[{"article_number":"8433","dataavailabilitystatement":"The cryo-EM maps are deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank under accession number EMD- 51100 (inactive dimer), EMD- 51102 (active dimer) and EMD-51101 (semi-active dimer). The models are deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 9G6F (inactive dimer), 9G6H (active dimer) and 9G6G (semi-active dimer). Mass spectrometry data was uploaded to MassIVE with accession code MSV000101057. Source data are provided with this paper.","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"08","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","title":"Cryo-EM structures of naturally occurring dimeric photosystem II complexes lacking the Mn4CaO5 cluster","publisher":"Springer Nature","_id":"22750","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2026-09-07T13:17:53Z","acknowledgement":"P.J.N. is grateful for the support from the Imperial College Electron Microscopy Center. L.A.S. acknowledges the support from the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria: the Electron Microscopy Facility (EMF), the Life Science Facility (LSF) and the IST high-performance computing cluster. P.J.N. is grateful for the support of the Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council (awards BB/I00937X/1, BB/L003260/1 and BB/P00931X/1). L.A.S. is grateful to IST Austria for providing the funding.","external_id":{"pmid":["42420307"]},"corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"DOAJ_listed":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes","citation":{"apa":"Zhao, Z., Vercellino, I., Whitelegge, J. P., Maghlaoui, K., Białek, W., Nixon, P. J., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2026). Cryo-EM structures of naturally occurring dimeric photosystem II complexes lacking the Mn4CaO5 cluster. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x</a>","mla":"Zhao, Ziyu, et al. “Cryo-EM Structures of Naturally Occurring Dimeric Photosystem II Complexes Lacking the Mn4CaO5 Cluster.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 17, 8433, Springer Nature, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x\">10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x</a>.","ista":"Zhao Z, Vercellino I, Whitelegge JP, Maghlaoui K, Białek W, Nixon PJ, Sazanov LA. 2026. Cryo-EM structures of naturally occurring dimeric photosystem II complexes lacking the Mn4CaO5 cluster. Nature Communications. 17, 8433.","ieee":"Z. Zhao <i>et al.</i>, “Cryo-EM structures of naturally occurring dimeric photosystem II complexes lacking the Mn4CaO5 cluster,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 17. Springer Nature, 2026.","ama":"Zhao Z, Vercellino I, Whitelegge JP, et al. Cryo-EM structures of naturally occurring dimeric photosystem II complexes lacking the Mn4CaO5 cluster. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2026;17. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x\">10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x</a>","short":"Z. Zhao, I. Vercellino, J.P. Whitelegge, K. Maghlaoui, W. Białek, P.J. Nixon, L.A. Sazanov, Nature Communications 17 (2026).","chicago":"Zhao, Ziyu, Irene Vercellino, Julian P. Whitelegge, Karim Maghlaoui, Wojciech Białek, Peter J. Nixon, and Leonid A Sazanov. “Cryo-EM Structures of Naturally Occurring Dimeric Photosystem II Complexes Lacking the Mn4CaO5 Cluster.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x</a>."},"doi":"10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x","file_date_updated":"2026-09-07T13:13:03Z","abstract":[{"text":"Robust oxygenic photosynthesis requires the efficient assembly and repair of the multi-subunit oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII) complex. Previous cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of PSII assembly/disassembly intermediates have relied on the analysis of deletion mutants or removal of PSII subunits in vitro. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of naturally occurring dimeric PSII intermediates from the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vestitus at a resolution of about 2.2 Å. These intermediates contain inactive dimers lacking the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and semi-active dimers with the OEC present in one of the two monomers. Our structural data provide a mechanism for how assembly and disassembly of the Mn4CaO5 cluster is coordinated with the binding and release of the extrinsic proteins: restructuring of the C-terminal tail of D1 subunit during assembly or disassembly of the Mn cluster triggers conformational changes in D2, CP47 and CP43 to drive the binding/release of the extrinsic proteins. A combination of structural and mass spectrometry data also suggests that the inactive PSII complexes may include damaged complexes containing oxidized D1-His332, a monodentate ligand to one of the Mn ions of the OEC.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"volume":17,"supplementarymaterial":"yes","article_type":"original","OA_type":"gold","pmid":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"file_size":3370665,"creator":"dernst","file_id":"22843","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"checksum":"a820b736585de22bcfa30ebdd25a6dd2","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2026-09-07T13:13:03Z","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2026-09-07T13:13:03Z","file_name":"2026_NatureComm_Zhao.pdf"}],"author":[{"id":"a63fe682-9f3a-11ee-bf8c-cfdf919b9850","last_name":"Zhao","full_name":"Zhao, Ziyu","first_name":"Ziyu"},{"full_name":"Vercellino, Irene","first_name":"Irene","last_name":"Vercellino","orcid":"0000-0001-5618-3449","id":"3ED6AF16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Whitelegge","first_name":"Julian P.","full_name":"Whitelegge, Julian P."},{"first_name":"Karim","full_name":"Maghlaoui, Karim","last_name":"Maghlaoui"},{"last_name":"Białek","first_name":"Wojciech","full_name":"Białek, Wojciech"},{"first_name":"Peter J.","full_name":"Nixon, Peter J.","last_name":"Nixon"},{"first_name":"Leonid A","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","last_name":"Sazanov","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"day":"17","OA_place":"publisher","das_tickbox":"1","date_created":"2026-08-23T22:01:46Z","oa":1,"date_published":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"        17","status":"public","researchdata_availability":"yes","year":"2026","type":"journal_article","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x","publication":"Nature Communications","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)"}},{"supplementarymaterial":"yes","quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","OA_type":"hybrid","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"day":"22","author":[{"last_name":"Zhao","id":"a63fe682-9f3a-11ee-bf8c-cfdf919b9850","full_name":"Zhao, Ziyu","first_name":"Ziyu"},{"last_name":"Sazanov","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Leonid A","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A"}],"das_tickbox":"1","OA_place":"publisher","oa":1,"date_published":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2026-06-28T22:01:35Z","type":"journal_article","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","status":"public","id":"22189"}],"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/the-gate-for-bulky-cargo/","description":"News on ISTA website","relation":"press_release"}]},"year":"2026","researchdata_availability":"yes","status":"public","publication":"Molecular Cell","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_nc.png","short":"CC BY-NC (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"inpress","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026","dataavailabilitystatement":"This study did not generate new unique reagents. Strains and plasmids generated in this study are available from the lead contact without restrictions.\r\n• Source data are provided within this paper. The cryo-EM map is deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank under accession number EMD-53848. The model is deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession number 9R91. The structural data are publicly available as of the date of publication. Raw images of spot assays, SDS-PAGE and BN-PAGE gels with Coomassie staining and immunoblot images are available at Mendeley Data (https://doi.org/10.17632/v2g3p9n985.1).\r\n• This paper does not report original code.\r\n• Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request.","scopus_import":"1","month":"06","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026"}],"biorxivid":1,"title":"Structure of E. Coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo","acknowledgement":"We thank IST Austria for providing the funding. We thank IST Austria EM facility for the use of Titan Krios TEM. Data processing was performed using IST high-performance computer cluster. We thank Dr. R. Roemhild and Professor C. Guet (ISTA) for help in constructing Tat deletion strains and Dr. A. Charnagalov (ISTA) for technical help.","external_id":{"biorxivid":["10.1101/2025.09.16.676506"]},"_id":"22148","publisher":"Cell Press","date_updated":"2026-10-20T09:04:07Z","ddc":["570"],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"corr_author":"1","doi":"10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026","citation":{"apa":"Zhao, Z., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (n.d.). Structure of E. Coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo. <i>Molecular Cell</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026</a>","mla":"Zhao, Ziyu, and Leonid A. Sazanov. “Structure of E. Coli Twin-Arginine Translocase (Tat) Complex with Bound Cargo.” <i>Molecular Cell</i>, Cell Press, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026\">10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026</a>.","ama":"Zhao Z, Sazanov LA. Structure of E. Coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo. <i>Molecular Cell</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026\">10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026</a>","chicago":"Zhao, Ziyu, and Leonid A Sazanov. “Structure of E. Coli Twin-Arginine Translocase (Tat) Complex with Bound Cargo.” <i>Molecular Cell</i>. Cell Press, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2026.05.026</a>.","short":"Z. Zhao, L.A. Sazanov, Molecular Cell (n.d.).","ista":"Zhao Z, Sazanov LA. Structure of E. Coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo. Molecular Cell.","ieee":"Z. Zhao and L. A. Sazanov, “Structure of E. Coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo,” <i>Molecular Cell</i>. Cell Press."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"How the twin-arginine translocase (Tat) system transports fully folded substrate proteins across cellular membranes without disrupting membrane integrity has been a fundamental question in cell biology for decades. The Tat system, found in prokaryotes and plant organelles, recognizes a cargo signal peptide via a conserved twin-arginine motif. The multi-subunit Tat complex facilitates the proton-motive-force-dependent translocation process, yet its overall architecture has remained unknown. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) trimeric TatB₃C₃ complex with bound substrate SufI, assembled in vivo. The complex adopts an unusual, wide-open, bowl-shaped architecture with a polar inner cavity. Unexpectedly, the cargo is engaged in a dual-contact mode: while the signal peptide binds inside one TatBC unit, the folded domain docks tightly onto an adjacent unit, possibly performing a proofreading function. This structure provides a mechanistic framework for substrate engagement and suggests the direct involvement of the entire Tat complex in substrate translocation."}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1097-4164"],"issn":["1097-2765"]},"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)"},{"oa_version":"Published Version","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.17632/v2g3p9n985.1"}],"OA_place":"publisher","day":"15","author":[{"id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sazanov","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"05","OA_type":"gold","citation":{"mla":"Sazanov, Leonid A. <i>Structure of E. Coli Twin-Arginine Translocase (Tat) Complex with Bound Cargo. Zhao et Al.</i> Mendeley Data, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1\">10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1</a>.","apa":"Sazanov, L. A. (2026). Structure of E. coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo. Zhao et al. Mendeley Data. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1\">https://doi.org/10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1</a>","short":"L.A. Sazanov, (2026).","chicago":"Sazanov, Leonid A. “Structure of E. Coli Twin-Arginine Translocase (Tat) Complex with Bound Cargo. Zhao et Al.” Mendeley Data, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1\">https://doi.org/10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1</a>.","ama":"Sazanov LA. Structure of E. coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo. Zhao et al. 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1\">10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1</a>","ieee":"L. A. Sazanov, “Structure of E. coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo. Zhao et al.” Mendeley Data, 2026.","ista":"Sazanov LA. 2026. Structure of E. coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo. Zhao et al., Mendeley Data, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1\">10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1</a>."