---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '22248'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Many living and artificial systems improve their fitness or performance by
    adapting to changing environments or diverse training data. However, it remains
    unclear how environmental variation shapes adaptation, what is learned, and when
    memory of past conditions is retained. Here we show how cyclic environmental change
    can produce robust memory. Using a model athermal disordered solid trained by
    inverse design to attain target elastic properties over a prescribed range, we
    find that the system evolves toward a marginally absorbing manifold (MAM), meaning
    that training is reversible within the training range but not beyond it, which
    encodes a memory of that range. We further propose a general mechanism for MAM
    formation and memory encoding based on discontinuities in the gradient of the
    trained quantity. These results provide a simple, broadly applicable physical
    framework for how adaptive systems learn under changing environments and retain
    memory of past conditions.
acknowledgement: "We thank Nathan Keim, Aayush Desai, Nicholas Barton,\r\nand Gašper
  Tkacik for important and stimulating discussions. ˇ\r\nThe work was funded by the
  Institute of Science and Technology Austria."
article_number: '023029'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Mengjie
  full_name: Zu, Mengjie
  id: 26dd9e7c-e86a-11eb-a854-82ac731c9ae2
  last_name: Zu
- first_name: Carl Peter
  full_name: Goodrich, Carl Peter
  id: EB352CD2-F68A-11E9-89C5-A432E6697425
  last_name: Goodrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-1307-5074
citation:
  ama: 'Zu M, Goodrich CP. Learning by Training: Emergent physical memory from cyclically
    tuning disordered sphere packings. <i>PRX Life</i>. 2026;4(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/48k2-cw3b">10.1103/48k2-cw3b</a>'
  apa: 'Zu, M., &#38; Goodrich, C. P. (2026). Learning by Training: Emergent physical
    memory from cyclically tuning disordered sphere packings. <i>PRX Life</i>. American
    Physical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/48k2-cw3b">https://doi.org/10.1103/48k2-cw3b</a>'
  chicago: 'Zu, Mengjie, and Carl Peter Goodrich. “Learning by Training: Emergent
    Physical Memory from Cyclically Tuning Disordered Sphere Packings.” <i>PRX Life</i>.
    American Physical Society, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/48k2-cw3b">https://doi.org/10.1103/48k2-cw3b</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. Zu and C. P. Goodrich, “Learning by Training: Emergent physical memory
    from cyclically tuning disordered sphere packings,” <i>PRX Life</i>, vol. 4, no.
    2. American Physical Society, 2026.'
  ista: 'Zu M, Goodrich CP. 2026. Learning by Training: Emergent physical memory from
    cyclically tuning disordered sphere packings. PRX Life. 4(2), 023029.'
  mla: 'Zu, Mengjie, and Carl Peter Goodrich. “Learning by Training: Emergent Physical
    Memory from Cyclically Tuning Disordered Sphere Packings.” <i>PRX Life</i>, vol.
    4, no. 2, 023029, American Physical Society, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/48k2-cw3b">10.1103/48k2-cw3b</a>.'
  short: M. Zu, C.P. Goodrich, PRX Life 4 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
das_tickbox: '1'
dataavailabilitystatement: "The data that support the findings of this article are
  not\r\npublicly available. The data are available from the authors\r\nupon reasonable
  request."
date_created: 2026-07-05T22:01:37Z
date_published: 2026-06-18T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-06T07:28:45Z
day: '18'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: CaGo
doi: 10.1103/48k2-cw3b
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: e2d13c30bf9c036951fd2ba3455cf72a
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-07-06T07:24:43Z
  date_updated: 2026-07-06T07:24:43Z
  file_id: '22251'
  file_name: 2026_PRXLife_Zu.pdf
  file_size: 2758728
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-07-06T07:24:43Z
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1103/48k2-cw3b
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         4'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: PRX Life
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2835-8279
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
researchdata_availability: upon request
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
supplementarymaterial: no
title: 'Learning by Training: Emergent physical memory from cyclically tuning disordered
  sphere packings'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 4
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '22288'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Soft solids and their surface deformations control the response of many natural
    and artificial systems. Yet, their underlying properties are vigorously debated,
    particularly for polymer networks. While molecular-scale theories predict no interfacial
    changes with macroscopic deformation, multiple experiments suggest otherwise.
