---
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OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
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_id: '20223'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The first influential hypothesis for sex chromosome evolution was proposed
in 1914 by H. J. Muller, who argued that once recombination was suppressed between
the X and Y chromosomes, Y-linked genes become “sheltered” from selection, leading
to accumulation of recessive loss-of-function (LOF) mutations and decay of Y-linked
genes. The hypothesis fell out of favor in the 1970s because early mathematical
models failed to support it and data on the dominance of lethal mutations were
viewed as incompatible with the hypothesis. We reevaluate the main arguments against
Muller's hypothesis and find that they do not conclusively exclude a role for
sheltering in sex chromosome evolution. By relaxing restrictive assumptions of
earlier models, we show that sheltering promotes fixation of LOF mutations with
sexually dimorphic fitness effects, resulting in decay of X-linked genes that
are exclusively expressed by males and Y-linked genes that are primarily, though
not necessarily exclusively, expressed by females. We further show that drift
and other processes contributing to Y degeneration (i.e. selective interference
and regulatory evolution) expand conditions of Y-linked gene loss by sheltering.
The actual contribution of sheltering to sex chromosome evolution hinges upon
the distribution of dominance and sex-specific fitness effects of LOF mutations,
which we discuss.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: We thank Filip Ruzicka, Colin Olito, Akane Uesugi, Melissa Toups,
Daniel Jeffries, the Associate Editor, and anonymous reviewers, for comments and
suggestions on earlier versions of the paper. We are particularly grateful to Deborah
Charlesworth and Brian Charlesworth for extensive comments on two different drafts
of the manuscript. We also thank Aneil Agrawal and Thomas Lenormand for email correspondence
about the data on dominance and ways to interpret it. Technical support was provided
by ISTA Scientific Computing Unit.
article_number: msaf177
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Andrea
full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
last_name: Mrnjavac
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Connallon, Tim
last_name: Connallon
citation:
ama: Mrnjavac A, Vicoso B, Connallon T. An extension of Muller’s sheltering hypothesis
for the evolution of sex chromosome gene content. Molecular Biology and Evolution.
2025;42(8). doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf177
apa: Mrnjavac, A., Vicoso, B., & Connallon, T. (2025). An extension of Muller’s
sheltering hypothesis for the evolution of sex chromosome gene content. Molecular
Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaf177
chicago: Mrnjavac, Andrea, Beatriz Vicoso, and Tim Connallon. “An Extension of Muller’s
Sheltering Hypothesis for the Evolution of Sex Chromosome Gene Content.” Molecular
Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaf177.
ieee: A. Mrnjavac, B. Vicoso, and T. Connallon, “An extension of Muller’s sheltering
hypothesis for the evolution of sex chromosome gene content,” Molecular Biology
and Evolution, vol. 42, no. 8. Oxford University Press, 2025.
ista: Mrnjavac A, Vicoso B, Connallon T. 2025. An extension of Muller’s sheltering
hypothesis for the evolution of sex chromosome gene content. Molecular Biology
and Evolution. 42(8), msaf177.
mla: Mrnjavac, Andrea, et al. “An Extension of Muller’s Sheltering Hypothesis for
the Evolution of Sex Chromosome Gene Content.” Molecular Biology and Evolution,
vol. 42, no. 8, msaf177, Oxford University Press, 2025, doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf177.
short: A. Mrnjavac, B. Vicoso, T. Connallon, Molecular Biology and Evolution 42
(2025).
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date_published: 2025-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-30T14:25:57Z
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department:
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title: An extension of Muller's sheltering hypothesis for the evolution of sex chromosome
gene content
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abstract:
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text: Sex-linked and autosomal loci experience different selective pressures and
evolutionary dynamics. X (or Z) chromosomes are often hemizygous in males (or
females), as Y (or W) chromosomes often degenerate. Such hemizygous regions can
be under greater efficacy of selection, as recessive mutations are immediately
exposed to selection in the heterogametic sex leading to faster adaptation and
faster divergence on the X chromosome (the so-called Faster-X or Faster-Z effect).