},"doi":"10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"abstract":[{"text":"Raw images for SDS and Blue Native gels, western blots and spot growth assays, related to figures S1 and S2.","lang":"eng"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.17632/V2G3P9N985.1","article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"corr_author":"1","keyword":["Protein Purification"],"type":"research_data_reference","_id":"22189","publisher":"Mendeley Data","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","id":"22148","status":"public"}]},"ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2026-10-20T09:04:06Z","status":"public","year":"2026","oa":1,"date_published":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","title":"Structure of E. coli twin-arginine translocase (Tat) complex with bound cargo. Zhao et al.","date_created":"2026-06-29T12:54:45Z"},{"article_number":"fcae453","oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","month":"01","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","acknowledgement":"We thank all individuals and relatives for consent to be part of the study. Families 1–4, 7, were collected as part of the SYNaPS Study Group collaboration funded by The Wellcome Trust and strategic award (Synaptopathies) funding (WT093205 MA and WT104033AIA), and research was conducted as part of the Queen Square Genomics group at the University College London, supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. We are also grateful to Queen Square Genomics at the Institute of Neurology University College London, supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, for the bioinformatics support. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.\r\nThis study was funded by the Medical Research Council (MR/S01165X/1, MR/S005021/1, G0601943). The Medical Research Council (MR/S01165X/1, MR/S005021/1, MRC ICGNMD), Wellcome Trust 221951/Z/20/Z, Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program, Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s, The Michael J. Fox Foundation, The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Rosetree Trust, Multiple System Atrophy Trust, Brain Research UK, Sparks Great Ormond Street Hospital Charity, Muscular Dystrophy, Muscular Dystrophy Association United States of America, and King Baudouin Foundation. H.T. was supported by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 608473. M.S.A.-H. is funded by the Science and Technology Development Fund Academy of Science Research and Technology Egypt (Grant number: 33492, Ethical approval number: 20066). R.W.T. is funded by the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (203105/Z/16/Z), the Mitochondrial Disease Patient Cohort (UK) (G0800674), the Medical Research Council International Centre for Genomic Medicine in Neuromuscular Disease (MR/S005021/1), the Medical Research Council (MR/W019027/1), the Lily Foundation, Mito Foundation, the Pathological Society, LifeArc, the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing and Age-related disease award to the Newcastle upon Tyne Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust and the UK NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children. H.H. and R.K. are supported by Global Parkinson’s Genetic Program and The Michael J. Fox Foundation Grant ID: MJFF-022153.","external_id":{"pmid":["39963288"]},"_id":"18987","publisher":"Oxford University Press","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2025-08-05T11:55:15Z","title":"Biallelic NDUFA13 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental phenotype with gradual neurological impairment","file_date_updated":"2025-08-05T11:54:23Z","doi":"10.1093/braincomms/fcae453","citation":{"chicago":"Kaiyrzhanov, Rauan, Kyle Thompson, Stephanie Efthymiou, Askhat Mukushev, Akbota Zharylkassyn, Chitra Prasad, Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani, et al. “Biallelic NDUFA13 Variants Lead to a Neurodevelopmental Phenotype with Gradual Neurological Impairment.” <i>Brain Communications</i>. Oxford University Press, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae453\">https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae453</a>.","short":"R. Kaiyrzhanov, K. Thompson, S. Efthymiou, A. Mukushev, A. Zharylkassyn, C. Prasad, E.G. Karimiani, J.R. Alvi, D. Niyazov, A. Alahmad, M. Babaei, H. Tajsharghi, B. Albash, A. Alaqeel, M. Charif, N. Hashemi, M. Heidari, S.M. Kalantar, G. Lenaers, M.Y.V. Mehrjardi, V.M. Srinivasan, V.K. Gowda, S.H. Mirabutalebi, D.A. Carere, M. Movahedinia, D. Murphy, R. Mcfarland, M.S. Abdel-Hamid, R.M. Elhossini, S. Alavi, M. Napier, A. Belanger-Quintana, A.N. Prasad, J. Jakobczyk, A. Roubertie, T. Rupar, T. Sultan, M.B. Toosi, L.A. Sazanov, M. Severino, H. Houlden, R.W. Taylor, R. Maroofian, Brain Communications 7 (2025).","ama":"Kaiyrzhanov R, Thompson K, Efthymiou S, et al. Biallelic NDUFA13 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental phenotype with gradual neurological impairment. <i>Brain Communications</i>. 2025;7(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae453\">10.1093/braincomms/fcae453</a>","ieee":"R. Kaiyrzhanov <i>et al.</i>, “Biallelic NDUFA13 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental phenotype with gradual neurological impairment,” <i>Brain Communications</i>, vol. 7, no. 1. Oxford University Press, 2025.","ista":"Kaiyrzhanov R, Thompson K, Efthymiou S, Mukushev A, Zharylkassyn A, Prasad C, Karimiani EG, Alvi JR, Niyazov D, Alahmad A, Babaei M, Tajsharghi H, Albash B, Alaqeel A, Charif M, Hashemi N, Heidari M, Kalantar SM, Lenaers G, Mehrjardi MYV, Srinivasan VM, Gowda VK, Mirabutalebi SH, Carere DA, Movahedinia M, Murphy D, Mcfarland R, Abdel-Hamid MS, Elhossini RM, Alavi S, Napier M, Belanger-Quintana A, Prasad AN, Jakobczyk J, Roubertie A, Rupar T, Sultan T, Toosi MB, Sazanov LA, Severino M, Houlden H, Taylor RW, Maroofian R. 2025. Biallelic NDUFA13 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental phenotype with gradual neurological impairment. Brain Communications. 7(1), fcae453.","mla":"Kaiyrzhanov, Rauan, et al. “Biallelic NDUFA13 Variants Lead to a Neurodevelopmental Phenotype with Gradual Neurological Impairment.” <i>Brain Communications</i>, vol. 7, no. 1, fcae453, Oxford University Press, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae453\">10.1093/braincomms/fcae453</a>.","apa":"Kaiyrzhanov, R., Thompson, K., Efthymiou, S., Mukushev, A., Zharylkassyn, A., Prasad, C., … Maroofian, R. (2025). Biallelic NDUFA13 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental phenotype with gradual neurological impairment. <i>Brain Communications</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae453\">https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae453</a>"},"abstract":[{"text":"Biallelic variants in NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H))-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1 alpha subcomplex 13 have been linked to mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 28, based on three affected individuals from two families. With only two families reported, the clinical and molecular spectrum of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1 alpha subcomplex 13–related diseases remains unclear. We report 10 additional affected individuals from nine independent families, identifying four missense variants (including recurrent c.170G > A) and three ultra-rare or novel predicted loss-of-function biallelic variants. Updated clinical–radiological data from previously reported families and a literature review compiling clinical features of all reported patients with isolated complex I deficiency caused by 43 genes encoding complex I subunits and assembly factors are also provided. Our cohort (mean age 7.8 ± 5.4 years; range 2.5–18) predominantly presented a moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental syndrome with oculomotor abnormalities (84%), spasticity/hypertonia (83%), hypotonia (69%), cerebellar ataxia (66%), movement disorders (58%) and epilepsy (46%). Neuroimaging revealed bilateral symmetric T2 hyperintense substantia nigra lesions (91.6%) and optic nerve atrophy (66.6%). Protein modeling suggests missense variants destabilize a critical junction between the hydrophilic and membrane arms of complex I. Fibroblasts from two patients showed reduced complex I activity and compensatory complex IV activity increase. This study characterizes NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1 alpha subcomplex 13–related disease in 13 individuals, highlighting genotype–phenotype correlations.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2632-1297"]},"article_processing_charge":"Yes","DOAJ_listed":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-08-05T11:54:23Z","file_name":"2025_BrainComm_Kaiyrzhanov.pdf","checksum":"bdf39b64d1c1d833a20b62836751fe44","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-08-05T11:54:23Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"20126","success":1,"file_size":1420646,"creator":"dernst"}],"OA_type":"gold","article_type":"original","pmid":1,"volume":7,"OA_place":"publisher","day":"01","author":[{"full_name":"Kaiyrzhanov, Rauan","first_name":"Rauan","last_name":"Kaiyrzhanov"},{"full_name":"Thompson, Kyle","first_name":"Kyle","last_name":"Thompson"},{"full_name":"Efthymiou, Stephanie","first_name":"Stephanie","last_name":"Efthymiou"},{"last_name":"Mukushev","first_name":"Askhat","full_name":"Mukushev, Askhat"},{"last_name":"Zharylkassyn","first_name":"Akbota","full_name":"Zharylkassyn, Akbota"},{"first_name":"Chitra","full_name":"Prasad, Chitra","last_name":"Prasad"},{"full_name":"Karimiani, Ehsan Ghayoor","first_name":"Ehsan Ghayoor","last_name":"Karimiani"},{"first_name":"Javeria Raza","full_name":"Alvi, Javeria Raza","last_name":"Alvi"},{"full_name":"Niyazov, Dmitriy","first_name":"Dmitriy","last_name":"Niyazov"},{"full_name":"Alahmad, Ahmad","first_name":"Ahmad","last_name":"Alahmad"},{"last_name":"Babaei","first_name":"Meisam","full_name":"Babaei, Meisam"},{"first_name":"Homa","full_name":"Tajsharghi, Homa","last_name":"Tajsharghi"},{"last_name":"Albash","full_name":"Albash, Buthaina","first_name":"Buthaina"},{"full_name":"Alaqeel, Ahmad","first_name":"Ahmad","last_name":"Alaqeel"},{"last_name":"Charif","full_name":"Charif, Majida","first_name":"Majida"},{"full_name":"Hashemi, Narges","first_name":"Narges","last_name":"Hashemi"},{"full_name":"Heidari, Morteza","first_name":"Morteza","last_name":"Heidari"},{"last_name":"Kalantar","full_name":"Kalantar, Seyed Mehdi","first_name":"Seyed Mehdi"},{"last_name":"Lenaers","full_name":"Lenaers, Guy","first_name":"Guy"},{"last_name":"Mehrjardi","first_name":"Mohammad Yahya Vahidi","full_name":"Mehrjardi, Mohammad Yahya Vahidi"},{"first_name":"Varunvenkat M.","full_name":"Srinivasan, Varunvenkat M.","last_name":"Srinivasan"},{"first_name":"Vykuntaraju K.","full_name":"Gowda, Vykuntaraju K.","last_name":"Gowda"},{"first_name":"Seyed Hamidreza","full_name":"Mirabutalebi, Seyed Hamidreza","last_name":"Mirabutalebi"},{"last_name":"Carere","full_name":"Carere, Deanna Alexis","first_name":"Deanna Alexis"},{"last_name":"Movahedinia","full_name":"Movahedinia, Mojtaba","first_name":"Mojtaba"},{"last_name":"Murphy","first_name":"David","full_name":"Murphy, David"},{"full_name":"Mcfarland, Robert","first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Mcfarland"},{"last_name":"Abdel-Hamid","full_name":"Abdel-Hamid, Mohamed S.","first_name":"Mohamed S."},{"first_name":"Rasha M.","full_name":"Elhossini, Rasha M.","last_name":"Elhossini"},{"last_name":"Alavi","full_name":"Alavi, Shahryar","first_name":"Shahryar"},{"last_name":"Napier","full_name":"Napier, Melanie","first_name":"Melanie"},{"last_name":"Belanger-Quintana","first_name":"Amaya","full_name":"Belanger-Quintana, Amaya"},{"last_name":"Prasad","full_name":"Prasad, Asuri N.","first_name":"Asuri N."},{"first_name":"Jessica","full_name":"Jakobczyk, Jessica","last_name":"Jakobczyk"},{"last_name":"Roubertie","full_name":"Roubertie, Agathe","first_name":"Agathe"},{"first_name":"Tony","full_name":"Rupar, Tony","last_name":"Rupar"},{"last_name":"Sultan","first_name":"Tipu","full_name":"Sultan, Tipu"},{"first_name":"Mehran Beiraghi","full_name":"Toosi, Mehran Beiraghi","last_name":"Toosi"},{"first_name":"Leonid A","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","last_name":"Sazanov","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Severino","full_name":"Severino, Mariasavina","first_name":"Mariasavina"},{"full_name":"Houlden, Henry","first_name":"Henry","last_name":"Houlden"},{"last_name":"Taylor","full_name":"Taylor, Robert W.","first_name":"Robert W."},{"last_name":"Maroofian","full_name":"Maroofian, Reza","first_name":"Reza"}],"issue":"1","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"         7","status":"public","PlanS_conform":"1","year":"2025","oa":1,"date_published":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2025-02-02T23:01:55Z","publication":"Brain Communications","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae453"},{"article_number":"e085971","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"12","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2026-10-16T08:42:53Z","_id":"18967","publisher":"Wiley","title":"Structure‐activity relationship study of neuroprotective complex I inhibitor CP2","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Background: We identified small molecule tricyclic pyrone compound CP2 as a mild mitochondrial complex I (MCI) inhibitor that induces neuroprotection in multiple mouse models of AD. One of the major concerns while targeting mitochondria is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CP2 consists of two diastereoisomers, D1 and D2, with distinct activity and toxicity profiles. This study was designed to understand how structure of D1 and D2 affects their binding to MCI and the consequential impact on ROS production.\r\n\r\nMethod: The X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) at global resolution of 3.25-3.27Å were employed to identify the molecular structure of D1 and D2 and the D1 binding to the isolated ovine MCI. The assessment of the MCI inhibition and the extent of ROS generation were done in isolated MCI and human neuroblastoma MC65 cells using flow cytometry, a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, and the kinetic studies.\r\n\r\nResult: In the closed conformation of MCI, D1 selectively binds to the deep Quinone-site (Qd) but not to the shallow Q-site (Qs), sharing the same binding pocket as rotenone. In the open MCI state, D1 exclusively binds to the Qs in contrast to rotenone, which binds Qd and Qs in both closed and open states. At the same concentrations, D1 inhibits respiration to a greater extent compared to D2 (5:1 ratio) and produces higher level of ROS.\r\n\r\nConclusion:Cryo-EM unambiguously identified binding of D1 to both the Qd and Qs sites, contingent upon the conformational state of MCI. In contrast to rotenone, D1 binds Qd only in the closed conformation during catalytic cycle, leading to mild inhibition. Superimposing X-ray crystallography data of D1 and D2 onto cryo-EM data suggests that the orientation of the methyl group in D2 induces a flatter conformation, resulting in lower binding affinity to MCI, which correlates with lower inhibition and toxicity compared to D1. At physiologically relevant concentrations, CP2 (D1:D2 = 1:1) demonstrates low MCI inhibition yielding negligible ROS levels. This observation provides new insight into the absence of toxicity associated with CP2 treatment in vivo, further highlighting feasibility for the development of safe and efficacious MCI inhibitors."