    To settle this issue, we measure displacement fields near the interface of a silicone
    gel, in the limit of small deformations. We discover an unexpected multiscale
    response. The shear modulus decreases smoothly by half with 20  μ⁢m of the interface.
    At the same time we observe a surface excess elasticity, that depends on history
    and outer medium composition. These results reveal the fundamentally multiscale
    nature of polymeric surfaces, and call for further experimental and theoretical
    investigations into the basic understanding of soft solid interfaces.
acknowledgement: The authors thank Katharine Jensen, Stefanie Heyden, Thomas Salez,
  Francesco Stellacci, Denis Bartolo, Francesco Picella, Hélène Delanoë-Ayari, Mathieu
  Leocmach, Antoine Bérut, Cécile Cottin-Bizonne, Anne-Laure Biance, and Oriane Talabart
  for useful discussions. We also thank the reviewers for excellent suggestions that
  substantively improved the manuscript.
article_number: '021063'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Nicolas
  full_name: Bain, Nicolas
  last_name: Bain
- first_name: Lawrence A.
  full_name: Wilen, Lawrence A.
  last_name: Wilen
- first_name: Dominic
  full_name: Gerber, Dominic
  last_name: Gerber
- first_name: Mengjie
  full_name: Zu, Mengjie
  id: 26dd9e7c-e86a-11eb-a854-82ac731c9ae2
  last_name: Zu
- first_name: Carl Peter
  full_name: Goodrich, Carl Peter
  id: EB352CD2-F68A-11E9-89C5-A432E6697425
  last_name: Goodrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-1307-5074
- first_name: Senthilkumar
  full_name: Duraivel, Senthilkumar
  last_name: Duraivel
- first_name: Kaarthik
  full_name: Varma, Kaarthik
  last_name: Varma
- first_name: Harsha
  full_name: Koganti, Harsha
  last_name: Koganti
- first_name: Robert W.
  full_name: Style, Robert W.
  last_name: Style
- first_name: Eric R.
  full_name: Dufresne, Eric R.
  last_name: Dufresne
citation:
  ama: Bain N, Wilen LA, Gerber D, et al. Multiscale interfacial mechanics of soft
    solids. <i>Physical Review X</i>. 2026;16(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/8msx-l8s7">10.1103/8msx-l8s7</a>
  apa: Bain, N., Wilen, L. A., Gerber, D., Zu, M., Goodrich, C. P., Duraivel, S.,
    … Dufresne, E. R. (2026). Multiscale interfacial mechanics of soft solids. <i>Physical
    Review X</i>. American Physical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/8msx-l8s7">https://doi.org/10.1103/8msx-l8s7</a>
  chicago: Bain, Nicolas, Lawrence A. Wilen, Dominic Gerber, Mengjie Zu, Carl Peter
    Goodrich, Senthilkumar Duraivel, Kaarthik Varma, Harsha Koganti, Robert W. Style,
    and Eric R. Dufresne. “Multiscale Interfacial Mechanics of Soft Solids.” <i>Physical
    Review X</i>. American Physical Society, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/8msx-l8s7">https://doi.org/10.1103/8msx-l8s7</a>.
  ieee: N. Bain <i>et al.</i>, “Multiscale interfacial mechanics of soft solids,”
    <i>Physical Review X</i>, vol. 16, no. 2. American Physical Society, 2026.
  ista: Bain N, Wilen LA, Gerber D, Zu M, Goodrich CP, Duraivel S, Varma K, Koganti
    H, Style RW, Dufresne ER. 2026. Multiscale interfacial mechanics of soft solids.