However, in young nonrecombining regions, Y/W chromosomes often have many functional
genes, and many X/Z-linked loci are therefore diploid. The sheltering of recessive
mutations on the X/Z by the Y/W homolog is expected to drive slower adaptation
for diploid X/Z loci, i.e. a reduction in the efficacy of selection. While the
Faster-X effect has been studied extensively, much less is known empirically about
the evolutionary dynamics of diploid X or Z chromosomes. Here, we took advantage
of published population genomic data in the female-heterogametic human parasite
Schistosoma japonicum to characterize the gene content and diversity levels of
the diploid and hemizygous regions of the Z chromosome. We used different metrics
of selective pressures acting on genes to test for differences in the efficacy
of selection in hemizygous and diploid Z regions, relative to autosomes. We found
consistent patterns suggesting reduced Ne, and reduced efficacy of purifying selection,
on both hemizygous and diploid Z regions. Moreover, relaxed selection was particularly
pronounced for female-biased genes on the diploid Z, as predicted by recent theoretical
work.
acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for comments
and suggestions. We are also grateful to Christelle Fraïsse, Marwan Elkrewi, and
Filip Ruzicka for the help in this project.
article_number: evaf021
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Andrea
full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
last_name: Mrnjavac
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
ama: Mrnjavac A, Vicoso B. Reduced efficacy of selection on a young Z chromosome
region of schistosoma japonicum. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2025;17(2).
doi:10.1093/gbe/evaf021
apa: Mrnjavac, A., & Vicoso, B. (2025). Reduced efficacy of selection on a young
Z chromosome region of schistosoma japonicum. Genome Biology and Evolution.
Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaf021
chicago: Mrnjavac, Andrea, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Reduced Efficacy of Selection on
a Young Z Chromosome Region of Schistosoma Japonicum.” Genome Biology and Evolution.
Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaf021.
ieee: A. Mrnjavac and B. Vicoso, “Reduced efficacy of selection on a young Z chromosome
region of schistosoma japonicum,” Genome Biology and Evolution, vol. 17,
no. 2. Oxford University Press, 2025.
ista: Mrnjavac A, Vicoso B. 2025. Reduced efficacy of selection on a young Z chromosome
region of schistosoma japonicum. Genome Biology and Evolution. 17(2), evaf021.
mla: Mrnjavac, Andrea, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Reduced Efficacy of Selection on a Young
Z Chromosome Region of Schistosoma Japonicum.” Genome Biology and Evolution,
vol. 17, no. 2, evaf021, Oxford University Press, 2025, doi:10.1093/gbe/evaf021.
short: A. Mrnjavac, B. Vicoso, Genome Biology and Evolution 17 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-03-09T23:01:27Z
date_published: 2025-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-29T08:36:27Z
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ddc:
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department:
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- iso: eng
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publication_identifier:
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related_material:
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- relation: software
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status: public
title: Reduced efficacy of selection on a young Z chromosome region of schistosoma
japonicum
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abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Sex chromosomes and autosomes exhibit very different evolutionary dynamics.\r\nThe
Y chromosome usually degenerates, leaving many X-linked loci hemizygous in\r\nmales.
Since recessive X-linked mutations are always exposed to selection in males,\r\nselection
is more efficient on the X chromosome than on autosomes on recessive\r\nmutations,
leading to faster adaptation on the X chromosome than other genomic\r\nregions,
if beneficial mutations are on average recessive (known as the Faster-X\r\neffect).
In the presence of the functional, but non-recombining gametolog on the Y (as\r\nis
often the case in young non-recombining regions), recessive mutations are\r\nsheltered
from selection on the X chromosome. We model this scenario and show that\r\nthe
efficiency of selection is reduced on diploid X loci due to sheltering by the
Y\r\nchromosome. Reduced efficiency of selection leads to slower adaptation and\r\nincreased
accumulation of deleterious mutations (Slower-X effect). We extended this\r\nmodel
to explore the effect of sex-specific selection on degeneration of sex\r\nchromosomes,
showing theoretically that male-limited genes degenerate on the X\r\nchromosome
and female-biased genes degenerate on the Y chromosome. This\r\nprediction depends
on the effective population size and the mutation rate, explaining\r\nthe variety
of sex chromosome degeneration patterns observed in nature.\r\nTo test for direct
evidence of a Slower-X (or Slower-Z) effect, we analyzed the\r\nZW sex chromosomes
of the flatworm Schistosoma japonicum, which have a very\r\nyoung non-recombining
region with non-degenerated W. Diploid Z-linked genes have\r\nhigher ratios of
non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms than autosomal\r\ngenes, supporting
reduced efficiency of selection on the diploid Z region. These results\r\nprovide
evidence of sheltering by the W chromosome, a mechanism that could\r\ncontribute
to Z (X) chromosome degeneration, and illustrate contrasting evolutionary\r\npatterns
in old and young sex chromosome regions. In addition, genes with sexspecific patterns
of expression show opposite patterns of selection in the young\r\n(diploid) and
old (hemizygous) Z, showing the complex manner in which sex-specific selection
shapes the evolutionary patterns of sex chromosomes. "
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
- _id: CampIT
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Andrea
full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
last_name: Mrnjavac
citation:
ama: Mrnjavac A. Early stages of sex chromosome evolution. 2024. doi:10.15479/at:ista:18531
apa: Mrnjavac, A. (2024). Early stages of sex chromosome evolution. Institute
of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531
chicago: Mrnjavac, Andrea. “Early Stages of Sex Chromosome Evolution.” Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531.