}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1552-5260"],"eissn":["1552-5279"]},"file_date_updated":"2025-01-29T15:24:50Z","citation":{"mla":"Petrova, Olga, et al. “Structure‐activity Relationship Study of Neuroprotective Complex I Inhibitor CP2.” <i>Alzheimer’s &#38; Dementia</i>, vol. 20, no. S6, e085971, Wiley, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.085971\">10.1002/alz.085971</a>.","apa":"Petrova, O., Trushin, S. A., Nguyen, T. K. O., Ostroot, M., Schellenberg, M., Johnson, G., … Sazanov, L. A. (2024). <i>Structure‐activity relationship study of neuroprotective complex I inhibitor CP2</i>. <i>Alzheimer’s &#38; Dementia</i> (Vol. 20). Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.085971\">https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.085971</a>","chicago":"Petrova, Olga, Sergey A Trushin, Thi Kim Oanh Nguyen, Mark Ostroot, Matthew Schellenberg, Graham Johnson, Eugenia Trushina, and Leonid A Sazanov. <i>Structure‐activity Relationship Study of Neuroprotective Complex I Inhibitor CP2</i>. <i>Alzheimer’s &#38; Dementia</i>. Vol. 20. Wiley, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.085971\">https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.085971</a>.","short":"O. Petrova, S.A. Trushin, T.K.O. Nguyen, M. Ostroot, M. Schellenberg, G. Johnson, E. Trushina, L.A. Sazanov, Structure‐activity Relationship Study of Neuroprotective Complex I Inhibitor CP2, Wiley, 2024.","ama":"Petrova O, Trushin SA, Nguyen TKO, et al. <i>Structure‐activity Relationship Study of Neuroprotective Complex I Inhibitor CP2</i>. Vol 20. Wiley; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.085971\">10.1002/alz.085971</a>","ieee":"O. Petrova <i>et al.</i>, <i>Structure‐activity relationship study of neuroprotective complex I inhibitor CP2</i>, vol. 20, no. S6. Wiley, 2024.","ista":"Petrova O, Trushin SA, Nguyen TKO, Ostroot M, Schellenberg M, Johnson G, Trushina E, Sazanov LA. 2024. Structure‐activity relationship study of neuroprotective complex I inhibitor CP2, Wiley,p."},"doi":"10.1002/alz.085971","article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"checksum":"e914bd5f3a701659ab79d497a122811f","date_updated":"2025-01-29T15:24:50Z","relation":"main_file","file_name":"2024_AlzheimerDementia_Petrova.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-01-29T15:24:50Z","creator":"dernst","file_size":70870,"success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"18968"}],"quality_controlled":"1","OA_type":"hybrid","supplementarymaterial":"no","volume":20,"das_tickbox":"0","OA_place":"publisher","day":"01","author":[{"full_name":"Petrova, Olga","first_name":"Olga","id":"5D8C9660-5D49-11EA-8188-567B3DDC885E","last_name":"Petrova"},{"last_name":"Trushin","first_name":"Sergey A","full_name":"Trushin, Sergey A"},{"last_name":"Nguyen","first_name":"Thi Kim Oanh","full_name":"Nguyen, Thi Kim Oanh"},{"first_name":"Mark","full_name":"Ostroot, Mark","last_name":"Ostroot"},{"last_name":"Schellenberg","first_name":"Matthew","full_name":"Schellenberg, Matthew"},{"last_name":"Johnson","full_name":"Johnson, Graham","first_name":"Graham"},{"last_name":"Trushina","full_name":"Trushina, Eugenia","first_name":"Eugenia"},{"full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","last_name":"Sazanov","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"type":"other_academic_publication","issue":"S6","year":"2024","status":"public","researchdata_availability":"no","intvolume":"        20","date_published":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"date_created":"2025-01-29T15:21:40Z","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication":"Alzheimer's & Dementia","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.085971","publication_status":"published"},{"author":[{"id":"3ED6AF16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-5618-3449","last_name":"Vercellino","full_name":"Vercellino, Irene","first_name":"Irene"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sazanov","first_name":"Leonid A","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A"}],"isi":1,"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"PreCl"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"day":"01","ec_funded":1,"das_tickbox":"1","page":"1061-1071","volume":31,"supplementarymaterial":"yes","article_type":"original","pmid":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"file_size":24424729,"creator":"lsazanov","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"15392","date_updated":"2025-01-01T23:30:03Z","relation":"main_file","checksum":"21f05d188762acd7f49a97f3d09c8d9f","embargo":"2025-01-01","date_created":"2024-05-14T11:57:56Z","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"megacomplex_submit_NSMB_withFigures.pdf"}],"publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0","publication":"Nature Structural and Molecular Biology","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_created":"2024-04-14T22:01:03Z","oa":1,"date_published":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"        31","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-025-01721-3","relation":"erratum"}]},"year":"2024","status":"public","researchdata_availability":"yes","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"07","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Submitted Version","dataavailabilitystatement":"Structures of the three SCs were deposited in PDB (accessions 8PW5, 8PW6 and 8PW7) with corresponding cryo-EM density maps in EMDB (IDs 17989, 17990 and 17991). As the models were built on composite maps, the consensus and focused maps for all components of the three SCs have also been deposited on EMDB (18023, 18022, 18025, 18024, 18027, 18026, 18017, 18018, 18019, 18021, 18020, 18015, 18011, 18012, 18013 and 18014). Similarly, structures of complex I were deposited in PDB (accessions 8RGR, 8RGQ, 8RGP and 8RGT) with corresponding composite cryo-EM density maps (19147, 19146, 19145 and 19148) and consensus/focused maps (19085, 19086, 19087, 19091, 19092, 19093, 19088, 19089, 19090, 19105, 19106 and 19107) in EMDB. The following previously deposited models (PDB codes) have been used in the manuscript: 5gup, 5xth, 5iy5, 1ooc, 5z62, 3cx5, 7o3c, 5j4z, 5j7y, 7o37 and 6g2j. Uncropped gels and western blot, as well as the raw data for the activity assays summarized in Extended Data Fig. 8h, have been provided as Source data in this publication. Source data are provided with this paper.","project":[{"_id":"627abdeb-2b32-11ec-9570-ec31a97243d3","name":"Structure and mechanism of respiratory chain molecular machines","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101020697"}],"corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"ieee":"I. Vercellino and L. A. Sazanov, “SCAF1 drives the compositional diversity of mammalian respirasomes,” <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>, vol. 31. Springer Nature, pp. 1061–1071, 2024.","ista":"Vercellino I, Sazanov LA. 2024. SCAF1 drives the compositional diversity of mammalian respirasomes. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 31, 1061–1071.","chicago":"Vercellino, Irene, and Leonid A Sazanov. “SCAF1 Drives the Compositional Diversity of Mammalian Respirasomes.” <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>. Springer Nature, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0</a>.","short":"I. Vercellino, L.A. Sazanov, Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 31 (2024) 1061–1071.","ama":"Vercellino I, Sazanov LA. SCAF1 drives the compositional diversity of mammalian respirasomes. <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>. 2024;31:1061-1071. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0\">10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0</a>","mla":"Vercellino, Irene, and Leonid A. Sazanov. “SCAF1 Drives the Compositional Diversity of Mammalian Respirasomes.” <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>, vol. 31, Springer Nature, 2024, pp. 1061–71, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0\">10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0</a>.","apa":"Vercellino, I., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2024). SCAF1 drives the compositional diversity of mammalian respirasomes. <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0</a>"},"doi":"10.1038/s41594-024-01255-0","file_date_updated":"2025-01-01T23:30:03Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1545-9985"],"issn":["1545-9993"]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Supercomplexes of the respiratory chain are established constituents of the oxidative phosphorylation system, but their role in mammalian metabolism has been hotly debated. Although recent studies have shown that different tissues/organs are equipped with specific sets of supercomplexes, depending on their metabolic needs, the notion that supercomplexes have a role in the regulation of metabolism has been challenged. However, irrespective of the mechanistic conclusions, the composition of various high molecular weight supercomplexes remains uncertain. Here, using cryogenic electron microscopy, we demonstrate that mammalian (mouse) tissues contain three defined types of ‘respirasome’, supercomplexes made of CI, CIII2 and CIV. The stoichiometry and position of CIV differs in the three respirasomes, of which only one contains the supercomplex-associated factor SCAF1, whose involvement in respirasome formation has long been contended. Our structures confirm that the ‘canonical’ respirasome (the C-respirasome, CICIII2CIV) does not contain SCAF1, which is instead associated to a different respirasome (the CS-respirasome), containing a second copy of CIV. We also identify an alternative respirasome (A-respirasome), with CIV bound to the ‘back’ of CI, instead of the ‘toe’. This structural characterization of mouse mitochondrial supercomplexes allows us to hypothesize a mechanistic basis for their specific role in different metabolic conditions."}],"title":"SCAF1 drives the compositional diversity of mammalian respirasomes","_id":"15323","publisher":"Springer Nature","ddc":["572"],"date_updated":"2026-10-16T08:43:37Z","acknowledgement":"Supercomplexes of the respiratory chain are established constituents of the oxidative phosphorylation system, but their role in mammalian metabolism has been hotly debated. Although recent studies have shown that different tissues/organs are equipped with specific sets of supercomplexes, depending on their metabolic needs, the notion that supercomplexes have a role in the regulation of metabolism has been challenged. However, irrespective of the mechanistic conclusions, the composition of various high molecular weight supercomplexes remains uncertain. Here, using cryogenic electron microscopy, we demonstrate that mammalian (mouse) tissues contain three defined types of ‘respirasome’, supercomplexes made of CI, CIII2 and CIV. The stoichiometry and position of CIV differs in the three respirasomes, of which only one contains the supercomplex-associated factor SCAF1, whose involvement in respirasome formation has long been contended. Our structures confirm that the ‘canonical’ respirasome (the C-respirasome, CICIII2CIV) does not contain SCAF1, which is instead associated to a different respirasome (the CS-respirasome), containing a second copy of CIV. We also identify an alternative respirasome (A-respirasome), with CIV bound to the ‘back’ of CI, instead of the ‘toe’. This structural characterization of mouse mitochondrial supercomplexes allows us to hypothesize a mechanistic basis for their specific role in different metabolic conditions.","external_id":{"pmid":["38575788"],"isi":["001196897300001"]}},{"oa":1,"date_published":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2023-03-26T22:01:06Z","issue":"5","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"       480","year":"2023","status":"public","publication":"The Biochemical Journal","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210285","volume":480,"quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"review","pmid":1,"day":"15","author":[{"id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sazanov","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","first_name":"Leonid A","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A"}],"isi":1,"page":"319-333","title":"From the 'black box' to 'domino effect' mechanism: What have we learned from the structures of respiratory complex I","external_id":{"isi":["000957065700001"],"pmid":["36920092"]},"publisher":"Portland Press","_id":"12757","date_updated":"2024-10-09T21:04:50Z","ddc":["570"],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"corr_author":"1","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20210285","citation":{"short":"L.A. Sazanov, The Biochemical Journal 480 (2023) 319–333.","chicago":"Sazanov, Leonid A. “From the ‘black Box’ to ‘Domino Effect’ Mechanism: What Have We Learned from the Structures of Respiratory Complex I.” <i>The Biochemical Journal</i>. Portland Press, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210285\">https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210285</a>.","ama":"Sazanov LA. From the “black box” to “domino effect” mechanism: What have we learned from the structures of respiratory complex I. <i>The Biochemical Journal</i>. 2023;480(5):319-333. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210285\">10.1042/BCJ20210285</a>","ieee":"L. A. Sazanov, “From the ‘black box’ to ‘domino effect’ mechanism: What have we learned from the structures of respiratory complex I,” <i>The Biochemical Journal</i>, vol. 480, no. 5. Portland Press, pp. 319–333, 2023.","ista":"Sazanov LA. 2023. From the ‘black box’ to ‘domino effect’ mechanism: What have we learned from the structures of respiratory complex I. The Biochemical Journal. 