed to elucidate the state of the art, which can be used for
the development of reference methods. Our data on 27 instruments provide the basis
for standardization. With very few exceptions, we found laboratories prepared
to implement future reference methods, but no consensus emerges naturally for
sample alignment and instrument calibration. We, that is the GISAS community,
are thus in a position to embark on the journey of standardization.'
acknowledgement: "The authors thank all respondents for their participation in the\r\nquestionnaire.
We plan to make further use of the wealth of\r\nthe dataset going forward. We thank
Xenocs for sharing\r\napproximate data on GISAXS equipment sales and Adrian\r\nRennie
for helpful discussions. Open access funding enabled\r\nand organized by Projekt
DEAL."
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Anja F.
full_name: Hörmann, Anja F.
last_name: Hörmann
- first_name: Daniel
full_name: Balazs, Daniel
id: 302BADF6-85FC-11EA-9E3B-B9493DDC885E
last_name: Balazs
orcid: 0000-0001-7597-043X
- first_name: Ingo
full_name: Breßler, Ingo
last_name: Breßler
- first_name: Sumea
full_name: Klokic, Sumea
last_name: Klokic
- first_name: Melika
full_name: Moradi, Melika
last_name: Moradi
- first_name: Eduardo
full_name: Solano, Eduardo
last_name: Solano
- first_name: Annika
full_name: Stellhorn, Annika
last_name: Stellhorn
- first_name: Brian R.
full_name: Pauw, Brian R.
last_name: Pauw
citation:
ama: 'Hörmann AF, Balazs D, Breßler I, et al. Grazing-incidence scattering surveyed:
Towards reference methods for alignment and calibration. Journal of Applied
Crystallography. 2026;59(4):1247-1253. doi:10.1107/S1600576726005741'
apa: 'Hörmann, A. F., Balazs, D., Breßler, I., Klokic, S., Moradi, M., Solano, E.,
… Pauw, B. R. (2026). Grazing-incidence scattering surveyed: Towards reference
methods for alignment and calibration. Journal of Applied Crystallography.
International Union of Crystallography. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576726005741'
chicago: 'Hörmann, Anja F., Daniel Balazs, Ingo Breßler, Sumea Klokic, Melika Moradi,
Eduardo Solano, Annika Stellhorn, and Brian R. Pauw. “Grazing-Incidence Scattering
Surveyed: Towards Reference Methods for Alignment and Calibration.” Journal
of Applied Crystallography. International Union of Crystallography, 2026.
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576726005741.'
ieee: 'A. F. Hörmann et al., “Grazing-incidence scattering surveyed: Towards
reference methods for alignment and calibration,” Journal of Applied Crystallography,
vol. 59, no. 4. International Union of Crystallography, pp. 1247–1253, 2026.'
ista: 'Hörmann AF, Balazs D, Breßler I, Klokic S, Moradi M, Solano E, Stellhorn
A, Pauw BR. 2026. Grazing-incidence scattering surveyed: Towards reference methods
for alignment and calibration. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 59(4), 1247–1253.'
mla: 'Hörmann, Anja F., et al. “Grazing-Incidence Scattering Surveyed: Towards Reference
Methods for Alignment and Calibration.” Journal of Applied Crystallography,
vol. 59, no. 4, International Union of Crystallography, 2026, pp. 1247–53, doi:10.1107/S1600576726005741.'
short: A.F. Hörmann, D. Balazs, I. Breßler, S. Klokic, M. Moradi, E. Solano, A.
Stellhorn, B.R. Pauw, Journal of Applied Crystallography 59 (2026) 1247–1253.
das_tickbox: '1'
dataavailabilitystatement: "The response data are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/\r\nzenodo.18712813.
The literate programming source of this\r\nwork is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18713631."
date_created: 2026-08-16T22:01:43Z
date_published: 2026-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-20T06:14:07Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '540'
department:
- _id: LifeSc
doi: 10.1107/S1600576726005741
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 8dbad0ab078338021e2cfe722211df7b
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2026-08-20T05:51:36Z
date_updated: 2026-08-20T05:51:36Z
file_id: '22739'
file_name: 2026_JourAppliedCrystallography_Hoermann.pdf
file_size: 6692218
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-08-20T05:51:36Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 59'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- grazing incidence
- reference methods
- calibration
- standardization
- community
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1247-1253
publication: Journal of Applied Crystallography
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1600-5767
issn:
- 0021-8898
publication_status: published
publisher: International Union of Crystallography
quality_controlled: '1'
researchdata_availability: yes
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
supplementarymaterial: no
title: 'Grazing-incidence scattering surveyed: Towards reference methods for alignment
and calibration'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 59
year: '2026'
...