    Physical Review X. 16(2), 021063.
  mla: Bain, Nicolas, et al. “Multiscale Interfacial Mechanics of Soft Solids.” <i>Physical
    Review X</i>, vol. 16, no. 2, 021063, American Physical Society, 2026, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1103/8msx-l8s7">10.1103/8msx-l8s7</a>.
  short: N. Bain, L.A. Wilen, D. Gerber, M. Zu, C.P. Goodrich, S. Duraivel, K. Varma,
    H. Koganti, R.W. Style, E.R. Dufresne, Physical Review X 16 (2026).
das_tickbox: '1'
dataavailabilitystatement: The data that support the findings of this article are
  openly available https://github.com/nicobain/Multiscale_interfacial_mechanics_soft_solids_data
date_created: 2026-07-13T09:40:54Z
date_published: 2026-06-30T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-13T11:17:51Z
day: '30'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: CaGo
doi: 10.1103/8msx-l8s7
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2410.09158'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 47354f40981223fb0c9afe292f16ead1
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-07-13T11:16:47Z
  date_updated: 2026-07-13T11:16:47Z
  file_id: '22309'
  file_name: 2026_PhysicalReviewX_Bain.pdf
  file_size: 4367284
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-07-13T11:16:47Z
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1103/8msx-l8s7
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        16'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Physical Review X
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2160-3308
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
researchdata_availability: yes
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
supplementarymaterial: yes
title: Multiscale interfacial mechanics of soft solids
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 16
year: '2026'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '21237'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Intelligent soft matter lies at the intersection of materials science, physics,
    and cognitive science, promising to change how we design and interact with materials.
    This transformative field aims to create materials with life-like capabilities,
    such as perception, learning, memory, and adaptive behavior. Unlike traditional
    materials, which typically perform static or predefined functions, intelligent
    soft matter can dynamically interact with its environment, integrating multiple
    sensory inputs, retaining past experiences, and making decisions to optimize its
    responses. Inspired by biological systems, these materials leverage the inherent
    properties of soft matter such as flexibility, adaptability, and responsiveness
    to perform functions that mimic cognitive processes. By synthesizing current research
    trends and projecting their evolution, we present a forward-looking perspective
    on how intelligent soft matter could be constructed, with the aim of inspiring
    innovations in areas such as biomedical devices, adaptive robotics, and beyond.
    We highlight new pathways for integrating sensing, memory and actuation with low-power
    internal operations, and we discuss key challenges in realizing materials that
    exhibit truly “intelligent behavior”. These approaches outline a path toward more
    robust, versatile, and scalable materials that can potentially act, compute, and
    “think” through their inherent intrinsic material properties—moving beyond traditional
    smart technologies that rely on external control.
acknowledgement: 'The work is the result of the SoftComp Topical workshop on Intelligent
  Soft Matter, Salou 2025 (https://softmat.net/intelligent-soft-matter/) financed
  by SoftComp Network of Excellence (https://eu-softcomp.net/). Various AI tools were
  used for preparation of the manuscript: language models Google Gemini 2.0 series
  and Discovery Engine (https://explore-the-unknown.vercel.app) for literature processing,
  structuring contributions, finding concept overlaps and summarizing according to
  procedure explained in https://github.com/vbaulin/IntelliDE/.'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Vladimir A.
  full_name: Baulin, Vladimir A.
  last_name: Baulin
- first_name: Achille
  full_name: Giacometti, Achille
  last_name: Giacometti
- first_name: Dmitry A.
  full_name: Fedosov, Dmitry A.
  last_name: Fedosov
- first_name: Stephen
  full_name: Ebbens, Stephen
  last_name: Ebbens
- first_name: Nydia R.
  full_name: Varela-Rosales, Nydia R.