480(5), 319–333.","mla":"Sazanov, Leonid A. “From the ‘black Box’ to ‘Domino Effect’ Mechanism: What Have We Learned from the Structures of Respiratory Complex I.” <i>The Biochemical Journal</i>, vol. 480, no. 5, Portland Press, 2023, pp. 319–33, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210285\">10.1042/BCJ20210285</a>.","apa":"Sazanov, L. A. (2023). From the “black box” to “domino effect” mechanism: What have we learned from the structures of respiratory complex I. <i>The Biochemical Journal</i>. Portland Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210285\">https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210285</a>"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"My group and myself have studied respiratory complex I for almost 30 years, starting in 1994 when it was known as a L-shaped giant ‘black box' of bioenergetics. First breakthrough was the X-ray structure of the peripheral arm, followed by structures of the membrane arm and finally the entire complex from Thermus thermophilus. The developments in cryo-EM technology allowed us to solve the first complete structure of the twice larger, ∼1 MDa mammalian enzyme in 2016. However, the mechanism coupling, over large distances, the transfer of two electrons to pumping of four protons across the membrane remained an enigma. Recently we have solved high-resolution structures of mammalian and bacterial complex I under a range of redox conditions, including catalytic turnover. This allowed us to propose a robust and universal mechanism for complex I and related protein families. Redox reactions initially drive conformational changes around the quinone cavity and a long-distance transfer of substrate protons. These set up a stage for a series of electrostatically driven proton transfers along the membrane arm (‘domino effect'), eventually resulting in proton expulsion from the distal antiporter-like subunit. The mechanism radically differs from previous suggestions, however, it naturally explains all the unusual structural features of complex I. In this review I discuss the state of knowledge on complex I, including the current most controversial issues."}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0264-6021"],"eissn":["1470-8728"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","scopus_import":"1","month":"03","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210285","open_access":"1"}]},{"title":"The Ycf48 accessory factor occupies the site of the oxygen-evolving manganese cluster during photosystem II biogenesis","acknowledgement":"P.J.N. and J.W.M. are grateful for the support of the Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council (awards BB/L003260/1 and BB/P00931X/1). J. Knoppová, R.S. and J. Komenda were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project 19-29225X) and by ERC project Photoredesign (no. 854126) and L.A.S. was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria through resources provided by the Electron Microscopy Facility (EMF), the Life Science Facility (LSF) and the IST high-performance computing cluster.","external_id":{"pmid":["37542031"],"isi":["001042606700004"]},"publisher":"Springer Nature","_id":"14040","date_updated":"2025-04-23T13:05:33Z","ddc":["570"],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"corr_author":"1","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6","file_date_updated":"2023-08-14T07:01:12Z","citation":{"ista":"Zhao Z, Vercellino I, Knoppová J, Sobotka R, Murray JW, Nixon PJ, Sazanov LA, Komenda J. 2023. The Ycf48 accessory factor occupies the site of the oxygen-evolving manganese cluster during photosystem II biogenesis. Nature Communications. 14, 4681.","ieee":"Z. Zhao <i>et al.</i>, “The Ycf48 accessory factor occupies the site of the oxygen-evolving manganese cluster during photosystem II biogenesis,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14. Springer Nature, 2023.","ama":"Zhao Z, Vercellino I, Knoppová J, et al. The Ycf48 accessory factor occupies the site of the oxygen-evolving manganese cluster during photosystem II biogenesis. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2023;14. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6\">10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6</a>","chicago":"Zhao, Ziyu, Irene Vercellino, Jana Knoppová, Roman Sobotka, James W. Murray, Peter J. Nixon, Leonid A Sazanov, and Josef Komenda. “The Ycf48 Accessory Factor Occupies the Site of the Oxygen-Evolving Manganese Cluster during Photosystem II Biogenesis.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6</a>.","short":"Z. Zhao, I. Vercellino, J. Knoppová, R. Sobotka, J.W. Murray, P.J. Nixon, L.A. Sazanov, J. Komenda, Nature Communications 14 (2023).","apa":"Zhao, Z., Vercellino, I., Knoppová, J., Sobotka, R., Murray, J. W., Nixon, P. J., … Komenda, J. (2023). The Ycf48 accessory factor occupies the site of the oxygen-evolving manganese cluster during photosystem II biogenesis. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6</a>","mla":"Zhao, Ziyu, et al. “The Ycf48 Accessory Factor Occupies the Site of the Oxygen-Evolving Manganese Cluster during Photosystem II Biogenesis.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 4681, Springer Nature, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6\">10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6</a>."},"abstract":[{"text":"Robust oxygenic photosynthesis requires a suite of accessory factors to ensure efficient assembly and repair of the oxygen-evolving photosystem two (PSII) complex. The highly conserved Ycf48 assembly factor binds to the newly synthesized D1 reaction center polypeptide and promotes the initial steps of PSII assembly, but its binding site is unclear. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of a cyanobacterial PSII D1/D2 reaction center assembly complex with Ycf48 attached. Ycf48, a 7-bladed beta propeller, binds to the amino-acid residues of D1 that ultimately ligate the water-oxidising Mn4CaO5 cluster, thereby preventing the premature binding of Mn2+ and Ca2+ ions and protecting the site from damage. Interactions with D2 help explain how Ycf48 promotes assembly of the D1/D2 complex. Overall, our work provides valuable insights into the early stages of PSII assembly and the structural changes that create the binding site for the Mn4CaO5 cluster.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"article_processing_charge":"Yes","article_number":"4681","scopus_import":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"08","oa_version":"Published Version","oa":1,"date_published":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2023-08-13T22:01:13Z","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        14","status":"public","year":"2023","publication":"Nature Communications","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6","volume":14,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"14044","success":1,"file_size":2315325,"creator":"dernst","date_created":"2023-08-14T07:01:12Z","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2023_NatureComm_Zhao.pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2023-08-14T07:01:12Z","checksum":"3b9043df3d51c300f9be95eac3ff9d0b"}],"article_type":"original","pmid":1,"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"day":"04","author":[{"last_name":"Zhao","first_name":"Ziyu","full_name":"Zhao, Ziyu"},{"full_name":"Vercellino, Irene","first_name":"Irene","id":"3ED6AF16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-5618-3449","last_name":"Vercellino"},{"full_name":"Knoppová, Jana","first_name":"Jana","last_name":"Knoppová"},{"last_name":"Sobotka","first_name":"Roman","full_name":"Sobotka, Roman"},{"first_name":"James W.","full_name":"Murray, James W.","last_name":"Murray"},{"last_name":"Nixon","full_name":"Nixon, Peter J.","first_name":"Peter J."},{"last_name":"Sazanov","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A"},{"last_name":"Komenda","full_name":"Komenda, Josef","first_name":"Josef"}],"isi":1},{"publication":"Current Opinion in Structural Biology","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        74","status":"public","year":"2022","oa":1,"date_published":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2022-04-15T09:32:35Z","day":"01","author":[{"id":"37233050-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kampjut","first_name":"Domen","full_name":"Kampjut, Domen"},{"last_name":"Sazanov","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A"}],"isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"11725","creator":"dernst","file_size":815607,"file_name":"2022_CurrentOpStructBiology_Kampjut.pdf","date_created":"2022-08-05T05:56:03Z","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2022-08-05T05:56:03Z","relation":"main_file","checksum":"72bdde48853643a32d42b75f54965c44"}],"article_type":"original","pmid":1,"volume":74,"doi":"10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350","file_date_updated":"2022-08-05T05:56:03Z","citation":{"ista":"Kampjut D, Sazanov LA. 2022. Structure of respiratory complex I – An emerging blueprint for the mechanism. Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 74, 102350.","ieee":"D. Kampjut and L. A. Sazanov, “Structure of respiratory complex I – An emerging blueprint for the mechanism,” <i>Current Opinion in Structural Biology</i>, vol. 74. Elsevier, 2022.","ama":"Kampjut D, Sazanov LA. Structure of respiratory complex I – An emerging blueprint for the mechanism. <i>Current Opinion in Structural Biology</i>. 2022;74. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350\">10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350</a>","chicago":"Kampjut, Domen, and Leonid A Sazanov. “Structure of Respiratory Complex I – An Emerging Blueprint for the Mechanism.” <i>Current Opinion in Structural Biology</i>. Elsevier, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350</a>.","short":"D. Kampjut, L.A. Sazanov, Current Opinion in Structural Biology 74 (2022).","apa":"Kampjut, D., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2022). Structure of respiratory complex I – An emerging blueprint for the mechanism. <i>Current Opinion in Structural Biology</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350</a>","mla":"Kampjut, Domen, and Leonid A. Sazanov. “Structure of Respiratory Complex I – An Emerging Blueprint for the Mechanism.” <i>Current Opinion in Structural Biology</i>, vol. 74, 102350, Elsevier, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350\">10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102350</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0959-440X"]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Complex I is one of the major respiratory complexes, conserved from bacteria to mammals. It oxidises NADH, reduces quinone and pumps protons across the membrane, thus playing a central role in the oxidative energy metabolism. In this review we discuss our current state of understanding the structure of complex I from various species of mammals, plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as of several complex I-related proteins. By comparing the structural evidence from these systems in different redox states and data from mutagenesis and molecular simulations, we formulate the mechanisms of electron transfer and proton pumping and explain how they are conformationally and electrostatically coupled. Finally, we discuss the structural basis of the deactivation phenomenon in mammalian complex I."}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"corr_author":"1","keyword":["Molecular Biology","Structural Biology"],"external_id":{"isi":["000829029500020"],"pmid":["35316665"]},"_id":"11167","publisher":"Elsevier","date_updated":"2024-10-09T21:02:00Z","ddc":["570"],"title":"Structure of respiratory complex I – An emerging blueprint for the mechanism","oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","month":"06","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","article_number":"102350"},{"oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","month":"06","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"620","doi":"10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6","file_date_updated":"2022-07-13T07:44:58Z","citation":{"apa":"Molina-Granada, D., González-Vioque, E., Dibley, M. G., Cabrera-Pérez, R., Vallbona-Garcia, A., Torres-Torronteras, J., … Martí, R. (2022). Most mitochondrial dGTP is tightly bound to respiratory complex I through the NDUFA10 subunit. <i>Communications Biology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6</a>","mla":"Molina-Granada, David, et al. “Most Mitochondrial DGTP Is Tightly Bound to Respiratory Complex I through the NDUFA10 Subunit.” <i>Communications Biology</i>, vol. 5, no. 1, 620, Springer Nature, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6\">10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6</a>.","ista":"Molina-Granada D, González-Vioque E, Dibley MG, Cabrera-Pérez R, Vallbona-Garcia A, Torres-Torronteras J, Sazanov LA, Ryan MT, Cámara Y, Martí R. 2022. Most mitochondrial dGTP is tightly bound to respiratory complex I through the NDUFA10 subunit. Communications Biology. 5(1), 620.","ieee":"D. Molina-Granada <i>et al.</i>, “Most mitochondrial dGTP is tightly bound to respiratory complex I through the NDUFA10 subunit,” <i>Communications Biology</i>, vol. 5, no. 1. Springer Nature, 2022.","ama":"Molina-Granada D, González-Vioque E, Dibley MG, et al. Most mitochondrial dGTP is tightly bound to respiratory complex I through the NDUFA10 subunit. <i>Communications Biology</i>. 2022;5(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6\">10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6</a>","chicago":"Molina-Granada, David, Emiliano González-Vioque, Marris G. Dibley, Raquel Cabrera-Pérez, Antoni Vallbona-Garcia, Javier Torres-Torronteras, Leonid A Sazanov, Michael T. Ryan, Yolanda Cámara, and Ramon Martí. “Most Mitochondrial DGTP Is Tightly Bound to Respiratory Complex I through the NDUFA10 Subunit.” <i>Communications Biology</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6</a>.","short":"D. Molina-Granada, E. González-Vioque, M.G. Dibley, R. Cabrera-Pérez, A. Vallbona-Garcia, J. Torres-Torronteras, L.A. Sazanov, M.T. Ryan, Y. Cámara, R. Martí, Communications Biology 5 (2022)."