ieee: A. Mrnjavac, “Early stages of sex chromosome evolution,” Institute of Science
and Technology Austria, 2024.
ista: Mrnjavac A. 2024. Early stages of sex chromosome evolution. Institute of Science
and Technology Austria.
mla: Mrnjavac, Andrea. Early Stages of Sex Chromosome Evolution. Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, 2024, doi:10.15479/at:ista:18531.
short: A. Mrnjavac, Early Stages of Sex Chromosome Evolution, Institute of Science
and Technology Austria, 2024.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2024-11-11T08:40:45Z
date_published: 2024-11-11T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-29T08:36:28Z
day: '11'
ddc:
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degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.15479/at:ista:18531
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file_name: AMrnjavac_thesis_library.pdf
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title: Early stages of sex chromosome evolution
file_date_updated: 2025-05-11T22:30:04Z
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18531
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Sex chromosomes
- evolution
- selection
- sheltering
language:
- iso: eng
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '181'
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
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status: public
supervisor:
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full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
title: Early stages of sex chromosome evolution
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...
---
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abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Sex-linked and autosomal loci experience different selective pressures and\r\nevolutionary
dynamics. X (or Z) chromosomes are often hemizygous, as Y (or W)\r\nchromosomes
often degenerate. Such hemizygous regions can be under greater\r\nefficacy of
selection, as recessive mutations are immediately exposed to selection in\r\nthe
heterogametic sex (the so-called Faster-X or Faster-Z effect). However, in young\r\nnon-recombining
regions, Y/W chromosomes often have many functional genes, and\r\nmany X/Z-linked
loci are therefore diploid. The sheltering of recessive mutations on\r\nthe X/Z
by the Y/W homolog is expected to drive a Slower-X (Slower-Z) effect for\r\ndiploid
X/Z loci, i.e. a reduction in the efficacy of selection. While the Faster-X effect\r\nhas
been studied extensively, much less is known empirically about the evolutionary\r\ndynamics
of diploid X or Z chromosomes. Here, we took advantage of published\r\npopulation
genomic data in the female-heterogametic human parasite Schistosoma\r\njaponicum
to characterize the gene content and diversity levels of the diploid and\r\nhemizygous
regions of the Z chromosome. We used different metrics of selective\r\npressures
acting on genes to test for differences in the efficacy of selection in\r\nhemizygous
and diploid Z regions, relative to autosomes. We found consistent\r\npatterns
suggesting reduced Ne, and reduced efficacy of purifying selection, on both\r\nhemizygous
and diploid Z regions. Moreover, relaxed selection was particularly\r\npronounced
for female-biased genes on the diploid Z, as predicted by Slower-Z\r\ntheory.\r\n"
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Andrea
full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
last_name: Mrnjavac
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
biorxivid: 1
citation:
ama: Mrnjavac A, Vicoso B. Evidence of a Slower-Z effect in Schistosoma japonicum.
bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601697
apa: Mrnjavac, A., & Vicoso, B. (n.d.). Evidence of a Slower-Z effect in Schistosoma
japonicum. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.02.601697
chicago: Mrnjavac, Andrea, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Evidence of a Slower-Z Effect in
Schistosoma Japonicum.” BioRxiv, n.d. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.02.601697.
ieee: A. Mrnjavac and B. Vicoso, “Evidence of a Slower-Z effect in Schistosoma japonicum,”
bioRxiv. .
ista: Mrnjavac A, Vicoso B. Evidence of a Slower-Z effect in Schistosoma japonicum.
bioRxiv, 10.1101/2024.07.02.601697.
mla: Mrnjavac, Andrea, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Evidence of a Slower-Z Effect in Schistosoma
Japonicum.” BioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601697.