  last_name: Varela-Rosales
- first_name: Neus
  full_name: Feliu, Neus
  last_name: Feliu
- first_name: Mithun
  full_name: Chowdhury, Mithun
  last_name: Chowdhury
- first_name: Minghan
  full_name: Hu, Minghan
  last_name: Hu
- first_name: Rudolf
  full_name: Füchslin, Rudolf
  last_name: Füchslin
- first_name: Marjolein
  full_name: Dijkstra, Marjolein
  last_name: Dijkstra
- first_name: Matan
  full_name: Mussel, Matan
  last_name: Mussel
- first_name: René
  full_name: van Roij, René
  last_name: van Roij
- first_name: Dong
  full_name: Xie, Dong
  last_name: Xie
- first_name: Vassil
  full_name: Tzanov, Vassil
  last_name: Tzanov
- first_name: Mengjie
  full_name: Zu, Mengjie
  id: 26dd9e7c-e86a-11eb-a854-82ac731c9ae2
  last_name: Zu
- first_name: Samuel
  full_name: Hidalgo-Caballero, Samuel
  last_name: Hidalgo-Caballero
- first_name: Ye
  full_name: Yuan, Ye
  last_name: Yuan
- first_name: Luca
  full_name: Cocconi, Luca
  last_name: Cocconi
- first_name: Cheol-Min
  full_name: Ghim, Cheol-Min
  last_name: Ghim
- first_name: Cécile
  full_name: Cottin-Bizonne, Cécile
  last_name: Cottin-Bizonne
- first_name: M. Carmen
  full_name: Miguel, M. Carmen
  last_name: Miguel
- first_name: Maria Jose
  full_name: Esplandiu, Maria Jose
  last_name: Esplandiu
- first_name: Juliane
  full_name: Simmchen, Juliane
  last_name: Simmchen
- first_name: Wolfgang J.
  full_name: Parak, Wolfgang J.
  last_name: Parak
- first_name: Marco
  full_name: Werner, Marco
  last_name: Werner
- first_name: Gerhard
  full_name: Gompper, Gerhard
  last_name: Gompper
- first_name: Martin M.
  full_name: Hanczyc, Martin M.
  last_name: Hanczyc
citation:
  ama: 'Baulin VA, Giacometti A, Fedosov DA, et al. Intelligent soft matter: Towards
    embodied intelligence. <i>Soft Matter</i>. 2025;(21):4129-4145. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sm00174a">10.1039/d5sm00174a</a>'
  apa: 'Baulin, V. A., Giacometti, A., Fedosov, D. A., Ebbens, S., Varela-Rosales,
    N. R., Feliu, N., … Hanczyc, M. M. (2025). Intelligent soft matter: Towards embodied
    intelligence. <i>Soft Matter</i>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sm00174a">https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sm00174a</a>'
  chicago: 'Baulin, Vladimir A., Achille Giacometti, Dmitry A. Fedosov, Stephen Ebbens,
    Nydia R. Varela-Rosales, Neus Feliu, Mithun Chowdhury, et al. “Intelligent Soft
    Matter: Towards Embodied Intelligence.” <i>Soft Matter</i>. Royal Society of Chemistry,
    2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sm00174a">https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sm00174a</a>.'
  ieee: 'V. A. Baulin <i>et al.</i>, “Intelligent soft matter: Towards embodied intelligence,”
    <i>Soft Matter</i>, no. 21. Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 4129–4145, 2025.'
  ista: 'Baulin VA, Giacometti A, Fedosov DA, Ebbens S, Varela-Rosales NR, Feliu N,
    Chowdhury M, Hu M, Füchslin R, Dijkstra M, Mussel M, van Roij R, Xie D, Tzanov
    V, Zu M, Hidalgo-Caballero S, Yuan Y, Cocconi L, Ghim C-M, Cottin-Bizonne C, Miguel
    MC, Esplandiu MJ, Simmchen J, Parak WJ, Werner M, Gompper G, Hanczyc MM. 2025.
    Intelligent soft matter: Towards embodied intelligence. Soft Matter. (21), 4129–4145.'
  mla: 'Baulin, Vladimir A., et al. “Intelligent Soft Matter: Towards Embodied Intelligence.”