},"abstract":[{"text":"Imbalanced mitochondrial dNTP pools are known players in the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases. Here we show that, even under physiological conditions, dGTP is largely overrepresented among other dNTPs in mitochondria of mouse tissues and human cultured cells. In addition, a vast majority of mitochondrial dGTP is tightly bound to NDUFA10, an accessory subunit of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. NDUFA10 shares a deoxyribonucleoside kinase (dNK) domain with deoxyribonucleoside kinases in the nucleotide salvage pathway, though no specific function beyond stabilizing the complex I holoenzyme has been described for this subunit. We mutated the dNK domain of NDUFA10 in human HEK-293T cells while preserving complex I assembly and activity. The NDUFA10E160A/R161A shows reduced dGTP binding capacity in vitro and leads to a 50% reduction in mitochondrial dGTP content, proving that most dGTP is directly bound to the dNK domain of NDUFA10. This interaction may represent a hitherto unknown mechanism regulating mitochondrial dNTP availability and linking oxidative metabolism to DNA maintenance.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2399-3642"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank Dr, Luke Formosa (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia) for his valuable advice and assistance on NDUFA10 molecular studies and Dr. Francesc Canals and his team (Proteomics Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology [VHIO], Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain) for their assistance with LC-MS/MS analyses. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Industry, Economy and Competitiveness [grants BFU2014-52618-R, SAF2017-87506, and PID2020-112929RB-I00 to Y.C.], by the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III [grants PI21/00554 and PMP15/00025 to R.M.], co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by an NHMRC Project grant to M.R. (GNT1164459).\r\n","external_id":{"pmid":[" 35739187"],"isi":["000815098500002"]},"_id":"11551","publisher":"Springer Nature","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2026-04-02T13:22:53Z","title":"Most mitochondrial dGTP is tightly bound to respiratory complex I through the NDUFA10 subunit","day":"23","author":[{"last_name":"Molina-Granada","first_name":"David","full_name":"Molina-Granada, David"},{"last_name":"González-Vioque","full_name":"González-Vioque, Emiliano","first_name":"Emiliano"},{"first_name":"Marris G.","full_name":"Dibley, Marris G.","last_name":"Dibley"},{"full_name":"Cabrera-Pérez, Raquel","first_name":"Raquel","last_name":"Cabrera-Pérez"},{"first_name":"Antoni","full_name":"Vallbona-Garcia, Antoni","last_name":"Vallbona-Garcia"},{"last_name":"Torres-Torronteras","first_name":"Javier","full_name":"Torres-Torronteras, Javier"},{"full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A","last_name":"Sazanov","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Ryan, Michael T.","first_name":"Michael T.","last_name":"Ryan"},{"last_name":"Cámara","full_name":"Cámara, Yolanda","first_name":"Yolanda"},{"last_name":"Martí","full_name":"Martí, Ramon","first_name":"Ramon"}],"isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"creator":"kschuh","file_size":2335369,"success":1,"file_id":"11571","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2022-07-13T07:44:58Z","checksum":"965f88bbcef3fd0c3e121340555c4467","file_name":"2022_communicationsbiology_Molina-Granada.pdf","date_created":"2022-07-13T07:44:58Z","access_level":"open_access"}],"pmid":1,"volume":5,"publication":"Communications Biology","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03568-6","issue":"1","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"         5","status":"public","year":"2022","oa":1,"date_published":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2022-07-10T22:01:52Z"},{"publication":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0","date_published":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2021-10-24T22:01:35Z","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        23","status":"public","year":"2022","day":"01","author":[{"full_name":"Vercellino, Irene","first_name":"Irene","orcid":" 0000-0001-5618-3449","id":"3ED6AF16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Vercellino"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sazanov","first_name":"Leonid A","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A"}],"isi":1,"page":"141–161","volume":23,"quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","pmid":1,"department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"corr_author":"1","doi":"10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0","citation":{"short":"I. Vercellino, L.A. Sazanov, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 23 (2022) 141–161.","chicago":"Vercellino, Irene, and Leonid A Sazanov. “The Assembly, Regulation and Function of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain.” <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0</a>.","ama":"Vercellino I, Sazanov LA. The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>. 2022;23:141–161. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0\">10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0</a>","ieee":"I. Vercellino and L. A. Sazanov, “The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain,” <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>, vol. 23. Springer Nature, pp. 141–161, 2022.","ista":"Vercellino I, Sazanov LA. 2022. The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 23, 141–161.","mla":"Vercellino, Irene, and Leonid A. Sazanov. “The Assembly, Regulation and Function of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain.” <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>, vol. 23, Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 141–161, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0\">10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0</a>.","apa":"Vercellino, I., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2022). The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1471-0080"],"issn":["1471-0072"]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is central to cellular metabolism. It comprises five enzymatic complexes and two mobile electron carriers that work in a mitochondrial respiratory chain. By coupling the oxidation of reducing equivalents coming into mitochondria to the generation and subsequent dissipation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, this electron transport chain drives the production of ATP, which is then used as a primary energy carrier in virtually all cellular processes. Minimal perturbations of the respiratory chain activity are linked to diseases; therefore, it is necessary to understand how these complexes are assembled and regulated and how they function. In this Review, we outline the latest assembly models for each individual complex, and we also highlight the recent discoveries indicating that the formation of larger assemblies, known as respiratory supercomplexes, originates from the association of the intermediates of individual complexes. We then discuss how recent cryo-electron microscopy structures have been key to answering open questions on the function of the electron transport chain in mitochondrial respiration and how supercomplexes and other factors, including metabolites, can regulate the activity of the single complexes. When relevant, we discuss how these mechanisms contribute to physiology and outline their deregulation in human diseases."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain","external_id":{"isi":["000705697100001"],"pmid":["34621061"]},"_id":"10182","publisher":"Springer Nature","date_updated":"2024-10-09T21:01:03Z","scopus_import":"1","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"02","oa_version":"None"},{"date_updated":"2026-10-23T22:30:10Z","ddc":["572"],"_id":"12138","publisher":"Springer Nature","external_id":{"pmid":["36104567"],"isi":["000854788200001"]},"acknowledgement":"This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria through resources provided by the Electron Microscopy Facility (EMF), the Life Science Facility (LSF) and the IST high-performance computing cluster. We thank V.-V. Hodirnau from IST Austria EMF, M. Babiak from CEITEC for assistance with collecting cryo-EM data and A. Charnagalov for the assistance with protein purification. V.K. was a recipient of a DOC Fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Institute of Science and Technology, Austria. V.K. and O.P. are funded by the ERC Advanced Grant 101020697 RESPICHAIN to L.S. This work was also supported by the Medical Research Council (UK).","title":"A universal coupling mechanism of respiratory complex I","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0028-0836"],"eissn":["1476-4687"]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Complex I is the first enzyme in the respiratory chain, which is responsible for energy production in mitochondria and bacteria1. Complex I couples the transfer of two electrons from NADH to quinone and the translocation of four protons across the membrane2, but the coupling mechanism remains contentious. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of Escherichia coli complex I (EcCI) in different redox states, including catalytic turnover. EcCI exists mostly in the open state, in which the quinone cavity is exposed to the cytosol, allowing access for water molecules, which enable quinone movements. Unlike the mammalian paralogues3, EcCI can convert to the closed state only during turnover, showing that closed and open states are genuine turnover intermediates. The open-to-closed transition results in the tightly engulfed quinone cavity being connected to the central axis of the membrane arm, a source of substrate protons. Consistently, the proportion of the closed state increases with increasing pH. We propose a detailed but straightforward and robust mechanism comprising a ‘domino effect’ series of proton transfers and electrostatic interactions: the forward wave (‘dominoes stacking’) primes the pump, and the reverse wave (‘dominoes falling’) results in the ejection of all pumped protons from the distal subunit NuoL. This mechanism explains why protons exit exclusively from the NuoL subunit and is supported by our mutagenesis data. We contend that this is a universal coupling mechanism of complex I and related enzymes."}],"doi":"10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7","file_date_updated":"2023-05-30T17:07:05Z","citation":{"apa":"Kravchuk, V., Petrova, O., Kampjut, D., Wojciechowska-Bason, A., Breese, Z., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2022). A universal coupling mechanism of respiratory complex I. <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7</a>","mla":"Kravchuk, Vladyslav, et al. “A Universal Coupling Mechanism of Respiratory Complex I.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 609, no. 7928, Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 808–14, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7\">10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7</a>.","ama":"Kravchuk V, Petrova O, Kampjut D, Wojciechowska-Bason A, Breese Z, Sazanov LA. A universal coupling mechanism of respiratory complex I. <i>Nature</i>. 2022;609(7928):808-814. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7\">10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7</a>","chicago":"Kravchuk, Vladyslav, Olga Petrova, Domen Kampjut, Anna Wojciechowska-Bason, Zara Breese, and Leonid A Sazanov. “A Universal Coupling Mechanism of Respiratory Complex I.” <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7</a>.","short":"V. Kravchuk, O. Petrova, D. Kampjut, A. Wojciechowska-Bason, Z. Breese, L.A. Sazanov, Nature 609 (2022) 808–814.","ista":"Kravchuk V, Petrova O, Kampjut D, Wojciechowska-Bason A, Breese Z, Sazanov LA. 2022. A universal coupling mechanism of respiratory complex I. Nature. 609(7928), 808–814.","ieee":"V. Kravchuk, O. Petrova, D. Kampjut, A. Wojciechowska-Bason, Z. Breese, and L. A. Sazanov, “A universal coupling mechanism of respiratory complex I,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 609, no. 7928. Springer Nature, pp. 808–814, 2022."},"keyword":["Multidisciplinary"],"corr_author":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","project":[{"name":"Structural characterization of E. coli complex I: an important mechanistic model","_id":"238A0A5A-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"25541"},{"grant_number":"101020697","name":"Structure and mechanism of respiratory chain molecular machines","_id":"627abdeb-2b32-11ec-9570-ec31a97243d3","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"oa_version":"Submitted Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","month":"09","scopus_import":"1","status":"public","year":"2022","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05457-8","relation":"erratum"},{"description":"News on ISTA website","relation":"press_release","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/proton-dominos-kick-off-life/"}],"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"12781","status":"public"}]},"intvolume":"       609","type":"journal_article","issue":"7928","date_created":"2023-01-12T12:04:33Z","date_published":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7","publication_status":"published","publication":"Nature","pmid":1,"article_type":"original","file":[{"file_id":"13104","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_size":1425655,"creator":"lsazanov","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2023-05-30T17:05:31Z","file_name":"EcCxI_manuscript_rev3_noSI_updated_withFigs_opt.pdf","checksum":"d42a93e24f59e883ef0b5429832391d0","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2023-05-30T17:05:31Z"},{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"13105","success":1,"file_size":9842513,"creator":"lsazanov","date_created":"2023-05-30T17:07:05Z","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"EcCxI_manuscript_rev3_SI_All_opt_upd.pdf","date_updated":"2023-05-30T17:07:05Z","relation":"main_file","checksum":"5422bc0a73b3daadafa262c7ea6deae3"}],"quality_controlled":"1","volume":609,"ec_funded":1,"page":"808-814","isi":1,"author":[{"full_name":"Kravchuk, Vladyslav","first_name":"Vladyslav","last_name":"Kravchuk","id":"4D62F2A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9523-9089"},{"first_name":"Olga","full_name":"Petrova, Olga","id":"5D8C9660-5D49-11EA-8188-567B3DDC885E","last_name":"Petrova"},{"last_name":"Kampjut","orcid":"0000-0002-6018-3422","id":"37233050-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Kampjut, Domen","first_name":"Domen"},{"last_name":"Wojciechowska-Bason","first_name":"Anna","full_name":"Wojciechowska-Bason, Anna"},{"first_name":"Zara","full_name":"Breese, Zara","last_name":"Breese"},{"full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","last_name":"Sazanov","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"day":"22","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}]},{"volume":598,"quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","pmid":1,"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"PreCl"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"day":"14","author":[{"last_name":"Vercellino","id":"3ED6AF16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-5618-3449","first_name":"Irene","full_name":"Vercellino, Irene"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sazanov","first_name":"Leonid A","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A"}],"isi":1,"page":"364-367","ec_funded":1,"date_published":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2021-10-17T22:01:17Z","issue":"7880","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"       598","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Webpage","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/boosting-the-cells-power-house/"}]},"year":"2021","status":"public","publication":"Nature","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z","project":[{"grant_number":"754411","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"}],"scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","month":"10","oa_version":"None","title":"Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII<sub>2</sub>CIV","acknowledgement":"We thank the pre-clinical facility of the IST Austria and A. Venturino for assistance with the animals; and V.