short: A. Mrnjavac, B. Vicoso, BioRxiv (n.d.).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2024-11-13T09:12:08Z
date_published: 2024-07-04T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-09-12T22:31:10Z
day: '04'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1101/2024.07.02.601697
external_id:
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- 10.1101/2024.07.02.601697
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month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
publication: bioRxiv
publication_status: draft
related_material:
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relation: later_version
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relation: dissertation_contains
status: public
status: public
title: Evidence of a Slower-Z effect in Schistosoma japonicum
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
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short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
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---
_id: '12521'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Differentiated X chromosomes are expected to have higher rates of adaptive
divergence than autosomes, if new beneficial mutations are recessive (the “faster-X
effect”), largely because these mutations are immediately exposed to selection
in males. The evolution of X chromosomes after they stop recombining in males,
but before they become hemizygous, has not been well explored theoretically. We
use the diffusion approximation to infer substitution rates of beneficial and
deleterious mutations under such a scenario. Our results show that selection is
less efficient on diploid X loci than on autosomal and hemizygous X loci under
a wide range of parameters. This “slower-X” effect is stronger for genes affecting
primarily (or only) male fitness, and for sexually antagonistic genes. These unusual
dynamics suggest that some of the peculiar features of X chromosomes, such as
the differential accumulation of genes with sex-specific functions, may start
arising earlier than previously appreciated.
acknowledgement: We thank the Vicoso and Barton groups and ISTA Scientific Computing
Unit. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. This work
was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon
2020 research and innovation program (grant agreements no. 715257 and no. 716117).
article_number: qrac004
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Andrea
full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
last_name: Mrnjavac
- first_name: Kseniia
full_name: Khudiakova, Kseniia
id: 4E6DC800-AE37-11E9-AC72-31CAE5697425
last_name: Khudiakova
orcid: 0000-0002-6246-1465
- first_name: Nicholas H
full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Barton
orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
ama: 'Mrnjavac A, Khudiakova K, Barton NH, Vicoso B. Slower-X: Reduced efficiency
of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution. Evolution Letters.
2023;7(1). doi:10.1093/evlett/qrac004'
apa: 'Mrnjavac, A., Khudiakova, K., Barton, N. H., & Vicoso, B. (2023). Slower-X:
Reduced efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution.
Evolution Letters. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004'
chicago: 'Mrnjavac, Andrea, Kseniia Khudiakova, Nicholas H Barton, and Beatriz Vicoso.
“Slower-X: Reduced Efficiency of Selection in the Early Stages of X Chromosome
Evolution.” Evolution Letters. Oxford University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004.'
ieee: 'A. Mrnjavac, K. Khudiakova, N. H. Barton, and B. Vicoso, “Slower-X: Reduced
efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution,” Evolution
Letters, vol. 7, no. 1. Oxford University Press, 2023.'
ista: 'Mrnjavac A, Khudiakova K, Barton NH, Vicoso B. 2023. Slower-X: Reduced efficiency
of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution. Evolution Letters.
7(1), qrac004.'
mla: 'Mrnjavac, Andrea, et al. “Slower-X: Reduced Efficiency of Selection in the
Early Stages of X Chromosome Evolution.” Evolution Letters, vol. 7, no.
1, qrac004, Oxford University Press, 2023, doi:10.1093/evlett/qrac004.'
short: A. Mrnjavac, K. Khudiakova, N.H. Barton, B. Vicoso, Evolution Letters 7 (2023).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-02-06T13:59:12Z
date_published: 2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-09-12T22:31:10Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1093/evlett/qrac004
ec_funded: 1
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intvolume: ' 7'
isi: 1
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Genetics
- Ecology
- Evolution
- Behavior and Systematics
language:
- iso: eng
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
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call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '716117'
name: Optimal Transport and Stochastic Dynamics
- _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '715257'
name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution
publication: Evolution Letters
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2056-3744
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
record:
- id: '18531'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Slower-X: Reduced efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome
evolution'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 7
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '12248'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia) have closely related sexual and asexual
lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies.