    <i>Soft Matter</i>, no. 21, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025, pp. 4129–45, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sm00174a">10.1039/d5sm00174a</a>.'
  short: V.A. Baulin, A. Giacometti, D.A. Fedosov, S. Ebbens, N.R. Varela-Rosales,
    N. Feliu, M. Chowdhury, M. Hu, R. Füchslin, M. Dijkstra, M. Mussel, R. van Roij,
    D. Xie, V. Tzanov, M. Zu, S. Hidalgo-Caballero, Y. Yuan, L. Cocconi, C.-M. Ghim,
    C. Cottin-Bizonne, M.C. Miguel, M.J. Esplandiu, J. Simmchen, W.J. Parak, M. Werner,
    G. Gompper, M.M. Hanczyc, Soft Matter (2025) 4129–4145.
date_created: 2026-02-16T15:03:08Z
date_published: 2025-06-07T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-17T11:27:48Z
day: '07'
department:
- _id: CaGo
doi: 10.1039/d5sm00174a
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '40358970'
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sm00174a
issue: '21'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226553/4/Perspective_v6_clean.pdf
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 4129-4145
pmid: 1
publication: Soft Matter
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1744-6848
  issn:
  - 1744-683X
publication_status: published
publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Intelligent soft matter: Towards embodied intelligence'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
_id: '19856'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Unlike in crystals, it is difficult to trace emergent material properties
    of amorphous solids to their underlying structure. Nevertheless, one can tune
    features of a disordered spring network, ranging from bulk elastic constants to
    specific allosteric responses, through highly precise alterations of the structure.
    This has been understood through the notion of independent bond-level response—the
    observation that, in many cases, different springs have different effects on different
    properties. While this idea has motivated inverse design in numerous contexts,
    it has not been formalized and quantified in a general context that not just informs
    but enables and predicts inverse design. Here, we show how to quantify independent
    response by linearizing the simultaneous change in multiple emergent features,
    and introduce the much stronger notion of fully independent response. Remarkably,
    we find that the mechanical properties of disordered solids are always fully independent
    across a wide array of scenarios, regardless of the target features, tunable parameters,
    system size, dimensionality, and class of interactions. Furthermore, our formulation
    quantifies the susceptibility of features to parameter changes, which is correlated
    with the maximum linear tunability. We also demonstrate the implications for multifeature
    inverse design beyond the linear regime. These results formalize our understanding
    of a key fundamental difference between ordered and disordered solids while also
    creating a practical tool to both understand and perform inverse design.
acknowledgement: We gratefully acknowledge Edouard Hannezo for helpful comments on
  the manuscript. The work was funded by the Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
article_number: '238201'
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Mengjie
  full_name: Zu, Mengjie
  id: 26dd9e7c-e86a-11eb-a854-82ac731c9ae2
  last_name: Zu
- first_name: Aayush A
  full_name: Desai, Aayush A
  id: 502cfd30-32c1-11ee-a9a4-d8dad5c6739e
  last_name: Desai
- first_name: Carl Peter
  full_name: Goodrich, Carl Peter
  id: EB352CD2-F68A-11E9-89C5-A432E6697425
  last_name: Goodrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-1307-5074
citation:
  ama: Zu M, Desai AA, Goodrich CP. Fully independent response in disordered solids.
    <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. 2025;134(23). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201">10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201</a>
  apa: Zu, M., Desai, A. A., &#38; Goodrich, C. P. (2025). Fully independent response
    in disordered solids. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. American Physical Society.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201</a>
  chicago: Zu, Mengjie, Aayush A Desai, and Carl Peter Goodrich. “Fully Independent
    Response in Disordered Solids.” <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. American Physical
    Society, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201</a>.
  ieee: M. Zu, A. A. Desai, and C. P. Goodrich, “Fully independent response in disordered
    solids,” <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, vol. 134, no. 23. American Physical Society,
    2025.
  ista: Zu M, Desai AA, Goodrich CP. 2025. Fully independent response in disordered
    solids. Physical Review Letters. 134(23), 238201.
  mla: Zu, Mengjie, et al. “Fully Independent Response in Disordered Solids.” <i>Physical
    Review Letters</i>, vol. 134, no. 23, 238201, American Physical Society, 2025,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201">10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201</a>.
  short: M. Zu, A.A. Desai, C.P. Goodrich, Physical Review Letters 134 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-06-22T22:02:06Z
date_published: 2025-06-13T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-28T13:28:02Z
day: '13'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: CaGo
- _id: IlCa
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2412.05031'
  isi:
  - '001509005900006'
file:
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  checksum: 040b6779c91aac62c15a9b2cc417b360
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  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-06-23T11:41:08Z
  date_updated: 2025-06-23T11:41:08Z
  file_id: '19874'
  file_name: 2025_PhysReviewLetters_Zu.pdf
  file_size: 1132625
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-06-23T11:41:08Z
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.238201
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       134'
isi: 1
issue: '23'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Physical Review Letters
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1079-7114
  issn:
  - 0031-9007
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - description: News on ISTA website
    relation: press_release
    url: https://ista.ac.at/en/news/infinite-diversity-in-infinite-combinations/
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Fully independent response in disordered solids
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
volume: 134
year: '2025'
...