-V. Hodirnau for assistance during the Titan Krios data collection, performed at the IST Austria. The data processing was performed at the IST high-performance computing cluster. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411.","external_id":{"pmid":["34616041"],"isi":["000704581600001"]},"_id":"10146","publisher":"Springer Nature","date_updated":"2025-04-14T07:43:46Z","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"corr_author":"1","doi":"10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z","citation":{"short":"I. Vercellino, L.A. Sazanov, Nature 598 (2021) 364–367.","chicago":"Vercellino, Irene, and Leonid A Sazanov. “Structure and Assembly of the Mammalian Mitochondrial Supercomplex CIII<sub>2</sub>CIV.” <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z</a>.","ama":"Vercellino I, Sazanov LA. Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII<sub>2</sub>CIV. <i>Nature</i>. 2021;598(7880):364-367. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z\">10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z</a>","ieee":"I. Vercellino and L. A. Sazanov, “Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII<sub>2</sub>CIV,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 598, no. 7880. Springer Nature, pp. 364–367, 2021.","ista":"Vercellino I, Sazanov LA. 2021. Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII<sub>2</sub>CIV. Nature. 598(7880), 364–367.","mla":"Vercellino, Irene, and Leonid A. Sazanov. “Structure and Assembly of the Mammalian Mitochondrial Supercomplex CIII<sub>2</sub>CIV.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 598, no. 7880, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 364–67, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z\">10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z</a>.","apa":"Vercellino, I., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2021). Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII<sub>2</sub>CIV. <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1476-4687"],"issn":["0028-0836"]},"abstract":[{"text":"The enzymes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are key players of cell metabolism. Despite being active when isolated, in vivo they associate into supercomplexes1, whose precise role is debated. Supercomplexes CIII2CIV1-2 (refs. 2,3), CICIII2 (ref. 4) and CICIII2CIV (respirasome)5,6,7,8,9,10 exist in mammals, but in contrast to CICIII2 and the respirasome, to date the only known eukaryotic structures of CIII2CIV1-2 come from Saccharomyces cerevisiae11,12 and plants13, which have different organization. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, structures of mammalian (mouse and ovine) CIII2CIV and its assembly intermediates, in different conformations. We describe the assembly of CIII2CIV from the CIII2 precursor to the final CIII2CIV conformation, driven by the insertion of the N terminus of the assembly factor SCAF1 (ref. 14) deep into CIII2, while its C terminus is integrated into CIV. Our structures (which include CICIII2 and the respirasome) also confirm that SCAF1 is exclusively required for the assembly of CIII2CIV and has no role in the assembly of the respirasome. We show that CIII2 is asymmetric due to the presence of only one copy of subunit 9, which straddles both monomers and prevents the attachment of a second copy of SCAF1 to CIII2, explaining the presence of one copy of CIV in CIII2CIV in mammals. Finally, we show that CIII2 and CIV gain catalytic advantage when assembled into the supercomplex and propose a role for CIII2CIV in fine tuning the efficiency of electron transfer in the electron transport chain.","lang":"eng"}],"article_processing_charge":"No"},{"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","_id":"8993","date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:38:20Z","ddc":["580"],"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by Austrian Science Fund Grant FWF P21533-B20 (to L.A.); German Research Foundation Grant DFG HA3468/6-1 (to U.Z.H.); and European Research Council Grant 742985 (to J.F.). We thank Herta Steinkellner and Alexandra Castilho for N. benthamiana plants, Fabian Nagelreiter for statistical advice, Lanassa Bassukas for help with [ɣ32P]-\r\nATP assays, and Josef Penninger for providing access to mass spectrometry instruments at the Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities. We thank PNAS reviewers for the many comments and suggestions that helped to improve this manuscript.","external_id":{"isi":["000607270100073"],"pmid":["33443187"]},"title":"Naphthylphthalamic acid associates with and inhibits PIN auxin transporters","article_processing_charge":"No","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2020857118","citation":{"apa":"Abas, L., Kolb, M., Stadlmann, J., Janacek, D. P., Lukic, K., Schwechheimer, C., … Hammes, U. Z. (2021). Naphthylphthalamic acid associates with and inhibits PIN auxin transporters. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020857118\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020857118</a>","mla":"Abas, Lindy, et al. “Naphthylphthalamic Acid Associates with and Inhibits PIN Auxin Transporters.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, vol. 118, no. 1, e2020857118, National Academy of Sciences, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020857118\">10.1073/pnas.2020857118</a>.","ama":"Abas L, Kolb M, Stadlmann J, et al. Naphthylphthalamic acid associates with and inhibits PIN auxin transporters. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 2021;118(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020857118\">10.1073/pnas.2020857118</a>","chicago":"Abas, Lindy, Martina Kolb, Johannes Stadlmann, Dorina P. Janacek, Kristina Lukic, Claus Schwechheimer, Leonid A Sazanov, Lukas Mach, Jiří Friml, and Ulrich Z. Hammes. “Naphthylphthalamic Acid Associates with and Inhibits PIN Auxin Transporters.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020857118\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020857118</a>.","short":"L. Abas, M. Kolb, J. Stadlmann, D.P. Janacek, K. Lukic, C. Schwechheimer, L.A. Sazanov, L. Mach, J. Friml, U.Z. Hammes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 (2021).","ista":"Abas L, Kolb M, Stadlmann J, Janacek DP, Lukic K, Schwechheimer C, Sazanov LA, Mach L, Friml J, Hammes UZ. 2021. Naphthylphthalamic acid associates with and inhibits PIN auxin transporters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118(1), e2020857118.","ieee":"L. Abas <i>et al.</i>, “Naphthylphthalamic acid associates with and inhibits PIN auxin transporters,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, vol. 118, no. 1. National Academy of Sciences, 2021."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1091-6490"],"issn":["0027-8424"]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) is a key inhibitor of directional (polar) transport of the hormone auxin in plants. For decades, it has been a pivotal tool in elucidating the unique polar auxin transport-based processes underlying plant growth and development. Its exact mode of action has long been sought after and is still being debated, with prevailing mechanistic schemes describing only indirect connections between NPA and the main transporters responsible for directional transport, namely PIN auxin exporters. Here we present data supporting a model in which NPA associates with PINs in a more direct manner than hitherto postulated. We show that NPA inhibits PIN activity in a heterologous oocyte system and that expression of NPA-sensitive PINs in plant, yeast, and oocyte membranes leads to specific saturable NPA binding. We thus propose that PINs are a bona fide NPA target. This offers a straightforward molecular basis for NPA inhibition of PIN-dependent auxin transport and a logical parsimonious explanation for the known physiological effects of NPA on plant growth, as well as an alternative hypothesis to interpret past and future results. We also introduce PIN dimerization and describe an effect of NPA on this, suggesting that NPA binding could be exploited to gain insights into structural aspects of PINs related to their transport mechanism."}],"department":[{"_id":"JiFr"},{"_id":"LeSa"}],"project":[{"grant_number":"742985","name":"Tracing Evolution of Auxin Transport and Polarity in Plants","_id":"261099A6-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"article_number":"e2020857118","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020857118"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"01","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"       118","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"erratum","url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102232118"}]},"year":"2021","status":"public","issue":"1","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-01-03T23:01:23Z","oa":1,"date_published":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020857118","publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","article_type":"original","pmid":1,"quality_controlled":"1","volume":118,"ec_funded":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Abas","full_name":"Abas, Lindy","first_name":"Lindy"},{"full_name":"Kolb, Martina","first_name":"Martina","last_name":"Kolb"},{"last_name":"Stadlmann","full_name":"Stadlmann, Johannes","first_name":"Johannes"},{"last_name":"Janacek","first_name":"Dorina P.","full_name":"Janacek, Dorina P."},{"id":"2B04DB84-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Lukic","orcid":"0000-0003-1581-881X","first_name":"Kristina","full_name":"Lukic, Kristina"},{"last_name":"Schwechheimer","first_name":"Claus","full_name":"Schwechheimer, Claus"},{"full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","last_name":"Sazanov","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Mach","first_name":"Lukas","full_name":"Mach, Lukas"},{"full_name":"Friml, Jiří","first_name":"Jiří","id":"4159519E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Friml","orcid":"0000-0002-8302-7596"},{"full_name":"Hammes, Ulrich Z.","first_name":"Ulrich Z.","last_name":"Hammes"}],"isi":1,"day":"05"},{"publication":"iScience","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)"},"publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139","issue":"3","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        24","year":"2021","status":"public","oa":1,"date_published":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2021-02-28T23:01:24Z","ec_funded":1,"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"day":"19","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-6018-3422","id":"37233050-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kampjut","full_name":"Kampjut, Domen","first_name":"Domen"},{"first_name":"Julia","full_name":"Steiner, Julia","orcid":"0000-0003-0493-3775","id":"3BB67EB0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Steiner"},{"first_name":"Leonid A","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sazanov"}],"isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"file_name":"2021_iScience_Kampjut.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2021-03-03T07:38:14Z","checksum":"50585447386fe5842f07ab9b3a66e7e9","date_updated":"2021-03-03T07:38:14Z","relation":"main_file","success":1,"file_id":"9219","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","file_size":7431411}],"article_type":"original","pmid":1,"volume":24,"citation":{"ieee":"D. Kampjut, J. Steiner, and L. A. Sazanov, “Cryo-EM grid optimization for membrane proteins,” <i>iScience</i>, vol. 24, no. 3. Elsevier, 2021.","ista":"Kampjut D, Steiner J, Sazanov LA. 2021. Cryo-EM grid optimization for membrane proteins. iScience. 24(3), 102139.","chicago":"Kampjut, Domen, Julia Steiner, and Leonid A Sazanov. “Cryo-EM Grid Optimization for Membrane Proteins.” <i>IScience</i>. Elsevier, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139</a>.","short":"D. Kampjut, J. Steiner, L.A. Sazanov, IScience 24 (2021).","ama":"Kampjut D, Steiner J, Sazanov LA. Cryo-EM grid optimization for membrane proteins. <i>iScience</i>. 2021;24(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139\">10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139</a>","mla":"Kampjut, Domen, et al. “Cryo-EM Grid Optimization for Membrane Proteins.” <i>IScience</i>, vol. 24, no. 3, 102139, Elsevier, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139\">10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139</a>.","apa":"Kampjut, D., Steiner, J., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2021). Cryo-EM grid optimization for membrane proteins. <i>IScience</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139</a>"},"doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2021.102139","file_date_updated":"2021-03-03T07:38:14Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Cryo-EM grid preparation is an important bottleneck in protein structure determination, especially for membrane proteins, typically requiring screening of a large number of conditions. We systematically investigated the effects of buffer components, blotting conditions and grid types on the outcome of grid preparation of five different membrane protein samples. Aggregation was the most common type of problem which was addressed by changing detergents, salt concentration or reconstitution of proteins into nanodiscs or amphipols. We show that the optimal concentration of detergent is between 0.05 and 0.4% and that the presence of a low concentration of detergent with a high critical micellar concentration protects the proteins from denaturation at the air-water interface. Furthermore, we discuss the strategies for achieving an adequate ice thickness, particle coverage and orientation distribution on free ice and on support films. Our findings provide a clear roadmap for comprehensive screening of conditions for cryo-EM grid preparation of membrane proteins."