Although they are known to have ZW chromosomes, these are not well characterized,
and it is unclear whether they are shared across the clade. Furthermore, the underlying
genetic architecture of the transmission of asexuality, which can occur when rare
males mate with closely related sexual females, is not well understood. We produced
a chromosome-level assembly for the sexual Eurasian species Artemia sinica and
characterized in detail the pair of sex chromosomes of this species. We combined
this new assembly with short-read genomic data for the sexual species Artemia
sp. Kazakhstan and several asexual lineages of Artemia parthenogenetica, allowing
us to perform an in-depth characterization of sex-chromosome evolution across
the genus. We identified a small differentiated region of the ZW pair that is
shared by all sexual and asexual lineages, supporting the shared ancestry of the
sex chromosomes. We also inferred that recombination suppression has spread to
larger sections of the chromosome independently in the American and Eurasian lineages.
Finally, we took advantage of a rare male, which we backcrossed to sexual females,
to explore the genetic basis of asexuality. Our results suggest that parthenogenesis
is likely partly controlled by a locus on the Z chromosome, highlighting the interplay
between sex determination and asexuality.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: "This work was supported by the European Research Council under the
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no.
715257) and by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF SFB F88-10).\r\nWe thank the
Vicoso group for comments on the manuscript and the ISTA Scientific computing team
and the Vienna Biocenter Sequencing facility for technical support."
article_number: iyac123
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Marwan N
full_name: Elkrewi, Marwan N
id: 0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425
last_name: Elkrewi
orcid: 0000-0002-5328-7231
- first_name: Uladzislava
full_name: Khauratovich, Uladzislava
id: 5eba06f4-97d8-11ed-9f8f-d826ebdd9434
last_name: Khauratovich
- first_name: Melissa A
full_name: Toups, Melissa A
id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Toups
orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380
- first_name: Vincent K
full_name: Bett, Vincent K
id: 57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425
last_name: Bett
- first_name: Andrea
full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
last_name: Mrnjavac
- first_name: Ariana
full_name: Macon, Ariana
id: 2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Macon
- first_name: Christelle
full_name: Fraisse, Christelle
id: 32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Fraisse
orcid: 0000-0001-8441-5075
- first_name: Luca
full_name: Sax, Luca
id: 701c5602-97d8-11ed-96b5-b52773c70189
last_name: Sax
- first_name: Ann K
full_name: Huylmans, Ann K
id: 4C0A3874-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Huylmans
orcid: 0000-0001-8871-4961
- first_name: Francisco
full_name: Hontoria, Francisco
last_name: Hontoria
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
ama: Elkrewi MN, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, et al. ZW sex-chromosome evolution and
contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. 2022;222(2).
doi:10.1093/genetics/iyac123
apa: Elkrewi, M. N., Khauratovich, U., Toups, M. A., Bett, V. K., Mrnjavac, A.,
Macon, A., … Vicoso, B. (2022). ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis
in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123
chicago: Elkrewi, Marwan N, Uladzislava Khauratovich, Melissa A Toups, Vincent K
Bett, Andrea Mrnjavac, Ariana Macon, Christelle Fraisse, et al. “ZW Sex-Chromosome
Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” Genetics.
Oxford University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123.
ieee: M. N. Elkrewi et al., “ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis
in Artemia brine shrimp,” Genetics, vol. 222, no. 2. Oxford University
Press, 2022.
ista: Elkrewi MN, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, Bett VK, Mrnjavac A, Macon A, Fraisse
C, Sax L, Huylmans AK, Hontoria F, Vicoso B. 2022. ZW sex-chromosome evolution
and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. 222(2), iyac123.
mla: Elkrewi, Marwan N., et al. “ZW Sex-Chromosome Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis
in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” Genetics, vol. 222, no. 2, iyac123, Oxford University
Press, 2022, doi:10.1093/genetics/iyac123.
short: M.N. Elkrewi, U. Khauratovich, M.A. Toups, V.K. Bett, A. Mrnjavac, A. Macon,
C. Fraisse, L. Sax, A.K. Huylmans, F. Hontoria, B. Vicoso, Genetics 222 (2022).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-01-16T09:56:10Z
date_published: 2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-09-12T22:30:31Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyac123
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '000850270300001'
pmid:
- '35977389'
file:
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checksum: f79ff5383e882ea3f95f3da47a78029d
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
date_updated: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
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success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 222'
isi: 1
issue: '2'
keyword:
- Genetics
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '715257'
name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution
- _id: 34ae1506-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c14f4c474396
grant_number: F8810
name: The highjacking of meiosis for asexual reproduction
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1943-2631
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
record:
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relation: research_data
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scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine
shrimp
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 222
year: '2022'
...