---
APC_amount: 3534 EUR
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '17407'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The ability to control forces between sub-micron-scale building blocks offers
    significant potential for designing new materials through self-assembly. Traditionally,
    this involves identifying a crystal structure with a desired property and then
    designing building-block interactions so that it assembles spontaneously. However,
    this paradigm fails for structurally disordered solids, which lack a well-defined
    structure. Here, we show that disordered solids can still be treated from an inverse
    self-assembly perspective by bypassing structure and directly targeting material
    properties. Using the Poisson’s ratio as a primary example, we demonstrate how
    differentiable programming links interaction parameters with emergent behavior,
    enabling iterative training to achieve the desired Poisson’s ratio. We also tune
    other properties, including pressure and local 8-fold structural order, and can
    even control multiple properties simultaneously. This robust, transferable, and
    scalable approach can handle a wide variety of systems and properties, demonstrating
    the utility of disordered solids as a practical avenue for self-assembly platforms.
acknowledgement: We thank M. Lechner for helpful discussions.
article_number: '141'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Mengjie
  full_name: Zu, Mengjie
  id: 26dd9e7c-e86a-11eb-a854-82ac731c9ae2
  last_name: Zu
- first_name: Carl Peter
  full_name: Goodrich, Carl Peter
  id: EB352CD2-F68A-11E9-89C5-A432E6697425
  last_name: Goodrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-1307-5074
citation:
  ama: Zu M, Goodrich CP. Designing athermal disordered solids with automatic differentiation.
    <i>Communications Materials</i>. 2024;5. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4">10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4</a>
  apa: Zu, M., &#38; Goodrich, C. P. (2024). Designing athermal disordered solids
    with automatic differentiation. <i>Communications Materials</i>. Springer Nature.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4">https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4</a>
  chicago: Zu, Mengjie, and Carl Peter Goodrich. “Designing Athermal Disordered Solids
    with Automatic Differentiation.” <i>Communications Materials</i>. Springer Nature,
    2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4">https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4</a>.
  ieee: M. Zu and C. P. Goodrich, “Designing athermal disordered solids with automatic
    differentiation,” <i>Communications Materials</i>, vol. 5. Springer Nature, 2024.
  ista: Zu M, Goodrich CP. 2024. Designing athermal disordered solids with automatic
    differentiation. Communications Materials. 5, 141.
  mla: Zu, Mengjie, and Carl Peter Goodrich. “Designing Athermal Disordered Solids
    with Automatic Differentiation.” <i>Communications Materials</i>, vol. 5, 141,
    Springer Nature, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4">10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4</a>.
  short: M. Zu, C.P. Goodrich, Communications Materials 5 (2024).
corr_author: '1'
das_tickbox: '1'
dataavailabilitystatement: The authors declare that the data supporting the findings
  of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information files
date_created: 2024-08-11T22:01:11Z
date_published: 2024-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-10-01T08:28:59Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: CaGo
doi: 10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2404.15101'
file:
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  date_created: 2024-08-12T07:56:38Z
  date_updated: 2024-08-12T07:56:38Z
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  file_size: 9824134
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file_date_updated: 2024-08-12T07:56:38Z
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         5'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: B67AFEDC-15C9-11EA-A837-991A96BB2854
  name: IST Austria Open Access Fund
publication: Communications Materials
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2662-4443
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
researchdata_availability: yes (supplementary data)
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
supplementarymaterial: yes
title: Designing athermal disordered solids with automatic differentiation
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 5
year: '2024'
...