}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2589-0042"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank the Electron Microscopy Facilities at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria and at the Vienna Biocenter for providing access and training for the electron microscopes. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement no. 665385 .","external_id":{"pmid":["33665558"],"isi":["000631646000012"]},"publisher":"Elsevier","_id":"9205","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2026-04-02T14:00:19Z","title":"Cryo-EM grid optimization for membrane proteins","oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"03","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","project":[{"grant_number":"665385","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"International IST Doctoral Program"}],"article_number":"102139"},{"title":"NDUFS4 deletion triggers loss of NDUFA12 in Ndufs4−/− mice and Leigh syndrome patients: A stabilizing role for NDUFAF2","publisher":"Elsevier","_id":"7788","date_updated":"2025-07-10T11:54:47Z","ddc":["570"],"external_id":{"pmid":["32335026"],"isi":["000540842000012"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"short":"M.J.W. Adjobo-Hermans, R. De Haas, P.H.G.M. Willems, A. Wojtala, S.E. Van Emst-De Vries, J.A. Wagenaars, M. Van Den Brand, R.J. Rodenburg, J.A.M. Smeitink, L.G. Nijtmans, L.A. Sazanov, M.R. Wieckowski, W.J.H. Koopman, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics 1861 (2020).","chicago":"Adjobo-Hermans, Merel J.W., Ria De Haas, Peter H.G.M. Willems, Aleksandra Wojtala, Sjenet E. Van Emst-De Vries, Jori A. Wagenaars, Mariel Van Den Brand, et al. “NDUFS4 Deletion Triggers Loss of NDUFA12 in Ndufs4−/− Mice and Leigh Syndrome Patients: A Stabilizing Role for NDUFAF2.” <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics</i>. Elsevier, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213</a>.","ama":"Adjobo-Hermans MJW, De Haas R, Willems PHGM, et al. NDUFS4 deletion triggers loss of NDUFA12 in Ndufs4−/− mice and Leigh syndrome patients: A stabilizing role for NDUFAF2. <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics</i>. 2020;1861(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213\">10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213</a>","ieee":"M. J. W. Adjobo-Hermans <i>et al.</i>, “NDUFS4 deletion triggers loss of NDUFA12 in Ndufs4−/− mice and Leigh syndrome patients: A stabilizing role for NDUFAF2,” <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics</i>, vol. 1861, no. 8. Elsevier, 2020.","ista":"Adjobo-Hermans MJW, De Haas R, Willems PHGM, Wojtala A, Van Emst-De Vries SE, Wagenaars JA, Van Den Brand M, Rodenburg RJ, Smeitink JAM, Nijtmans LG, Sazanov LA, Wieckowski MR, Koopman WJH. 2020. NDUFS4 deletion triggers loss of NDUFA12 in Ndufs4−/− mice and Leigh syndrome patients: A stabilizing role for NDUFAF2. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. 1861(8), 148213.","mla":"Adjobo-Hermans, Merel J. W., et al. “NDUFS4 Deletion Triggers Loss of NDUFA12 in Ndufs4−/− Mice and Leigh Syndrome Patients: A Stabilizing Role for NDUFAF2.” <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics</i>, vol. 1861, no. 8, 148213, Elsevier, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213\">10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213</a>.","apa":"Adjobo-Hermans, M. J. W., De Haas, R., Willems, P. H. G. M., Wojtala, A., Van Emst-De Vries, S. E., Wagenaars, J. A., … Koopman, W. J. H. (2020). NDUFS4 deletion triggers loss of NDUFA12 in Ndufs4−/− mice and Leigh syndrome patients: A stabilizing role for NDUFAF2. <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213</a>"},"doi":"10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:03Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Mutations in NDUFS4, which encodes an accessory subunit of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex I (CI), induce Leigh syndrome (LS). LS is a poorly understood pediatric disorder featuring brain-specific anomalies and early death. To study the LS pathomechanism, we here compared OXPHOS proteomes between various Ndufs4−/− mouse tissues. Ndufs4−/− animals displayed significantly lower CI subunit levels in brain/diaphragm relative to other tissues (liver/heart/kidney/skeletal muscle), whereas other OXPHOS subunit levels were not reduced. Absence of NDUFS4 induced near complete absence of the NDUFA12 accessory subunit, a 50% reduction in other CI subunit levels, and an increase in specific CI assembly factors. Among the latter, NDUFAF2 was most highly increased. Regarding NDUFS4, NDUFA12 and NDUFAF2, identical results were obtained in Ndufs4−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and NDUFS4-mutated LS patient cells. Ndufs4−/− MEFs contained active CI in situ but blue-native-PAGE highlighted that NDUFAF2 attached to an inactive CI subcomplex (CI-830) and inactive assemblies of higher MW. In NDUFA12-mutated LS patient cells, NDUFA12 absence did not reduce NDUFS4 levels but triggered NDUFAF2 association to active CI. BN-PAGE revealed no such association in LS patient fibroblasts with mutations in other CI subunit-encoding genes where NDUFAF2 was attached to CI-830 (NDUFS1, NDUFV1 mutation) or not detected (NDUFS7 mutation). Supported by enzymological and CI in silico structural analysis, we conclude that absence of NDUFS4 induces near complete absence of NDUFA12 but not vice versa, and that NDUFAF2 stabilizes active CI in Ndufs4−/− mice and LS patient cells, perhaps in concert with mitochondrial inner membrane lipids."}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1879-2650"],"issn":["0005-2728"]},"article_number":"148213","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"08","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2020-05-03T22:00:47Z","oa":1,"date_published":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"      1861","status":"public","year":"2020","issue":"8","type":"journal_article","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148213","publication":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"volume":1861,"article_type":"original","pmid":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"creator":"dernst","file_size":3826792,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"7798","checksum":"a9b152381307cf45fe266a8dc5640388","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:03Z","relation":"main_file","file_name":"2020_BBA_Adjobo_Hermans.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2020-05-04T12:25:19Z"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Merel J.W.","full_name":"Adjobo-Hermans, Merel J.W.","last_name":"Adjobo-Hermans"},{"last_name":"De Haas","full_name":"De Haas, Ria","first_name":"Ria"},{"full_name":"Willems, Peter H.G.M.","first_name":"Peter H.G.M.","last_name":"Willems"},{"last_name":"Wojtala","first_name":"Aleksandra","full_name":"Wojtala, Aleksandra"},{"last_name":"Van Emst-De Vries","first_name":"Sjenet E.","full_name":"Van Emst-De Vries, Sjenet E."},{"last_name":"Wagenaars","full_name":"Wagenaars, Jori A.","first_name":"Jori A."},{"last_name":"Van Den Brand","first_name":"Mariel","full_name":"Van Den Brand, Mariel"},{"first_name":"Richard J.","full_name":"Rodenburg, Richard J.","last_name":"Rodenburg"},{"full_name":"Smeitink, Jan A.M.","first_name":"Jan A.M.","last_name":"Smeitink"},{"full_name":"Nijtmans, Leo G.","first_name":"Leo G.","last_name":"Nijtmans"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","last_name":"Sazanov","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A"},{"last_name":"Wieckowski","first_name":"Mariusz R.","full_name":"Wieckowski, Mariusz R."},{"first_name":"Werner J.H.","full_name":"Koopman, Werner J.H.","last_name":"Koopman"}],"isi":1,"day":"01"},{"external_id":{"pmid":["32735215"],"isi":["000562123600001"]},"acknowledgement":"This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria through resources provided by the Electron Microscopy Facility (EMF), the Life Science Facility (LSF) and the IST high-performance computing cluster. We thank Dr Victor-Valentin Hodirnau and Daniel Johann Gütl from IST Austria for assistance with collecting cryo-EM data. We thank Prof. Masahiro Ito (Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Japan) for a kind provision of plasmid DNA encoding Mrp from A. flavithermus WK1. JS is a recipient of a DOC Fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Institute of Science and Technology, Austria.","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2026-04-08T07:23:36Z","_id":"8284","publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications","title":"Structure and mechanism of the Mrp complex, an ancient cation/proton antiporter","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Multiple resistance and pH adaptation (Mrp) antiporters are multi-subunit Na+ (or K+)/H+ exchangers representing an ancestor of many essential redox-driven proton pumps, such as respiratory complex I. The mechanism of coupling between ion or electron transfer and proton translocation in this large protein family is unknown. Here, we present the structure of the Mrp complex from Anoxybacillus flavithermus solved by cryo-EM at 3.0 Å resolution. It is a dimer of seven-subunit protomers with 50 trans-membrane helices each. Surface charge distribution within each monomer is remarkably asymmetric, revealing probable proton and sodium translocation pathways. On the basis of the structure we propose a mechanism where the coupling between sodium and proton translocation is facilitated by a series of electrostatic interactions between a cation and key charged residues. This mechanism is likely to be applicable to the entire family of redox proton pumps, where electron transfer to substrates replaces cation movements."}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2050-084X"]},"doi":"10.7554/eLife.59407","citation":{"ista":"Steiner J, Sazanov LA. 2020. Structure and mechanism of the Mrp complex, an ancient cation/proton antiporter. eLife. 9, e59407.","ieee":"J. Steiner and L. A. Sazanov, “Structure and mechanism of the Mrp complex, an ancient cation/proton antiporter,” <i>eLife</i>, vol. 9. eLife Sciences Publications, 2020.","ama":"Steiner J, Sazanov LA. Structure and mechanism of the Mrp complex, an ancient cation/proton antiporter. <i>eLife</i>. 2020;9. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59407\">10.7554/eLife.59407</a>","short":"J. Steiner, L.A. Sazanov, ELife 9 (2020).","chicago":"Steiner, Julia, and Leonid A Sazanov. “Structure and Mechanism of the Mrp Complex, an Ancient Cation/Proton Antiporter.” <i>ELife</i>. eLife Sciences Publications, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59407\">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59407</a>.","apa":"Steiner, J., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2020). Structure and mechanism of the Mrp complex, an ancient cation/proton antiporter. <i>ELife</i>. eLife Sciences Publications. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59407\">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59407</a>","mla":"Steiner, Julia, and Leonid A. Sazanov. “Structure and Mechanism of the Mrp Complex, an Ancient Cation/Proton Antiporter.” <i>ELife</i>, vol. 9, e59407, eLife Sciences Publications, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59407\">10.7554/eLife.59407</a>."},"file_date_updated":"2020-08-24T13:31:53Z","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","project":[{"name":"Revealing the functional mechanism of Mrp antiporter, an ancestor of complex I","_id":"26169496-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"24741"}],"article_number":"e59407","oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"07","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","type":"journal_article","status":"public","year":"2020","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"8353","status":"public"}],"link":[{"relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/mystery-of-giant-proton-pump-solved/"}]},"intvolume":"         9","date_published":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"date_created":"2020-08-24T06:24:04Z","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication":"eLife","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59407","publication_status":"published","file":[{"creator":"cziletti","file_size":7320493,"success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"8289","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2020-08-24T13:31:53Z","checksum":"b3656d14d5ddbb9d26e3074eea2d0c15","file_name":"2020_eLife_Steiner.pdf","date_created":"2020-08-24T13:31:53Z","access_level":"open_access"}],"quality_controlled":"1","pmid":1,"article_type":"original","volume":9,"day":"31","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"isi":1,"author":[{"id":"3BB67EB0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-0493-3775","last_name":"Steiner","full_name":"Steiner, Julia","first_name":"Julia"},{"full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A","last_name":"Sazanov","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989"}]},{"article_number":"4135","oa_version":"Published Version","month":"08","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"8318","publisher":"Springer Nature","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2026-04-02T14:36:31Z","acknowledgement":"This work was funded by the Medical Research Council, UK and IST Austria. We thank the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility and the Diamond Light Source for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities. We are grateful to the staff of beamlines ID29, ID23-2 (ESRF, Grenoble, France) and I03 (Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK) for assistance. Data processing was performed at the IST high-performance computing cluster.","external_id":{"isi":["000607072900001"],"pmid":["32811817"]},"title":"Key role of quinone in the mechanism of respiratory complex I","article_processing_charge":"No","file_date_updated":"2020-08-31T13:40:00Z","citation":{"mla":"Gutierrez-Fernandez, Javier, et al. “Key Role of Quinone in the Mechanism of Respiratory Complex I.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11, no. 1, 4135, Springer Nature, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0\">10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0</a>.","apa":"Gutierrez-Fernandez, J., Kaszuba, K., Minhas, G. S., Baradaran, R., Tambalo, M., Gallagher, D. T., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2020). Key role of quinone in the mechanism of respiratory complex I. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0</a>","short":"J. Gutierrez-Fernandez, K. Kaszuba, G.S. Minhas, R. Baradaran, M. Tambalo, D.T. Gallagher, L.A. Sazanov, Nature Communications 11 (2020).","chicago":"Gutierrez-Fernandez, Javier, Karol Kaszuba, Gurdeep S. Minhas, Rozbeh Baradaran, Margherita Tambalo, David T. Gallagher, and Leonid A Sazanov. “Key Role of Quinone in the Mechanism of Respiratory Complex I.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0</a>.","ama":"Gutierrez-Fernandez J, Kaszuba K, Minhas GS, et al. Key role of quinone in the mechanism of respiratory complex I. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2020;11(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0\">10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0</a>","ieee":"J. Gutierrez-Fernandez <i>et al.</i>, “Key role of quinone in the mechanism of respiratory complex I,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11, no. 1. Springer Nature, 2020.","ista":"Gutierrez-Fernandez J, Kaszuba K, Minhas GS, Baradaran R, Tambalo M, Gallagher DT, Sazanov LA. 2020. Key role of quinone in the mechanism of respiratory complex I. Nature Communications. 11(1), 4135."},"doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0","abstract":[{"text":"Complex I is the first and the largest enzyme of respiratory chains in bacteria and mitochondria. The mechanism which couples spatially separated transfer of electrons to proton translocation in complex I is not known. Here we report five crystal structures of T. thermophilus enzyme in complex with NADH or quinone-like compounds. We also determined cryo-EM structures of major and minor native states of the complex, differing in the position of the peripheral arm. Crystal structures show that binding of quinone-like compounds (but not of NADH) leads to a related global conformational change, accompanied by local re-arrangements propagating from the quinone site to the nearest proton channel. Normal mode and molecular dynamics analyses indicate that these are likely to represent the first steps in the proton translocation mechanism. Our results suggest that quinone binding and chemistry play a key role in the coupling mechanism of complex I.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"article_type":"original","pmid":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"file_size":7527373,"creator":"cziletti","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"8326","success":1,"checksum":"52b96f41d7d0db9728064c08da00d030","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2020-08-31T13:40:00Z","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2020-08-31T13:40:00Z","file_name":"2020_NatComm_Gutierrez-Fernandez.pdf"}],"volume":11,"author":[{"last_name":"Gutierrez-Fernandez","id":"3D9511BA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Javier","full_name":"Gutierrez-Fernandez, Javier"},{"first_name":"Karol","full_name":"Kaszuba, Karol","id":"3FDF9472-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kaszuba"},{"last_name":"Minhas","first_name":"Gurdeep S.","full_name":"Minhas, Gurdeep S."},{"full_name":"Baradaran, Rozbeh","first_name":"Rozbeh","last_name":"Baradaran"},{"first_name":"Margherita","full_name":"Tambalo, Margherita","id":"4187dfe4-ec23-11ea-ae46-f08ab378313a","last_name":"Tambalo"},{"full_name":"Gallagher, David T.","first_name":"David T.","last_name":"Gallagher"},{"full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989","last_name":"Sazanov"}],"isi":1,"day":"18","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/mystery-of-giant-proton-pump-solved/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage"}]},"intvolume":"        11","year":"2020","status":"public","issue":"1","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2020-08-30T22:01:10Z","oa":1,"date_published":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17957-0","publication":"Nature Communications","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"}},{"date_updated":"2025-07-10T11:57:09Z","_id":"8581","publisher":"Springer Nature","external_id":{"pmid":["32929284"],"isi":["000569299400004"]},"acknowledgement":"We thank J. Novacek from CEITEC (Brno, Czech Republic) for assistance with collecting the FEI Krios dataset and iNEXT for providing access to CEITEC. We thank the IST Austria EM facility for access and assistance with collecting the FEI Glacios dataset. Data processing was performed at the IST high-performance computing cluster. This work has been supported by iNEXT EM HEDC (proposal 4506), funded by the Horizon 2020 Programme of the European Commission.","title":"Cryo-EM structure of the entire mammalian F-type ATP synthase","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1545-9993"],"eissn":["1545-9985"]},"abstract":[{"text":"The majority of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) powering cellular processes in eukaryotes is produced by the mitochondrial F1Fo ATP synthase. Here, we present the atomic models of the membrane Fo domain and the entire mammalian (ovine) F1Fo, determined by cryo-electron microscopy. Subunits in the membrane domain are arranged in the ‘proton translocation cluster’ attached to the c-ring and a more distant ‘hook apparatus’ holding subunit e. Unexpectedly, this subunit is anchored to a lipid ‘plug’ capping the c-ring. We present a detailed proton translocation pathway in mammalian Fo and key inter-monomer contacts in F1Fo multimers. Cryo-EM maps of F1Fo exposed to calcium reveal a retracted subunit e and a disassembled c-ring, suggesting permeability transition pore opening. We propose a model for the permeability transition pore opening, whereby subunit e pulls the lipid plug out of the c-ring. Our structure will allow the design of drugs for many emerging applications in medicine.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"mla":"Pinke, Gergely, et al. “Cryo-EM Structure of the Entire Mammalian F-Type ATP Synthase.” <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>, vol. 27, no. 11, Springer Nature, 2020, pp. 1077–85, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8\">10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8</a>.","apa":"Pinke, G., Zhou, L., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2020). Cryo-EM structure of the entire mammalian F-type ATP synthase. <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8</a>","ieee":"G. Pinke, L. Zhou, and L. A. Sazanov, “Cryo-EM structure of the entire mammalian F-type ATP synthase,” <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>, vol. 27, no. 11. Springer Nature, pp. 1077–1085, 2020.","ista":"Pinke G, Zhou L, Sazanov LA. 2020. Cryo-EM structure of the entire mammalian F-type ATP synthase. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 27(11), 1077–1085.","chicago":"Pinke, Gergely, Long Zhou, and Leonid A Sazanov. “Cryo-EM Structure of the Entire Mammalian F-Type ATP Synthase.” <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>. Springer Nature, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8</a>.","short":"G. Pinke, L. Zhou, L.A. Sazanov, Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 27 (2020) 1077–1085.","ama":"Pinke G, Zhou L, Sazanov LA. Cryo-EM structure of the entire mammalian F-type ATP synthase. <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>. 2020;27(11):1077-1085. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8\">10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8</a>"},"doi":"10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"oa_version":"None","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"11","scopus_import":"1","status":"public","year":"2020","intvolume":"        27","related_material":{"link":[{"description":"News on IST Homepage","relation":"press_release","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/structure-of-atpase-solved/"}]},"type":"journal_article","issue":"11","date_created":"2020-09-28T08:59:27Z","date_published":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0503-8","publication_status":"published","publication":"Nature Structural and Molecular Biology","pmid":1,"article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","volume":27,"page":"1077-1085","isi":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Pinke","id":"4D5303E6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Gergely","full_name":"Pinke, Gergely"},{"first_name":"Long","full_name":"Zhou, Long","id":"3E751364-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-1864-8951","last_name":"Zhou"},{"full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A","last_name":"Sazanov","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989"}],"day":"01","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}]},{"author":[{"full_name":"Kampjut, Domen","first_name":"Domen","last_name":"Kampjut","id":"37233050-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-6018-3422"},{"full_name":"Sazanov, Leonid A","first_name":"Leonid A","id":"338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sazanov","orcid":"0000-0002-0977-7989"}],"isi":1,"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"day":"30","ec_funded":1,"volume":370,"article_type":"original","pmid":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"creator":"lsazanov","file_size":7618987,"success":1,"file_id":"8820","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"658ba90979ca9528a2efdfac8547047a","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2020-11-26T18:47:58Z","file_name":"Full_manuscript_with_SI_opt_red.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2020-11-26T18:47:58Z"}],"publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4209","publication":"Science","date_created":"2020-11-08T23:01:23Z","oa":1,"date_published":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"       370","year":"2020","status":"public","issue":"6516","type":"journal_article","month":"10","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Submitted Version","article_number":"eabc4209","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"International IST Doctoral Program","grant_number":"665385"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"LeSa"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","file_date_updated":"2020-11-26T18:47:58Z","doi":"10.1126/science.abc4209","citation":{"ama":"Kampjut D, Sazanov LA. The coupling mechanism of mammalian respiratory complex I. <i>Science</i>. 2020;370(6516). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4209\">10.1126/science.abc4209</a>","short":"D. Kampjut, L.A. Sazanov, Science 370 (2020).","chicago":"Kampjut, Domen, and Leonid A Sazanov. “The Coupling Mechanism of Mammalian Respiratory Complex I.” <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4209\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4209</a>.","ista":"Kampjut D, Sazanov LA. 2020. The coupling mechanism of mammalian respiratory complex I. Science. 370(6516), eabc4209.","ieee":"D. Kampjut and L. A. Sazanov, “The coupling mechanism of mammalian respiratory complex I,” <i>Science</i>, vol. 370, no. 6516. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020.","apa":"Kampjut, D., &#38; Sazanov, L. A. (2020). The coupling mechanism of mammalian respiratory complex I. <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4209\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4209</a>","mla":"Kampjut, Domen, and Leonid A. Sazanov. “The Coupling Mechanism of Mammalian Respiratory Complex I.” <i>Science</i>, vol. 370, no. 6516, eabc4209, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4209\">10.1126/science.abc4209</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1095-9203"]},"abstract":[{"text":"Mitochondrial complex I couples NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreduction to proton pumping by an unknown mechanism. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of ovine complex I in five different conditions, including turnover, at resolutions up to 2.3 to 2.5 angstroms. Resolved water molecules allowed us to experimentally define the proton translocation pathways. Quinone binds at three positions along the quinone cavity, as does the inhibitor rotenone that also binds within subunit ND4. Dramatic conformational changes around the quinone cavity couple the redox reaction to proton translocation during open-to-closed state transitions of the enzyme. In the induced deactive state, the open conformation is arrested by the ND6 subunit. We propose a detailed molecular coupling mechanism of complex I, which is an unexpected combination of conformational changes and electrostatic interactions.","lang":"eng"}],"title":"The coupling mechanism of mammalian respiratory complex I","_id":"8737","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","ddc":["572"],"date_updated":"2026-04-02T14:32:34Z","acknowledgement":"We thank J. Novacek (CEITEC Brno) and V.-V. Hodirnau (IST Austria) for their help with collecting cryo-EM datasets. We thank the IST Life Science and Electron Microscopy Facilities for providing equipment. This work has been supported by iNEXT,project number 653706, funded by the Horizon 2020 program of the European Union. This article reflects only the authors’view,and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. CIISB research infrastructure project LM2015043 funded by MEYS CR is gratefully acknowledged for the financial support of the measurements at the CF Cryo-electron Microscopy and Tomography CEITEC MU.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement no. 665385","external_id":{"isi":["000583031800004"],"pmid":["32972993"]}}]